Sixties Ireland: Reshaping the Economy, State and Society, 1957–1973 Mary E

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14592-4 - Sixties Ireland: Reshaping the Economy, State and Society, 1957–1973 Mary E. Daly Index More information

Index

abortion, 6, 145 Aiken, Frank, 183, 259, 267, 300, 303, Catholic Church and, 185–7, 307–8, 312, 313, 314, 319, 330, 189–90, 212 337, 342 censorship and, 203 Akenson, D. H., 193 Irish women obtain in Britain, 167–8, alcohol 185–6 advertising, 131, 142 ofﬁcial views of, 187 and driving, 132 pro-life campaign, 9, 386 growing consumption, 141–2 Acts and Bills of the Oireachtas social and medical problem, 148, 164, Broadcasting Authority Act 1960, 357 248–9, 371 Censorship of Publications Act 1929, 145 women and, 142 Control of Manufactures Acts 1932 and America. see United States of America 1934, 20, 45, 69, 72, 73 An Foras Talúntais, 90 County Management Act 1955, 116 Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH), 336 Criminal Justice Bill 1969, 278–9 Andrews, C. S. (‘Todd’), 60, 274 Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935, Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area Agreement 145, 146, 149–50, 185 (AIFTAA; 1965), 6, 28–31, 35, Finance Act 1962, 48 36, 49, 66–7, 68, 74, 135, 313, Finance Act 1965, 117, 280 315, 316, 319–20, 321, 324, Guardianship of Infants Act 1964, 163–4 332, 383 Health Act 1953, 128, 232–3 Anglo-Irish Parliamentary Group, 337 Health Act 1970, 242 Anglo-Irish relations. see Britain Land Act 1965, 96, 273 Anglo-Irish trade agreement (1938), 18 Married Women’s Status Act 1957, 158 Anglo-Irish trade agreement (1948), 17, Offences Against the State Amendment 30, 45 Act 1972, 358, 360 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 256, 294, 318, Planning Act 1963, 109, 116, 118, 120 363, 372 Succession Act 1965, 158–61, 163, Aontacht Éireann, 357 184, 273 Arensberg, Conrad, 159 Vocational Education Act 1931, 214, 216 Argentina, 29 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Arms Crisis (1970), 286, 334, 346, 350–1, Commonwealth Immigration Act 353, 373, 376 1962, 318 Arnold, Bruce, 117 Ireland Act 1949, 318 Artane industrial school, 171–3, 175 Adams, Michael, 202 Association of Women Citizens of adoption. see births outside marriage Ireland, 154 Africa, 72, 192–3, 300, 304, 308, 321, 374. auction politics. see under elections see also Biafran war; Congo; South Australia, 29 Africa Agricultural Research Institute, 90 Bacik, Charles, 68 Agriculture, Department of, 41, 43, 46, 50, Ballymascanlon Inter-Church 55, 56, 89–92, 93, 94, 218, 286, 332 Meeting, 206

408

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14592-4 - Sixties Ireland: Reshaping the Economy, State and Society, 1957–1973 Mary E. Daly Index More information

