General Frederick Haldimand to the Paymaster General
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Edward Wall, a Loyalist in Conflict by Peter C
Edward Wall, a loyalist in Conflict by Peter C. Betz 178 Noonan Road, Fort Johnson, N.Y. 12070 . Tne author WQufd like to acknowledge. tlze res~~tth fLSSistan~e Of . Mt. Gavin K. Watt, PresUient of the Museum of Applied Milit4ry Mr. Peter C. Betz, a History alU/Lt. Col. William Smy, no,ted Butler's :Rtmgers authority, · native of ...bf>tlz of whom provided information not locally available, as well as Amsterdam . e_<!itorial and very patient cmnputer assistance provided by.Mr. Micha.el NY, grew Johnson. · . .. .. · .. .. up in the Mohawk Th~ - author aL<.Jo wishes to ack~owledge the influence of the late Col Valley, · Charles B, Briggs, past Superintendent ofJohnson Hall State Historic received his Site) who iii the J960's and early 70's was the first area historimi to · BA in acknowledge; research and lecture on the livf!"s, hard~hips and English and History sacrifices of the Loyalist.<;. from the University tic assertions dating back no further than tcr-as-tyrant, a characterization, no doubt of Vermont the writings of factually-liberal nine sometimes correct in Simms' own era. in 1965 and his Masters teenth century Ameri c<in historians such But on what primary documentation ol Library as Jcptha R. Simms, w ho in his 1882 Simms claims any authority for applying and Information Science at SUNY, Albany in opus, Frontiersmen of New York de this later stereotype to Edw<1rd Wall he 1966. Always interested in New York State scribes Wall as the first man to "use the does not say, si mply because there i s history, he wrote a weekly local history birch", and tells us that, "Wall was a se none. -
Historical Magazine
THE WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL MAGAZINE Volume 56 January 1973 Number 1 THE PREVOSTS OF THE ROYAL AMERICANS Edward G. Williams peldom in recorded history has there been a group of people who O surpassed in adaptability the Swiss soldiers who entered the Britisharmy in the middle of the eighteenth century expressly to serve in America against the French. Among the company of officers there stands out a family of three brothers and one nephew, all of whom were exceptional in every phase of military life and personal conduct. The brothers Prevost (pronounced Prevo) left an imprint upon the annals of the British army that would be the envy of many a family historian, and nowhere does greater interest attach to their activities than in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna River. In fact, there are few parts of western Europe and fewer sections of the English- speaking colonies on this side of the Atlantic Ocean where interest does not attach to their mutifaceted affairs. Ubiquity was the one attribute common to the whole group, and cosmopolitanism, linked with urbanity, was the prime quality that characterized them all. In words of modern expression, "they got around" and "they belonged" in whatever locality, situation, or society they found themselves. Certain members of the family crossed and re- crossed the ocean almost as though modern air travel existed. Two of the Prevosts married American wives, which focused upon the hus- bands an ephemeral kind of fame. Along with Henry Bouquet and Frederick Haldimand, each of the Prevosts placed his individual imprint upon the memorial records of the Royal American Regiment, the King's Royal Rifle Corps of the present day. -
American Revolution End Notes
American Revolution End Notes 1 This article was written by Frank J Rafalko, Chief 12 Letter from George Washington to Governor Jonathan Community Training Branch, National Trumball, November 15, 1775 in which Washington Counterintelligence Center inserted the resolve of Congress he received from John Hancock regarding Church 2 Thomas Hutchinson came from a prominent New England family In 1737, despite his familys 13 This article was written by Frank J Rafalko, Chief, admonishment to him about going into politics, he was Community Training Branch, National elected to the Massachusetts House of Representative Counterintelligence Center He later served as Chief Justice of the colony and then royal governor 14 Col Jacobus Swartwout (d1826), commander of the 3 Francis Bernard was the nephew of Lord Barrington, 2d Dutchess County Regiment of Minute Men the secretary of state for war in London Barrington arranged for Bernard to be appointed as royal governor 15 Johnathan Fowler of New Jersey, but after two years Bernard move to Massachusetts to become royal governor there He was 16 James Kip recalled to London in 1769 17 This article was written by Dan Lovelace, National 4 Dr Benjamin Church Counterintelligence Center 5 AJ Langguth, Patriots The Men Who Started the 18 Carl Van Dorens description of Benedict Arnold in his American Revolution, Simon and Schuster, New York, Secret History of the American Revolution 1988, p 311 19 This article is copyrighted by Eric Evans Rafalko and 6 Edmund R Thompson, ed, Secret New England Spies used with his -
