Valerianella rimosa (Bastard)

Broad-fruited Cornsalad SYN.: auricula DC.

Status: Nationally Rare Endangered 14 10-km squares post 1987 UK BAP Priority Species since 1998 Lead partner: Plantlife

UK Biodiversity Action Plan: The following are the current targets following the 2005 Targets Review:

T1. Maintain viable populations at extant ‘natural’ sites where the species is deemed to be long established.

T2. Achieve a 2-fold increase in the area of habitat suitable for the natural colonization of the species by 2010 in priority areas.

Progress on targets as reported in the UKBAP 2005 reporting round can be viewed by selecting this species and logging in as a guest on the following web site: http://www.ukbap- reporting.org.uk/

The full Action Plan for Valerianella rimosa can be viewed on the following web site: http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=625

Work on Valerianella rimosa is supported by:

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Contents

Status: ...... 1 UK Biodiversity Action Plan: ...... 1 1. Morphology, Identification, & Genetics...... 2 1.1. Morphology & Identification ...... 2 1.2. Taxonomic Considerations ...... 3 1.3. Genetic implications...... 3 2. Distribution & Current Status ...... 3 2.1. Europe...... 3 2.2. United Kingdom ...... 3 2.2.1 England ...... 4 2.2.2 Northern Ireland ...... 6 2.2.3 Scotland ...... 7 2.2.4 Wales...... 7 2.3 Ireland ...... 7 2.4 Channel Islands ...... 7 3. Ecology & Life Cycle...... 7 4. Habitat Requirements...... 8 4.1. The Landscape Perspective ...... 8 4.2. Communities & Vegetation...... 9 4.3. Summary of Habitat Requirements ...... 9 5. Management Implications ...... 10 6. Threats/ Factors leading to loss or decline or limiting recovery ...... 10 7. Current Conservation Measures ...... 11 7.1. In-Situ Measures...... 11 7.2. Ex-Situ Measures ...... 12 7.3. Research Data ...... 12 7.4. Monitoring Valerianella rimosa and the Common Monitoring Standard ...... 12 8. References ...... 12 9. Contacts...... 13 10. Acknowledgments...... 13 11. Links ...... 13

1. Morphology, Identification, Taxonomy & Genetics

1.1. MORPHOLOGY & IDENTIFICATION

A slender, often much-branched , rarely more than 30cm tall. The leaves are narrow and lanceolate, sometimes with a few teeth near the base. The leaves are initially formed in a basal rosette, with stem leaves in pairs alternating up the stem as it elongates. The flowers are borne in moderately dense, bifurcating clusters, frequently with a single flower in the axil of the lowest fork. The flowers are approximately 2mm in diameter, with five equal, white (sometimes pink-tinged) petals. The seeds are nearly spherical, approximately 1.5mm in diameter with a single terminal tooth, the clusters at the ends of the stems being quite eye- catching when large numbers of well-grown are present.

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This species can be confused with other species of cornsalad, especially (Clapham et al., 1987; Stace, 1997). The species can be easily distinguished by seed morphology as follows: Seed without persistent tooth-like calyx: V. locusta, V. carinata Seed with tubular, six-toothed calyx: V. eriocarpa Smooth-surfaced, inflated seed with a single, small calyx-tooth: V. rimosa Ribbed-surfaced, narrow seed with a single large calyx-tooth: V. dentata

1.2. TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

None.

e ENETIC IMPLICATIONS g 1.3. G

No studies on genetic diversity within this species have been carried out. Such a study would be desirable to elucidate relationships between populations.

© Bob Gibbons / Natural Ima Fig 1. Valerianella rimosa

2. Distribution & Current Status

2.1. EUROPE

The species occurs in Southern-central Europe, and is threatened in Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland (Wigginton, 1999).

2.2. UNITED KINGDOM

Overview

Valerianella rimosa is found almost exclusively in arable habitats in Britain, and it also occurs in disturbed sites adjacent to arable land and on former arable land until the associated perennial vegetation becomes too closed. Although in the past it was mainly associated with light calcareous soils, it now occurs on a wide variety of soil types. In a recent survey of all known localities (Wilson, 2004), at six sites it was present on acidic shales, possibly with the influence of more base-rich intrusions and deposits of wind-blown sand. Four sites were on Jurassic limestone, three on chalk, one on chalky boulder clay and one on acidic Tertiary sand.