Index 409

Ballymun housing scheme (Dublin), Bord Failte, 108, 346 113–14, 115, 120, 139 Bord na Móna, 78–9, 269 Bank of England, 18 Bosi, Lorenzo, 346 banks and banking, 23, 196–7, 263, 272, Bowman, John, 295 277, 280 Boyd, Wesley, 339 changing culture and staff unrest, Breathnach, Aoife, 169 81–2, 83 Breen, Dan, 274 recruitment of staff, 63, 107, 125 Breen, Richard, 5 strikes, 79 Brennan, Joseph, 165, 351 women in, 152–3 Breslin, Jimmy, 363 Bargy Castle meeting and statement Briscoe, Robert, 302 (1968), 210 Bristow, John, 62 Barnhill, Senator John, 359 Britain. see also abortion; Anglo-Irish Free Barrett, Sylvester, 290 Trade Area Agreement; Barrington, Ruth, 239 Commonwealth; emigration; media; Barrington, Tom, 54, 57, 58 partition Barry, Frank, 36, 85 agriculture in, 22, 30 Bax, Mart, 117 Anglo-Irish relations, 318–21 Beere, Thekla, 152, 155, 157 Catholics in, 145, 166, 193, 209 Behan, Brendan, 115 civil service practice in, 55, 56 Belfast, 115, 188, 326–8, 329, 331, 339, divorce in, 184 342, 344, 345, 357, 358, 360 economic planning in, 39, 44, 54 Belgium, 15, 19, 144, 193, 207, 232 economic weakness mirrored in Ireland, Bew, Paul, 42, 67 5, 15, 19, 32 Biafran war, 308 and EEC membership, 22, 25–6, 36, 305, Biever, Bruce, 199 306–7, 309, 310, 312–16, 386 Birch, Bishop Peter, 207–8, 212 embassy in Dublin burned, 355, 357 birth control. see contraception export market for Ireland, 15, 17–20, birth rate and fertility, 9, 100, 140, 144–5, 27–31, 35, 45, 61, 65–6, 88, 91 148–9, 369 exporter to Ireland, 18, 25, 29, 31, family size, 2, 9, 128, 143, 144–5, 146–7, 36, 65–7 148–9, 181, 189, 370 industrial incentives in, 74 births outside marriage and single mothers, industrial relations practices mirrored in 164, 165–8, 170–1, 178, 181–2. see also Ireland, 27, 49, 52–3, 84 residential institutions inequality of Ireland’s relations with, 321 adoption of children, 166, 167, 170, 206 investment in Ireland, 25, 36, 67, 108–9, public attitudes to, 190 116, 134, 321 Unmarried Mothers’ Allowance, 167 Irish Anglo-centrism, 17, 21–2, 25, 298, Blaney, Neil, 286, 287 301, 305 constituency politician, 102–4 Irish aspiration to British living stan- Minister for Agriculture, 30, 94, 104, dards, 16 286, 334 monetary policy of Ireland dominated by, Minister for Local Government, 102, 15, 23–4, 35–6, 318, 321, 374 110, 113 National Health Service and welfare and Northern Ireland and Arms Crisis, state, 8, 214, 251, 266 337, 342, 343, 344, 350–1, 353, Northern Ireland financial subvention, 355, 357 335, 377 potential party leader, 276 Northern Ireland policies, 333, 342, Bloomfield, Ken, 332 344, 353 Boland, Freddie, 299, 307 official views of Ireland, 280, 311 Boland, Kevin, 111, 275, 277, 282, 285–6, planning, regional and physical, 109 287, 342, 343, 344, 350–2, 357, 376 recruitment of soldiers in Ireland, 320 Böll, Heinrich, 197, 364–7 Brittan, Sam, 54 Bord Bainne, An (Irish Dairy Board), 30, Brosnahan, Senator Sean, 180 61, 91 Brown, Callum, 191

410 Index

Brown, George, 313 Humanae Vitae, 9, 149, 206, 209–11 Brown, Terence, 3, 364 inﬂuence, 9, 145, 192, 199 Browne, Ivor, 247, 248, 249 and inheritance law, 160 Browne, Bishop Michael, 223 liberal currents, 4, 129, 191, 201–5, Browne, Noel, 185, 238, 247, 248, 270, 284 209–10, 211, 255, 369 Browne, Vincent, 285 and marriage bar for teachers, 217 Bruton, John, 281 missionaries, 192–3, 299, 308 Buchanan, Colin, and planning report. ne temere decree (mixed marriages), 194, see under planning, regional and 204, 206 physical and ‘rural way of life,’ 369 Buckley, Sarah-Anne, 177 social teaching and papal encyclicals, Byrne, Frankie, 143 179, 232–3, 238, 256, 263 and television, 203–4 Cahan, John, 16, 18, 22, 385 Vatican Council, 182, 198–200, 209 Cahill, Joe, 358 Cearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta (Gaeltacht Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ), 329–30 Civil Rights Movement), 367 Campbell, Sarah, 330 Celtic Tiger, 8 cars, 135. see also road infrastructure censorship, 1, 3, 128, 145, 185, 198, 201, accident rate, 132, 246 202–3, 211 increasing ownership of, 109, 131–2, Central Bank of Ireland, 18, 27, 52, 133–4 263, 341 Casement, Roger, 319–20 Charlestown, Co. Mayo, and ‘Charlestown Catholic Church and Catholics. see also Group,’,96–7, 105, 365 abortion; Christian Brothers; Cherish (voluntary agency), 167, 181 constitution of 1937; contraception; Childers, Erskine, 109, 205, 236 denominational divisions; divorce; children. see also births outside marriage; family, the; Northern Ireland; education; family, the; residential residential institutions institutions adaptability and resilience, 5, 129, amenities for, 114 212–13, 232, 252, 371 childcare for working mothers, 129, 156 anti-intellectualism, 202–3 cigarette sales to, 247 Catholics and Protestants compared control of parents over, 128 193–4, 195 (see also denominational corporal punishment, 171, 172–3, 175, divisions) 179–80 Catholics in Ireland and abroad custody and guardianship of, 157, 164 compared, 9, 145, 193, 199, 211 infant mortality and healthcare, 232, 233, clergy and religious orders, 9, 126, 129, 235, 247 147, 165, 170, 176–7, 178, 192, 193, inheritance rights, 158–61 197–8, 219, 237, 242 maintenance payments for, 164 deference of laity to church, 128, 199, in mixed marriages, 194, 205 211–12, 371 psychology services for, 193 deference of politicians and ofﬁcials to in violent marriages, 181–2 church, 10, 128, 182–3, 191, 195–6, China, 300, 307, 308 215–16, 228, 257, 263, 271 Christian Brothers, Irish, 56, 57, 59, 173, ‘devotional revolution’ and religious 176, 218–19 observance, 9, 126, 142, 192, 194–5 Chubb, Basil, 288–90, 295 ecumenism and relations with other Church of Ireland, 162, 183, 193, 195, 198, churches, 170, 204–6 206, 225, 355. see also denominational and education, 57, 193, 208–9, 215–16, divisions; Protestants 218–19, 221, 222–3, 225, 227–8, Churchill, Sir Winston, 319 232, 383 cinema. see media fundraising, 196–7, 293 civil service and public sector, 48, 55–60. and health and welfare services, 8, 57, see also Devlin Commission; local gov- 128, 163, 165–6, 193, 207–9, 232–3, ernment; women’s employment 237, 238, 242 centralized nature, 120, 121