Taking Sides: Political and Social Divisions in the Niagara Area from 1780 to 1845
1 Taking sides: political and social divisions in the Niagara area from 1780 to 1845. Sir William Johnson John Johnson It began with Sir William Johnsonʼs favoritism. Johnson came from Ireland to run the large estate of his Uncle, Admiral Warren, in the Mohawk Valley. He was given an army command in the French and Indian War and credited with winning the Battle of Lake George in 1755 and the Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759. He was made Superintendent of Indian Affairs and had many children by Iroquois ladies and some with Europeans. He had his son John and his two daughters by an indentured servant, a German girl; one daughter married his nephew Guy Johnson and the other married Daniel Claus. John Johnson, sent to England to refine him, to wear off the rustic edges of a frontiersman, was made a baronet by King George III who admired his fatherʼs accomplishments. Sir William Johnsonʼs longest attachment was to Molly Brant by whom he had eight children. Mollyʼs brother Joseph, was part of Sir Williamʼs household from time to time and well known to the Johnson clan and to the Butlers. Sir William Johnson, however, depended upon a neighbor in the Mohawk Valley John Butler as an aide in the Indian Department and also in the battles with the French when Butler was his second in command. Butler, the son of the army commander at Fort Hunter where the Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers meet, spoke Indian languages and 2 knew Indian customs well. Of his children, the most famous or notorious to Americans for his escapades in the Revolutionary War was Walter, a charismatic historical figure. -
Orders of George Washington to General John Sullivan, at Head-Quarters May 31, 1779
Orders of George Washington to General John Sullivan, at Head-Quarters May 31, 1779 The Expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians, with their associates and adherents. The immediate objects are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements, and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops now in the ground and prevent their planting more. I would recommend, that some post in the center of the Indian Country, should be occupied with all expedition, with a sufficient quantity of provisions whence parties should be detached to lay waste all the settlements around, with instructions to do it in the most effectual manner, that the country may not be merely overrun, but destroyed. But you will not by any means listen to any overture of peace before the total ruinment of their settlements is effected. Our future security will be in their inability to injure us and in the terror with which the severity of the chastisement they receive will inspire them.[4] The 1779 Sullivan Campaign A Little-Known Offensive Strategic To The War Breaks The Indian Nations' Power by Stanley J. Adamiak The 1779 Sullivan Campaign emerged as one of the larger of the Continental Army's offensives during the American Revolution, yet remains relatively unknown.1 It was an act of reprisal to break the Iroquois Confederation, a Native American political and military alliance that included the Seneca, Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, 0neida, and Tuscarora tribes. -
The Wyoming Massacre in the American Imagination
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2021 "Savage and Bloody Footsteps Through the Valley" : The Wyoming Massacre in the American Imagination William R. Tharp Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6707 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Savage and Bloody Footsteps Through the Valley” The Wyoming Massacre in the American Imagination A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University By. William R. Tharp Dr. Carolyn Eastman, Advisor Associate Professor, Department of History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia 14 May 2021 Tharp 1 © William R. Tharp 2021 All Rights Reserved Tharp 2 Abstract Along the banks of the Susquehanna River in early July 1778, a force of about 600 Loyalist and Native American raiders won a lopsided victory against 400 overwhelmed Patriot militiamen and regulars in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. While not well-known today, this battle—the Battle of Wyoming—had profound effects on the Revolutionary War and American culture and politics. Quite familiar to early Americans, this battle’s remembrance influenced the formation of national identity and informed Americans’ perceptions of their past and present over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. -
Upper Canada, New York, and the Iroquois Six Nations, 1783-1815 Author(S): Alan Taylor Reviewed Work(S): Source: Journal of the Early Republic, Vol