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This species was known in Britain in the Iron Age, and it is thought to be an archaeophyte (a plant naturalized in Britain before 1500AD). Although records are widespread throughout southern Britain with isolated sites as far north as central Scotland, it has never been abundant. The majority of sites have been to the south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuaries.

In the New Atlas of the British Flora, Valerianella rimosa has a change index of –2.55, the 22nd greatest of any species in the British flora (Preston et al., 2002). This species was not included in the BSBI/Nature Conservancy Council arable plant survey (Smith 1986). The total number of 10km squares from which it was recorded before 1970 is 149, but it was only known from 38 between 1950 and 1970. Numbers of records fell to 14 10km squares between 1970 and 1986, and it has been recorded from 14 10km squares between 1987 and 2006. There appears therefore to have been a serious decline of this species, although as with many annuals, caution must be observed in the interpretation of these figures, as this is a species with a history of erratic appearance at many of its arable localities. A review of its status in 1999 concluded that there were only four extant sites (Wigginton, 1999), but recent survey work has shown this to be unduly pessimistic. There may be some potential for recovery from the seed-bank, but the longevity of seed is unknown.

Some of the rarity of this species in the past may have been due to the close morphological similarity to the congeneric Valerianella dentata, from which it is only reliably distinguishable by the shape of the seed. Valerianella is now a better understood genus, but even so, small populations can be difficult to find when growing with V. dentata.

It is an Endangered species (Cheffings & Farrell, 2005) and is included on the priority list of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. There are no obviously casual or ruderal sites, and this species is not included in seed-mixes of annual species used for landscaping projects.

2.2.1 ENGLAND

The historic distribution of Valerianella rimosa is largely restricted to the south of a line from the Humber to the Severn estuaries (Perring & Walters, 1982). There is a scattering of records north of this to Cumbria. This distribution has become increasingly accentuated in recent years as it has become rarer (Preston et al., 2004).

Of the 16 currently known English sites, all but two (in Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire) are in the south-western corner. Five of these are in Cornwall and Devon.

Only three current English sites have reliably large populations. Near Burford in Oxfordshire, it occurs in large quantities in at least three fields on heavy soils over Cotswold limestone. Associate species include Scandix pecten-veneris, Valerianella dentata, Legousia hybrida, Silene noctiflora and Anagallis arvensis ssp foemina. These field margins are managed under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS), but there are serious problems with competitive perennial weeds. In mid-Hampshire, large numbers occur in two field margins managed under the CSS, with V. dentata, Papaver hybridum, Papaver argemone and in one, Althaea hirsuta. Fivehead Arable Fields near Taunton is one of the very few SSSIs or reserves for arable plants. The three fields are on very heavy clay over Jurassic limestone, and have an exceptionally rich flora with Ranunculus arvensis, Torilis arvensis, Valerianella dentata, Vicia parviflora, Scandix pecten-veneris and Euphorbia platyphyllos etc. There can be large numbers of V. rimosa here, but farming conditions are very difficult.

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Field margins managed under the CSS near Dartmouth in South Devon had large numbers of V. dentata in 2004, and although V. rimosa could not be found, plants may have been present. Fields on a farm near Chudleigh had been harvested before survey in 2004. At Trenant near Polzeath in Cornwall, the two fields where V. rimosa has been seen were under a temporary grass ley in 2004, but plants were seen in 2007. Valerianella rimosa has not been seen since at the field at Cridmore Farm on the Isle of Wight where it was seen with Silene gallica in 1999, and the only record at Compton Down near Winchester was in 1987.

Smaller quantities were present in 2004 in an organically farmed field on the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire that was discovered during systematic surveys by the Northmoor Trust. It was also seen in a field on the Barton Hills in Bedfordshire in 2004.

Valerianella rimosa was deliberately introduced into five sites in east Suffolk in the late 1980s as part of a scheme run by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust. It has not persisted at these sites. It was still present in a field near Basingstoke in 1997 as a relic of an experiment on arable plant management carried out in 1988 (Wilson, 1990).