Index 411

and constituency demands of constitution of 1937, 306, 385 politicians, 289 all-party committee on (1967), 183, departments of government (see 335–6 Agriculture; Defence; Education; Catholic Church’s ‘special position’ Finance; Foreign or External Affairs; (Article 44), 11, 207, 212, 335, 377 Health; Industry and Commerce; Catholic values reflected in, 9, 11, 128, Justice; Lands; Local Government; 182, 378 Public Service; Social Welfare) ‘constitutional crusade’ of 1980s, 11 and economic planning, 43–6 and the family, 158, 163–4, 179 educational background of staff, 56–9 and Northern Ireland crisis, 349, 377, multiplicity of public agencies, 72, 379, 384 90, 120 and women, 157 resistance to change, 45–6, 73 consultative structures, 43, 44, 48–9. see also rivalries between government Committee on Industrial Organisation departments, 43–4, 46–7, 55–6, (CIO); National Agricultural Council 89–90, 218 (NAC); National Industrial and taxation, views of, 121 Economic Council (NIEC); vested trade unions and pay demands, 58, interests 79–80, 83, 85–6 corporatism, 37, 265, 381–2 views of role of civil servants, 41–2, 382 farmers omitted from, 87–8 Clan na Gael, 304 consumerism, 131–6 Clann na Talmhan, 266 contraception and birth control, 9, 143, Clear, Catriona, 181 377. see also abortion clientelism. see under elections ban on advertising contraceptives, 2, 211 Coleman, D. A., 6 Catholic Church and, 9, 11, 145, 146–9, Colley, George, 179, 223–4, 225, 226, 276, 185–7, 189–90, 191, 206, 209–11, 287, 296 373, 377–8 Collins, Gerard, 357 coitus interruptus, 145, 147, 190 Collins, Stephen, 268, 342 family planning clinics, 9, 149–50 Commins, Patrick, 99 feminism and, 181, 370 Commins, T., 199 government unwillingness to legislate for, Commission of Enquiry on Mental Illness, 276, 372, 385 248–9 importation of contraceptives, 187–9 Commission on Higher Education, 228–30 legal position of, 128, 145, 149–50, 178, Commission on Itinerancy, 168, 169 185, 187–9 Commission on the Restoration of the Irish and married couples, 129, 188–9 Language, 220, 326, 367 pill, the contraceptive, 9, 146, 148–9, Commission on the Status of Women, 153, 190, 211, 370 155, 156–7, 164, 167 public attitudes to, 150, 189, 190, 191, Committee on Industrial Organisation 207, 369, 378 (CIO), 46–8, 49, 51, 63, 64, 77, 102 ‘safe period,’, 147 Common Market. see European Economic Conway, Cardinal William, 196, 211, 378 Community (EEC) Conway, John, 301–2, 304 Common Market Defence Campaign, 317 Coogan, Tim Pat, 200, 274, 275, 320, 367, Commonwealth, British, 15, 17, 29, 71, 72, 371, 376 318, 329 Cook, Hera, 186 Commonwealth Office. see Foreign and Córas Beostoic agus Feola, 91 Commonwealth Office Córas Trachtála, 62, 64, 75 Congo, the, 321, 346 Corish, Brendan, 259, 260, 269, 270, 271, Connery, Donald, 4, 61–2, 202, 364 272, 287 Connolly, James, 272, 359, 360 Cork, 53, 101, 102, 103, 135, 243, 262, Connolly, Linda, 149, 157 276, 295 Connolly, Peter, 201 corruption in public life, 117, 118, 119 Connolly, Roddy, 360 Cosgrave, Liam, 267–8, 269, 279, 280, Connolly Youth, 278 285, 287, 291, 351, 358–9, 375