Society for Historians of the Early American Republic The Divided Ground: Upper Canada, New York, and the Iroquois Six Nations, 1783-1815 Author(s): Alan Taylor Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), pp. 55-75 Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124858 . Accessed: 02/11/2011 18:25 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Pennsylvania Press and Society for Historians of the Early American Republic are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Early Republic. http://www.jstor.org THE DIVIDED GROUND: UPPER CANADA, NEW YORK, AND THE IROQUOIS SIX NATIONS, 1783-1815 AlanTaylor In recentyears, historians have paid increasing attention to bordersand borderlandsas fluidsites of bothnational formation and local contestation. At theirperipheries, nations and empires assert their power and define their identitywith no certainty of success.Nation-making and border-making are inseparablyintertwined. Nations and empires, however, often reap defiance frompeoples uneasily bisected by theimposed boundaries. This process of border-making(and border-defiance)has been especiallytangled in the Americaswhere empires and republicsprojected their ambitions onto a geographyoccupied and defined by Indians.Imperial or nationalvisions ran up against the tangled complexities of interdependentpeoples, both native and invader. -
Some Perspectives on Its Purpose from Published Accounts Preston E
SOME PERSPECTIVES ON ITS PURPOSE FROM PUBLISHED ACCOUNTS PRESTON E. PIERCE ONTARIO COUNTY HISTORIAN DEPARTMENT OF RECORDS, ARCHIVES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ERVICES CANANDAIGUA, NEW YORK 2019 (REPRINTED, UPDATED, AND REVISED 2005, 1985) 1 Front cover image: Sullivan monument erected at the entrance to City Pier on Lake Shore Drive, Canandaigua. Sullivan-Clinton Sesquicentennial Commission, 1929. Bronze tablet was a common feature of all monuments erected by the Commission. Image from original postcard negative, circa 1929, in possession of the author. Above: Sullivan-Clinton Sesquicentennial Commission tablet erected at Kashong (Yates County), Rt. 14, south of Geneva near the Ontario County boundary. 1929. Image by the author. 2004 2 Gen. John Sullivan. Image from Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution. v. I. 1860. p. 272. 3 Sullivan-Clinton Campaign monument (front and back) erected in 1929 in Honeoye. Moved several times, it commemorates the location of Ft. Cummings, a temporary base established by Sullivan as he began the final leg of his march to the Genesee River. Images by the author. Forward 4 1979 marked the 200th anniversary of the Sullivan-Clinton expedition against those Iroquois nations that allied themselves with Britain and the Loyalists during the American Revolution. It is a little-understood (more often misunderstood) military incursion with diplomatic, economic, and decided geo-political consequences. Unfortunately, most people, including most municipal historians, know little about the expedition beyond what is recorded on roadside markers. In 1929, during the sesquicentennial celebrations of the American Revolution, the states of New York and Pennsylvania established a special commission that produced a booklet, sponsored local pageants, and erected many commemorative tablets in both states. -
Alden T Vaughan FRONTIER BANDITTI and the INDIANS: THE
Alden T Vaughan COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY FRONTIER BANDITTI AND THE INDIANS: THE PAXTON BOYS' LEGACY, 1763-1775 QN September 13, 1766, Secretary of State for the Southern 0 }Department, Lord Shelburne, addressed a circular letter to the governors of Britain's North American colonies. "His Majesty's Super- intendents for Indian Affairs," he wrote with evident consternation, report "that the most unprovoked violences and Murthers have lately been committed on the Indians . .. whose Tribes are at present in Peace and Amity with His Majesty's Provinces, and that the offenders have not yet been discovered and brought to Justice." The danger was imminent and immense. In conjunction with frequent encroachments on Indian lands and sharp practices by colonists engaged in the Indian trade, recent crimes against friendly Indians threatened to embroil British America in a massive Indian war. Through Shelburne's letter, King George commanded his governors "to remedy and prevent those Evils, which are as contrary to the Rules of good Policy as of Justice and Equity."' Pennsylvania was one of the most culpable colonies.2 Until the 1750s, William Penn's American province had enjoyed unparalleled peace with its Indian inhabitants; when abuses of Indians occasionally occurred, colonial authorities had generally administered impartial justice.3 That idyllic picture changed dramatically in the mid 1750s. The French and Indian War brought several years of frontier carnage that returned, after a brief lapse, during Pontiac's uprising of 1763. Although peace was soon restored, interracial harmony was not. Frontier frustrations and racial antagonism reached a symbolic climax in December 1763 when a band of Lancaster County ruffians slaugh- tered twenty friendly Indians and attempted, several weeks later, to I 2 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY wreak the same vigilante violence on 140 Christian Indians sheltered in Philadelphia. -
Oriskany:Aplace of Great Sadness Amohawk Valley Battelfield Ethnography