It has been seen since 1987 at four non-arable sites. In two places north of Padstow in Cornwall it occurs on wind-blown sand on cliff-tops adjacent to arable land. In Gloucester it has been recorded in one place on quarry spoil and at another in former arable land. It may still occur at a quarry in mid-Somerset where all five British Valerianella species and Thlaspi perfoliatum have been recorded. It has not been seen there since 1986, but this may be due to access problems.

Table 1: Present & former distribution of Valerianella rimosa in England by vice-county. *East Suffolk sites are all non-persistent introductions. ** not seen at Charlton Mackrell Quarry since 1986.

Total Number of V-C No. Vice-county extant 10km % Date & Place(s) of last squares (Post Decline record 1987) / extinct 10km squares Harbour Cove, Padstow 1 West Cornwall 1/11 91 2000 2 East Cornwall 1/17 94 Trenant, Polzeath 2007 3 South Devon 2/6 67 Bowden 2006 4 North Devon 0/3 100 1950 5 South Somerset 2**/4 75 Fivehead 2007 6 North Somerset 0/2 100 1950 7 North Wiltshire 0/1 100 1950 8 South Wiltshire 0/2 100 Whiteparish 1984 9 Dorset 0/13 100 Stanton St Quentin 1958 10 Isle of Wight 1/2 50 Cridmore Farm 1999 11 South Hampshire 1/9 100 Compton Down 1987 12 North Hampshire 1/7 86 Bramdown Copse 2007 13 West Sussex 0/3 100 East Grinstead 1937 14 East Sussex 0/5 100 1950 15 East Kent 0/2 100 1950 17 Surrey 0/7 100 1950 18 South Essex 0/1 100 Epping 1950 20 Hertfordshire 0/4 100 1950 5

Total Number of V-C No. Vice-county extant 10km % Date & Place(s) of last squares (Post Decline record 1987) / extinct 10km squares 21 Middlesex 0/1 100 Eastcote 1884 22 Berkshire 0/2 100 1950 23 Oxfordshire 1/4 75 Little Barrington 2004 24 Buckinghamshire 1/2 50 Wormsley 2004 25 East Suffolk 4*/1 100 Kirkley Ham 1982 27 East Norfolk 0/4 100 West Runton 1928 29 Cambridgeshire 0/1 100 1933 30 Bedfordshire 1/4 75 Jeremiah Tree 2004 31 Huntingdonshire 0/1 100 1950 32 Northamptonshire 0/1 100 Wakerley 1856 33 East Gloucs 2/6 67 Prestbury Downs 1997 34 West Gloucs 0/1 100 1950 36 Herefordshire 0/2 100 1950 53 South Lincolnshire 0/1 100 Woodhall Spa 1882 55 Leicestershire 0/1 100 Fineshade Abbey 1836 56 Nottinghamshire 0/1 100 Ockbrook 1881 58 Cheshire 0/1 100 Hale 1930 64 Mid-W Yorkshire 0/1 100 Thirsk 1874 69 Westmorland 0/2 100 Arnside 1938 70 Cumberland 0/5 100 Castle Orton 1950

Fig 2. Current distribution of Valerianella rimosa in the UK.

2.2.2 NORTHERN IRELAND

Preston et al. (2002) include two pre-1970 10km-square records from Northern Ireland.

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2.2.3 SCOTLAND

There are no recent records for Valerianella rimosa from Scotland. Preston et al. (2002) have four pre-1970 records. The most recent appears to be from North Queensferry in 1856.

Total Number of V-C No. Vice-county extant 10km % Date & Place(s) of last squares (Post Decline record 1990) / extinct 10km squares 85 Fife & Kinross 0/3 100 North Queensferry 1856 86 Stirlingshire 0/1 100 1950

2.2.4 WALES

Valerianella rimosa has always been uncommon in Wales, largely restricted to the principal arable areas around the southern coasts. It is now known from a single field near the coast of the Gower Peninsula, where it occurs in a species-rich community with other species including Silene gallica and Chrysanthemum segetum.

Total Number of V-C No. Vice-county extant 10km % Date & Place(s) of last squares (Post Decline record 1990) / extinct 10km squares 41 Glamorgan 1/2 50 Hunt’s Farm 2006 45 Pembrokeshire 0/2 100 1950 49 Caernarvonshire 0/1 100 Llandudno 1902

2.3 IRELAND

There are 25 pre-1986 records from the Republic of Ireland. There are no recent records.