412 Index

Costello, Declan, 160, 265, 266, 268, and Northern Ireland and partition, 324, 272, 287 331, 333, 376 Costello, John A., 294, 351 Devlin, Bernadette, 345 Costello, Michael Joseph, 61, 289 Devlin, Paddy, 345 Coughlan, Steve, 294 Devlin Commission, 55, 58, 59, 120 Coughlan, Tony, 317 Dillon, James, 205, 259, 260, 265, 266, Coulter, Carol, 195 267, 275, 287, 295 Council of Europe, 154 divorce, 6, 158, 182–5, 189, 349, 372 Craig, Anthony, 320, 354, 360 Catholic Church and, 182–3, 186, 187, Cremin, Con, 309 211, 212, 373, 377–8 Cresswell, Robert, 127 constitutional prohibition, 11, 128, 182, Cuba, 281, 308 183, 377 Curran, Frank, 336 a mensa et thoro, 164 Curran, Joseph, 363 proposal to allow for those whose church Currie, Austin, 345 permitted, 182–3, 207, 335, 384 public opinion and, 129, 207, 369, 378 Daingean reformatory, 176–8 referendum campaign, 9 D’Alton, Cardinal John Francis, 228 Donegan, Paddy, 359 dancehalls, 141–2, 191 Donnellan, John, 287 Daunton, Martin, 121 drug abuse, 249 Dean, Dr Geoffrey, 234–5 Dublin, 107–11. see also regional policy; Deasy, Rickard, 281, 283 urbanisation and urban life Deeny, James, 234–5, 246 housing, 111–15, 138 Defence, Department of, 299, 344, new industry, small share of, 69, 101–2 345 redevelopment, 107–11 de Gaulle, Charles, 26, 312–14 Dublin Corporation, 109–10, 112–13, 114, Delaney, Enda, 2, 8 147, 241, 280–1 demography. see population Dublin Housing Action Committee, 204, Dempsey, Noel, 105 278, 340 Denmark, 22, 144, 232 Duff, Frank, 200 competing agricultural exporter, 17–18, Dunlop, Frank, 276, 279 29, 62, 91 and EEC membership, 25–6, 307, 309, Economic and Social Research Institute 312, 313, 314, 316 (ESRI), 106, 121, 126, 156, 251 denominational (religious) divisions, 377. economic growth, 24, 258, 263–4, 381–2. see also universities and higher see also regional policy education compared with other countries, 5, 15–16, in business and employment, 57, 28, 34–5, 36–7 125–6, 130 consumerism, 131–6 decline in signiﬁcance, 170, 191 education and, 3, 47, 128, 146, 215, in education, 126, 216, 218–19, 223, 220, 231 225–6, 227–8 exaggerated by politicians, 8, 16, 27, 34, in hospitals, 205, 237, 242 37, 48, 52, 296 in social life, 126–7, 193–4, 195, 205 failure to achieve in 1950s, 19 in sport, 126–7, 195 farming and, 32–3, 50–1, 55, 56, 88, Derry, 336–7, 339, 341, 342–3, 344, 353, 89–90, 94, 260 355–6, 360 industrial unrest prompted by, 77–8, 85 deserted wives. see under women industry and, 31–2, 50, 51, 260 Desmond, Barry, 271, 291, 292 obstacles to, 35–6, 256 de Valera, Eamon, 40, 87, 137, 205, 259, priority for government, 255, 277 260, 267, 284, 288, 294, 295, 318, slows in late 1960s, 28, 32, 33 357, 374 and social conservatism, 6, 10–11, 362, becomes president, 3 364–6, 368–9, 385–6 and cabinets, 53, 273, 274, 351, 383 targets for, 23, 26, 50–1, 52, 54–5, 94