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Ethnography Program Northeast Region ORISKANY:APLACE OF GREAT SADNESS AMOHAWK VALLEY BATTELFIELD ETHNOGRAPHY FORT STANWIX NATIONAL MONUMENT SPECIAL ETHNOGRAPHIC REPORT ORISKANY: A PLACE OF GREAT SADNESS A Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography by Joy Bilharz, Ph.D. With assistance from Trish Rae Fort Stanwix National Monument Special Ethnographic Report Northeast Region Ethnography Program National Park Service Boston, MA February 2009 The title of this report was provided by a Mohawk elder during an interview conducted for this project. It is used because it so eloquently summarizes the feelings of all the Indians consulted. Cover Photo: View of Oriskany Battlefield with the 1884 monument to the rebels and their allies. 1996. Photograph by Joy Bilharz. ExEcuTivE SuMMARy The Mohawk Valley Battlefield Ethnography Project was designed to document the relationships between contemporary Indian peoples and the events that occurred in central New York during the mid to late eighteenth century. The particular focus was Fort Stanwix, located near the Oneida Carry, which linked the Mohawk and St. Lawrence Rivers via Wood Creek, and the Oriskany Battlefield. Because of its strategic location, Fort Stanwix was the site of several critical treaties between the British and the Iroquois and, following the American Revolution, between the latter and the United States. This region was the homeland of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy whose neutrality or military support was desired by both the British and the rebels during the Revolution. The Battle of Oriskany, 6 August 1777, occurred as the Tryon County militia, aided by Oneida warriors, was marching to relieve the British siege of Ft. -
Tallshiptuesdays
TallShipTuesdays Historical Context The British government made Boston pay a high price for destroying the tea in the Boston Tea Party. The busy port of Boston, on which most Bostonians depended, was closed. More redcoats arrived. But resistance to British rule kept growing. Many young people followed their parents’ example in standing up to the British, although their concerns were not necessarily about taxation. Sometimes they were more concerned with enjoying their favorite sports and other activities. Sometimes, too, the British officers tried to be good neighbors. Our example of this “good neighbor policy” is described in a letter written on January 29, 1775, by John Andrews of Boston to his brother-in-law in Philadelphia. It tells about a group of boys who complained to British General Frederick Haldimand when his servant ruined their favorite sledding hill by spreading ashes on it. The General listened to them and ordered his servant to repair the damage. Andrew’s letter went on to say that when British General Thomas Gage, who was the governor of Massachusetts, heard about the incident, he observed that “it was impossible to beat the notion of Liberty out of the people, as it was rooted in ‘em from their Childhood.” Did You Know…? • “Coasting” or “sledding” was popular among children in colonial times. Sherburn’s Hill in Boston was a favorite of several generations of Americans. • Colonial children played some games that children still play today—Hide-and-Seek, Blindman’s Bluf, lacrosse, hopscotch and jump rope. They also flew kites! • Most dolls were made of wooden pegs and many were nicely dressed with homemade clothing. -
William Marsh, 'A Rather Shadowy Figure
William Marsh, ‘a rather shadowy figure,’ crossed boundaries both national and political Vermont holds a unique but little-known place in eighteenth-century American and Canadian history. During the 1770s William Marsh and many others who had migrated from Connecticut and Massachusetts to take up lands granted by New Hampshire Governor Benning Wentworth, faced severe chal- lenges to their land titles because New York also claimed the area between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers, known as “the New Hampshire Grants.” New York’s aggressive pursuit of its claims generated strong political tensions and an- imosity. When the American Revolution began, the settlers on the Grants joined the patriot cause, expecting that a new national regime would counter New York and recognize their titles. During the war the American Continental Congress declined to deal with the New Hampshire settlers’ claims. When the Grants settlers then proposed to become a state separate from New York, the Congress denied them separate status. As a consequence, the New Hampshire grantees declared independence in 1777 and in 1778 constituted themselves as an independent republic named Vermont, which existed until 1791 when it became the 14th state in the Ameri- can Union. Most of the creators of Vermont played out their roles, and their lives ended in obscurity. Americans remember Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys and their military actions early in the Revolution. But Allen was a British captive during the critical years of Vermont’s formation, 1775-1778. A few oth- ers, some of them later Loyalists, laid the foundations for Vermont’s recognition and stability.