2.4 CHANNEL ISLANDS

Valerianella rimosa has not been recorded from the Channel Islands.

3. Ecology & Life Cycle

Valerianella rimosa was included in some of the investigations carried out by Wilson (1990).

Valerianella rimosa is an annual. Seedlings germinate both in spring and in autumn and in arable situations, plants can be found both in spring- and autumn-sown crops. In experimental studies of germination, most seedlings appeared between September and December, and in a field study, plants were most abundant in plots drilled between mid- October and the end of November (Wilson, 1990). Germination can evidently occur immediately after seed is shed from the parent plant, with dormancy being imposed by low 7

temperatures in the winter, to be broken again by high temperatures in the summer to allow germination in the succeeding autumn. This is typical behaviour of autumn-germinating annuals of temperate regions (Baskin & Baskin, 2001). The length of seed dormancy in Valerianella spp is not known but there is a suggestion that it is only moderate, although research into this is necessary.

The seeds of British species of Valerianella are medium-sized, lacking projections that would help in dispersal. They would have been easily removed from cereal seed even with the most primitive seed-cleaning technology and they have no aids to transport by animals or wind.

After germination, plants form a rosette of leaves persisting through the winter in autumn- germinating individuals. A single erect stem elongates in early to mid-summer, eventually branching in its upper parts and flowering from mid-June to August. It is possible that autumn-germinating plants flower earlier in the year than spring-germinating plants.

In terms of established strategy (Grime et al., 1988), Valerianella rimosa is probably best classified as a stress-tolerant ruderal. It is typically found in what appear to be conditions that are poor in major nutrients, often where the crop canopy is very sparse and where there is relatively little competitive pressure. Wilson (1999) demonstrated that numbers of plants surviving under a winter wheat canopy with a normal farm level of nitrogen application were less than 20% of the numbers surviving where no nitrogen had been applied.

Nothing is known about mycorrhizal associates.

Little is known about breeding systems in this species. It is likely to be at least partly self- fertile. Corolla structure suggests pollination by small insects such as flies.

Nothing is known about susceptibility to herbicides, although it is likely that Valerianella rimosa is susceptible to the majority of broad-spectrum herbicides.

4. Habitat Requirements

4.1. THE LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE

In arable sites, Valerianella rimosa can be found in fields sown both to autumn and spring crops. Soils at the recently recorded sites are

varied, ranging from acidic sands and clays to calcareous silty loams life ant

and boulder clay. In the intensively l farmed lowlands of north-west

Europe, the margins of the cultivated in / P area of arable fields are generally Mart the areas where the highest diversity . P of species are found, and where . populations of uncommon species © J find refugia (Wilson & Aebischer, Fig 3. A cultivated, uncropped field margin provides the right management conditions for Valerianella rimosa. 1994). Most recently recorded sites for V. rimosa have been from field margins, particularly where these have been managed under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme. At The Fivehead Arable Fields reserve, where entire fields are managed for the arable flora, V. rimosa can be found throughout the fields. 8

Table 2: Percentage of current sites for Valerianella rimosa recorded in different habitats.

Habitat type Percentage of sites (n=16) Arable 74 Coastal 13 Quarries, chalk tracks etc 13

4.2. COMMUNITIES & VEGETATION

No detailed phytosociological analysis of British vegetation containing Valerianella rimosa has been carried out. At arable sites in southern England it occurs in species-rich communities probably referable to the NVC stand types OV15b Anagallis arvensis-Veronica persica community, Legousia hybrida-Chaenorhinum minus sub-community, (Rodwell, 2000), which probably represents a western extreme of the continental Caucalido-Adonidetum aestivalis (Hofmeister & Garve, 1986), and the Atlantic OV6 Cerastium glomeratum-Fumaria muralis ssp borealis community. The majority of arable sites have other uncommon species including Torilis arvensis, Fumaria vaillantii, Scandix pecten-veneris, Ranunculus arvensis, Silene gallica and Papaver hybridum. It is frequently found with its close relative Valerianella dentata.

4.3. SUMMARY OF HABITAT REQUIREMENTS

Habitat features important to Valerianella rimosa across Britain are summarised in Table 3.

Table 3: Habitat features important to Valerianella rimosa in Britain.