Index 413

economic programmes and planning, 15, 1965 general election (Fianna Fáil 39–40, 53, 55, 263–4, 384 government), 239, 262–7 abandoning or missing of targets, 27, 32, 1969 general election (Fianna Fáil 33, 52, 54, 276 government), 32, 75, 277–8, 279–83, Economic Development (1958), 22–3, 284–6, 341–2, 373 40–2, 45, 59, 72, 111, 221, 256, 1973 general election (Fine Gael-Labour 301, 382 government), 12 Programme for Economic Expansion 1959 presidential election, 3 (1958), 18, 23, 24, 39–44, 50, 88, 112, 1966 presidential election, 267–8, 140, 263 284–5, 295 Second Programme for Agriculture (1964), auction politics, 5, 9, 32, 251, 262, 296 56, 92 constituency (parish pump) politics and Second Programme for Economic Expansion clientelism, 9, 95, 102–5, 117, 119, (1963/64), 26, 31, 43, 44, 49–52, 54, 255, 288–92 56, 65, 70, 89, 115, 263 gerrymandering of constituency Third Programme: Economic and Social boundaries, 277, 282–3 Development (1969), 43, 54–5, 84, 94, in Northern Ireland, 333, 336, 339–40 120, 250, 251 proportional representation (PR) and Towards a Just Society and, 265–6, 383 proposal to alter, 268, 294–5, economy. see economic growth; economic 335–6 programmes and planning; Electricity Supply Board (ESB), 79, 82, employment and unemployment; 85–6, 110, 269 farming; incomes and pay; industry electriﬁcation, rural, 131, 136, 261 education, 129, 379. see also Catholic emigration, 16, 37, 54, 96, 103–4, 112, 125, Church; Christian Brothers; 130, 365, 367, 371, 381, 386. see also denominational divisions; economic farmland; migration growth; Irish language; public to Britain, 2, 38, 175, 251, 258–9, 318 spending; residential institutions; continues after 1960s, 7, 38 schools; universities and higher and deserted wives, 163 education of graduates, 219 academic and professional bias, 8, 224, high rate in 1950s, 4, 19, 24, 277 226, 231–2, 379, 381 and mental health, 248 agricultural, 88–9, 90, 95, 218, 222 of Protestants, 193 of Catholic laity, 202, 211 reduction in 1960s, 16, 128, 262 of clergy, 193, 200, 378 safety valve, 2, 379 female participation in, 219–20 to United States, 302, 304–5 of gardaí, 83 window on life elsewhere, 2 of industrial managers, 67 employment and unemployment, 5, 16, 33, of Labour party politicians, 271 37–8, 49, 54, 129–30, 250–1, 368, languages, modern, 226, 230, 231, 367 380, 384–5. see also social welfare; Pearse and, 363 women’s employment social class and, 126, 217, 381 career opportunities and family back- Travellers and, 168–9 ground, 82, 125, 195 Education, Department of, 89, 171–4, 176, careers and parental aspirations, 82, 178, 179, 216, 218, 219, 221, 222, 100–1, 195, 232, 370 224, 225–6, 227, 228, 230, 383 in Dublin, 102 Eichengreen, Barry, 19, 23 high unemployment, 19, 24, 37 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 306 in industry, 24, 31, 47, 66, 69, 71 elections and electoral behaviour, 256, men’s jobs prioritized in public 257–8, 287–92, 294–6, 385 policy, 10 1957 general election (Fianna Fáil in Northern Ireland, 323, 328 government), 12, 24, 25, in rural Ireland, 262–3 258–9, 382 England. see Britain 1961 general election (Fianna Fáil European Coal and Steel Community, government), 237, 259–62 22, 298