Type A lowland species. Soils are varied, including acidic sandy loams, calcareous clays and chalky boulder clay. Sites are generally unshaded, flat or gently sloping to the Physical & topographical south. At non-arable coastal and quarry sites, Valerianella rimosa occurs on semi-stabilised, very freely-draining and nutrient- poor substrata with skeletal soils. Valerianella rimosa is a poor competitor. When growing with a crop it cannot tolerate a dense, closed canopy. Vegetation/structural Vegetation is generally species-rich with much exposed soil remaining throughout the growing season. Valerianella rimosa needs exposed soil for germination and for growth to seed production. In arable sites this Processes disturbance is created by ploughing. In non-arable sites

sufficient disturbance is created by movement of the unstable substrata and the activities of rabbits. Soils are naturally deficient in macronutrients. Large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are typically added annually to arable soils, but Valerianella Chemical rimosa is likely to be found only where fertiliser applications are deficient such as at field margins on naturally infertile soils. 9

Valerianella rimosa has many features in common with other rare annual species of arable land. Some of these are also included in Plantlife’s Back from the Brink Programme and are listed on the Priority List of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (http://www.ukbap.org.uk/bapgrouppage.aspx?id=112). These include Galium tricornutum, Silene gallica, Torilis arvensis and Scandix pecten-veneris.

It is a short-lived species that has relatively simple requirements. It needs to produce seed regularly and requires large gaps in the vegetation for seedling establishment. The seeds germinate readily in the autumn and spring given sufficient water, and need no special treatment. It appears to have a moderately long-lived seed-bank which confers some ability to survive periods of adverse conditions. It is a poor competitor and is favoured by an open crop canopy and relatively sparse vegetation.

5. Management Implications

Ideal management in arable land for Valerianella rimosa involves annual cultivation, ideally in mid-autumn or early spring without subsequent disturbance until the following autumn. No fertiliser or herbicide should be applied, although it may be necessary to take measures to reduce the quantity of competitive weeds such as thistles, sow-thistles and grasses by controlled herbicide use.

6. Threats/ Factors leading to loss or decline or limiting recovery

The major reason for the loss of populations in arable land has been the progressive intensification of farming since the early 20th century. After the Second World War populations were lost with the introduction of more competitive crop varieties, increasing applications of nitrogen, the development of effective broad-spectrum herbicides and the earlier cultivation and drilling of crops in the autumn. These processes continue to threaten the few remaining sites.

New threats come from the abandonment of arable land as the profitability of arable farming in Britain decreases, although current rises in cereal prices have meant that this may be less of a threat in the near future. The first parts of fields to be withdrawn from production are usually the less productive field margins which are also the last refugia of many rare arable plants. These are often converted to grassland, sometimes as part of agri-environment schemes designed to benefit farmland wildlife. It is important that the management of field margins under agri-environment schemes is considered in the context of the available information on distribution of uncommon arable plants.

Non-arable sites are at risk from successional processes. These involve the development of closed grassland communities and scrub. Coastal sites may be vulnerable to cliff erosion.

Table 4: Threats to the survival of Valerianella rimosa in the UK.

Type Threat Agricultural improvement: high levels of nitrogen Habitat destruction application, use of broad-spectrum herbicides, early 10

autumn cultivation and crop drilling. The development of closed grassland following cessation of ploughing. Field margins can be taken out of production both as part of changes in farming operations and also as Successional part of agri-environment schemes. Development of closed grassland and scrub on cliff tops and in quarries. Disappearance of maritime cliffs as a result of erosion which Erosion may increase with climatic change and rising sea-levels.

7. Current Conservation Measures

7.1. IN-SITU MEASURES

Formal Protection

Fivehead Arable Fields is a reserve owned and managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust for its exceptional assemblage of arable plants. This site is one of the very few arable sites scheduled as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). One of the cliff-top sites near Padstow is also within an SSSI.

The majority of arable sites are now under favourable management under agri-environment scheme agreements. These include the Cornish cliff-top sites and the adjacent arable land, the other Cornish site, both Devon sites, and the sites in North Hampshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Oxfordshire, the Isle of Wight and Glamorgan. Of these sites, management conditions are ideal at seven, and good populations of Valerianella rimosa are regularly seen at five.

It should be emphasised that grant-aid schemes for conservation land management are liable to change in the long-term, and there is no guarantee that schemes currently in place will receive funding in the future.