414 Index

European Economic Community (EEC), women’s employment in, 152–3, 22, 28, 165, 239, 275, 298, 318, 372, 160, 370 374, 386. see also Britain; neutrality family planning. see contraception approach to membership, 3, 4, 25–6, 29, Fanning, Ronan, 53, 325, 336, 337, 54, 55, 87, 259–61, 299, 301, 305–7, 340, 347 309–18, 367, 382 farming, 35, 87–94. see also Agriculture, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 98, Department of; economic growth; 315, 317, 381 education; employment and unem- Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), ployment; European Economic 315–16, 317 Community (EEC); family farms; delayed accession to, 35, 50, 312–14 incomes and pay; National Farmers’ and equal pay for women, 154, 155–6 Association (NFA); public spending; expected benefits of Irish membership, ‘rural way of life’; social welfare 10–11, 30, 36, 50, 52, 94, 261 decline in late 1950s, 24 and farming, 6, 10–11, 22, 87, 94, 98–9, development compromised by political 260, 261, 305, 317 imperatives, 95–9 impact on labour and welfare laws, 128 exports, 17–18, 29–30 and industry, 44–5, 46, 68, 260, 261, 264 farm size, 94, 95, 98, 233, 234 opposition to membership within Ireland, farmer-government tensions, 93–4 98–9, 260, 317–18 part-time farmers, 5–6, 101 popular and elite attitudes con- poor performance and efforts to improve, trasted, 384 20, 32–3, 88–9, 92, 95, 97 and prospect of Irish unity, 330, 373 predominance in Irish economy and pol- referendum approving membership, 99, itics, 6–7, 19–21, 35, 129, 256, 260, 317, 375, 384 261, 262–3 European Free Trade Area (EFTA), 15–18, farmland. see also family farms; farming 22, 25, 30, 65, 71, 258–9, 298, 306, emigration leads to neglect, 21, 95, 96 312, 382 proposals to redistribute, and opposition événements of 1968, 33, 278, 279, 336, 373 to, 21, 95, 96, 272–3, 281, 371 External Affairs, Department of. see Foreign purchased by German nationals, 73 (External) Affairs, Department of reclamation, 21 Farrell, Brian, 274, 287, 372 Fahey, Tony, 5 Faulkner, Brian, 325, 339, 354 Fallon, Richard, 350 Faulkner, Padraig, 292, 342, 343, 351 family, the, 6, 132, 135, 365, 370–1. see also Faure, Maurice, 16 constitution of 1937 Federation of Irish Industry (FII), 30–1, 43, Catholic Church and, 208, 232, 368, 378 46, 67 and conservative opinion, 378 feminism modernization and, 369–70 proto-feminism, 153, 157–8 official attitudes towards, 179 second-wave feminism, 158, 179, 181–2, political dynasties, 24, 287, 295, 301, 370, 371–2 372, 373 Fennell, Desmond, 199 women’s legal position in, 157, 158, 165 Fergus, Bishop James, 162 family farms, 5–6. see also farming; Ferriter, Diarmaid, 7 farmland; housing; ‘rural way of life’ Fethard on Sea boycott, 271 inheritance and retention in family Fianna Fáil, 6, 12, 159, 237, 239, 263, 272, ownership, 89, 99, 127, 140, 158–60, 273–5, 300, 307. see also Arms Crisis 370, 378 (1970); protectionism and free trade official support for, 98 in 1957 general election, 258–9 and old age pension, 292 in 1961 general election, 259, 260 social significance, 7, 125, 371 in 1965 general election, 265, 266 women and, 101, 370 in 1969 general election, 32, 277–8, 280, family firms, 24, 47, 60, 63, 64, 133, 282 281, 282–3, 285, 341, 373 social significance, 125, 127, 130 in 1973 general election, 296, 373 source of foreign investment, 21, 73 in 1966 presidential election, 284

Index 415

cabinet government, 383 FitzGerald, Garret and constituency politics, 291 conservatism, 160 contrasted with Fine Gael, 256–7, 264 on demography, 144, 149 education policy, 221–2 on economic policy, 30, 40, 43, 49, 50, electoral support, 10, 257–8, 385 52, 54, 56 fundraising (Taca), 293 and EEC, 312 and Northern Ireland, 273, 326, 336, and Fine Gael, 268, 287 337, 350, 351–2, 353, 354, 355, 357, and Humanae Vitae, 210 359, 378 liberalism, 11 populist tendencies, 42, 262, 271, on Northern Ireland, 185, 354, 355–6, 372–3 358, 377, 384 proposed changes to electoral system, Fitzgerald Report. see under health services 294–5 Fitzpatrick, J. L., 67 rezoning of land, 117 Fitzsimons, Jack, 137 and trade unions, 269, 270 Flanagan, Donal, 211 in universities, 183, 279 Flanagan, Seán, 247 film. see media Flannery, Austin, 198, 201, 204 Finance, Department of, 23, 30, 40, 43, 46, Fogarty, Michael, 82, 83 52, 53, 55, 56, 112, 348. see also Foley, Des, 351 Whitaker, Ken Foley, Frank, 341 and agriculture, 23, 90, 93 Foley, Maurice, 163 Development Division of, 43–4, 45, Foras Tionscal, An, 69, 72, 74, 75 55, 56 Forbas Forbartha, An, 103 and EEC membership, 309, 314, 315 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), and free secondary schooling, 224 36, 311, 334, 352, 354 opposed to equal pay for women, 154 Foreign (External) Affairs, Department of opposed to raising tobacoo tax, 247 (DFA, DEA), 43, 58, 59, 258, 309, staff of, 58 312, 314, 325, 327, 334, 341, 344, Fine Gael, 6, 24, 160, 272 348, 366, 378 in 1961 general election, 259–60, 291 foreign industrial investment. see Britain; in 1965 general election, 239, 272, 291 Germany; industry; taxation; United in 1969 general election, 75, 277, States 279–81, 283, 285 foreign policy. see Britain; European in 1973 general election, 296, 373 Economic Community (EEC); neu- in 1959 presidential election, 295 trality; North Atlantic Treaty in 1966 presidential election, 267, 284–5 Organisation (NATO); partition; and constituency politics, 291, 292 United Nations; United States of contrasted with Fianna Fáil, 256–7 America and EEC membership, 317 Foster, Roy, 206 electoral support, 257–8 France, 15, 19, 39, 55, 56, 93, 101, 232, in government, 12, 167, 241, 246, 300 306, 307, 312–14 health insurance proposal, 237–8, 239, Friedan, Betty, 181 246, 264 Friel, Brian, 130 modernizing wing and ‘Young Tigers,’, Fuller, Louise, 147, 198, 204 268–9, 279–80, 285, 372 and National Farmers’ Association, 88 Gael Linn, 367 and Northern Ireland, 326, 358–9 Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), 126–7, Towards a Just Society (1965), 54, 263–6, 195, 276, 287, 326, 356 271, 277, 383 Gaeltarra Eireann, 72 in universities, 268, 278, 279 Gageby, Douglas, 339 fish-ins, 350 Gallagher, Eamonn, 347–8 Fisher, Archbishop Geoffrey, 204 Gallagher, Michael, 257, 268, 270, 271, Fisher, Kate, 145 272–3, 283 fishing industry, 315–16, 317 Garda Síochána, 57, 82–3, 100, 168, 249, Fitt, Gerry, 328, 336, 337 279, 344, 350, 359

416 Index

Garvin, John, 59 dispensary system, 128, 232–5, 239, 240, Garvin, Tom, 3, 271, 291, 323, 332 244, 252 Gaughan, Fr Anthony, 143, 196 Fitzgerald Report (Outline of the future Geary, Michael, 313 hospital system, 1968), 237, 241–4 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Medical Service (GMS) or (GATT), 313 choice of doctor scheme, 244–6 Germany, 15, 22, 24, 27, 32, 39, 55, 77, health education and preventative 232, 298, 305, 306, 312, 364, 365, action, 247 366–7, 379. see also Böll, Heinrich hospitals, 127, 214, 233, 236–8, 240–4, export market for agriculture, 17, 20, 29 246, 249, 252, 372 industrial investment in Ireland, 21, 71, maternity hospitals, 148–9, 166 72, 73, 80, 364 medical cards, 214, 234, 235, 238, 240, Gibbons, James, 351, 357 244, 289, 296 Gibney, Arthur, 110 mental health, 247–9, 371 Gilchrist, Sir Andrew, 36, 334, 340, 345 Mother and Child Scheme, 232, Gill, Michael, 200 257, 271 Ginsborg, Paul, 369 social class and, 127, 233 Girvin, Brian, 4, 9 tuberculosis (TB), 148, 214, 233, 246 Goldthorpe, John, 379 Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI), 233, Good, Dr James, 209–10 238, 239 Good Friday Agreement (1998), 379 Healy, Cahir, 329 Gopaleen, Myles na (Brian Healy, John, 95–6, 104–5, 110–11, 265, O’Nolan), 100 275, 339, 365 Grace, J. Peter, 303 Heath, Ted, 337, 353, 354 Greece, 15, 22, 26, 35, 37, 85, 310 Heclo, Hugh, 382 Grifﬁn, Noel, 102 Heslinga, Michael, 377 Guinness, Desmond, 110 Hickey, Des, 203 Higher Education Authority, 229 Halligan, Brendan, 282 Hillery, Patrick, 185, 352 Hallstein, Walter, 16, 17, 18, 312 constituency politician, 103–4, 290 Halton, Thomas, 201 Minister for Education, 220, 222–3, 226 Hanley, Brian, 346, 355 Minister for External Affairs, 314, 315, Hanna, Erika, 110 342, 352 Hannan, Damien, 99, 100, 134, 137 Minister for Industry and Commerce, 74 Hannay, Sir David, 315 Minister for Labour, 84 Hardiman, Niamh, 84 and Northern Ireland, 342, 344, 345, Harrison, Brian, 333 347, 353 Hart, Gwendolene, 183 Holmes, Eleanor, 114, 138–9 Haughey, Charles, 53, 61, 274, 275, 287, Holohan, Renagh, 178 315, 386 Hoppen, Theo, 288 in Arms Crisis, 350–1, 353, 357 Horgan, John, 42, 185, 189, 224, 260, 262, Fianna Fáil director of elections, 284 274, 297, 326, 327 land transactions, 280 hospitals. see under health services Minister for Agriculture, 90, 94, 97, housing, 109, 111–16, 286. see also public 274, 283 spending Minister for Finance, 161 bedsits in Dublin, 138 Minister for Justice, 158, 159, 163 campaigns, 181, 204 and Northern Ireland, 341, 342 failure of public policy, 256 potential party leader, 276 family size and eligibility for public Health, Department of, 152, 162, 172, 175, housing, 114, 147 208, 232, 234, 238, 242 on farms, 137 health services, 8, 57. see also alcohol; house price and rent inﬂation, 116, 119, Catholic Church; public spending 138–9, 365 attempts to reform, and resistance, improving standards of, 136–8 241–4, 249–50, 256, 372 privately developed, 115–16, 119