Current conservation schemes

The major countryside conservation programmes offering assistance to land managers conserving sites currently or formerly supporting populations of Valerianella rimosa are Entry Level Stewardship and Higher Level Stewardship. These have replaced the Countryside Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Area schemes.

Entry Level Stewardship and Higher Level Stewardship offer farmers 5- and 10-year agreements respectively to manage land in an environmentally sensitive manner in return for annual payments. Options for the management of field margins for arable flora are available under these schemes. These are administered by Natural England.

For more information about each programme access the appropriate link by clicking on the scheme title. The administration and availability of these schemes is under constant review.

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7.2. EX-SITU MEASURES

Collections of seed of Valerianella rimosa from Barton-in-the-clay, Bedfordshire, Cleve, Gloucestershire and Five Head Arable Fields, Somerset are held in the Millennium Seed Bank at The Royal Botanical Gardens at Wakehurst Place.

7.3. RESEARCH DATA

Valerianella rimosa was included in several of the investigations carried out as part of a PhD thesis by Philip Wilson (Wilson, 1990).

7.4. MONITORING VALERIANELLA RIMOSA AND THE COMMON MONITORING STANDARD

Individual flowering plants of Valerianella rimosa are relatively easy to distinguish and count. At some sites numbers are small and all individuals should be counted. At other sites where numbers are large an alternative strategy should be considered that includes mapping the area covered by the population and an estimate of population size.

8. References

Baskin CC & Baskin JM (1988). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press. Biodiversity Steering Group (1995). Biodiversity: the U.K. Steering Group report. H.M.S.O., London. Cheffings C.M. & Farrell L. (2005). Species Status, Report No. 7: The red data list for Great Britain. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Clapham AR, Tutin TG & Moore DM (1987). Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. Grime JP, Hodgson JG & Hunt R (1988). Comparative Plant Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London. Hofmeister H & Garve E (1986). Lebensraum Acker. Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin. Perring FH & Walters SM (1982). Atlas of the British Flora, 3rd Edition. EP Publications, Wakefield. Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora. University Press, Oxford. Rodwell JS (2000). British Plant Communities Volume 5. Maritime Communities and Vegetation of Open Habitats. Cambridge University Press. Smith A (1986). Endangered Species of Disturbed Habitats. NCC, Peterborough. Stace, C.A. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles (2nd ed.). University Press, Cambridge. Stewart A, Pearman DA & Preston CD (1994). Scarce Plants in Britain. JNCC, Peterborough. Wigginton M (1999). British Red Data Books: 1, Vascular Plants. JNCC, Peterborough. Wilson PJ (1990). The Ecology and Conservation of Rare Arable Weed Species and Communities. PhD Thesis, Southampton. Wilson PJ (1999). The effect of nitrogen on populations of rare arable plants in Britain. Aspects of Applied Biology, 54, 93-100. Wilson PJ (2004). Important Arable Plant Areas: A Review of the Status of Nationally Rare Vascular Plant Species Identified by the Draft IAPA Criteria. Plantlife, Salisbury. Wilson PJ & Aebischer NJ (1994). The distribution of arable weed seed banks in relation to distance from the field edge. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 295-310. 12

9. Contacts Plantlife International The Wild Plant Conservation Charity 14 Rollestone Street or contact enquiries: Salisbury [email protected] Wiltshire SP1 1DX Tel: 01722 342730

10. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Ian Benallick (ERCCIS), Clare Mucklow (RSPB), Leigh Lock (RSPB), Cath Jeffs (RSPB), David Northcote-Wright (SWT), Mark Kitchen (BSBI), Tony Mundell (BSBI), Julian Woodman (CCW), Steve Gregory (Northmoor Trust), Kate Still (Plantlife) and all landowners who helped during the survey in 2004 and who are responsible for the management of sites for Valerianella rimosa.

Plantlife International wishes to acknowledge the financial support of Natural England, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Countryside Council for Wales for the Back from the Brink (species recovery) programme and the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation for the Arable Plants Project.

11. Links

ARKive species web page for Valerianella rimosa http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/plants_and_algae/Valerianella_rimosa/

Plantlife Species Briefing Sheet for Valerianella rimosa

Phil Wilson First draft dated January 2008 Edited by Plantlife February 2008

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