Index 417

public spending on, 21, 23, 111–14, state aids and incentives, 48, 64–5, 66, 119, 127 315, 316 rural, 137 takeovers and mergers of Irish firms, shortages, 107, 119, 138–9, 141, 167, 67–8 280–1, 290, 365 traditional industries, 65–9 social problems in public housing, uncompetitiveness of Irish firms, 20–1, 113–15 31, 47, 63–4 tenements, 138 Industry and Commerce, Department of, Travellers and, 169 41, 43, 45–6, 47, 53, 55, 56, 70, 72, 73, Hughes, Pat, 31, 125 80, 101, 152, 273–4, 332 Humanae Vitae. see under Catholic Church inflation, 27, 28, 32, 33, 36–7, 66, 77, 78, Hume, John, 328, 340, 343, 345, 347, 359 84, 130, 196, 277, 296, 342, 373. hunger strikes, 28, 278, 358, 360, 367 see also housing Hutchinson, Bertram, 126 price stability, objective of, 49, 85, Hyde, Douglas, 205 263, 276 Hyland, Áine, 221 Institute of Public Administration (IPA), Hynes Catholic Agency, 367 44, 58 International Monetary Fund (IMF), illegitimacy. see births outside marriage 18–19, 21–2 incomes and pay, 81–6, 106–7, 130, 381, investment. see industry; public spending 384. see also inflation; strikes; taxation; Irish Agricultural Organisation Society trade unions; women’s employment (IAOS), 90 expectations, 27, 37, 52, 83 Irish Beet-growers’ Association, 88 farming, 27, 28, 33, 87, 93, 94, 96, 98, Irish Communist Organisation, 278 130–1, 317 Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU), government policy, 26–7, 48–9, 52, 43, 44, 46, 49, 77, 84, 269, 270 79–80, 83, 84–5, 263, 271, 283 Irish Council for Civil Liberties, 358 growth of, 26–7, 32, 37 Irish Council of Churches, 205 industrial, 80, 130 Irish Council of the European Movement, Industrial Development Authority (IDA), 16, 312 7, 72, 73, 74–5, 80, 101, 104–5, 106, Irish Countrywomen’s Association (ICA), 120, 356 136, 160, 239 regional policy, 69–70, 105, 120, 317 Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association industrial schools. see residential (ICMSA), 88 institutions Irish Family Planning Association (IFPA), industry, 23, 31. see also Committee on 149, 188, 189, 190 Industrial Organisation (CIO); eco- Irish Georgian Society, 110 nomic growth; European Economic Irish Hospitals Commission, 165, 236–7 Community (EEC); family firms; pro- Irish Hospitals Sweepstake, 237 tectionism and free trade; regional Irish Housewives’ Association (IHA), 155, policy; Shannon airport and industrial 157–8, 162, 174 zone; state enterprises; taxation Irish language, 3, 57, 72, 97, 220, 260, 275, absence of traditional industrialisation, 7, 277, 318, 326, 333, 348, 349, 363, 380–1 367–8 consulted by government, 44, 48 Irish Management Institute (IMI), 46, 63, development compromised by political 64, 231 imperatives, 21, 47, 65, 102–6 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 304, 318–19, education and, 230 320, 336 failures of firms, 75–6 border campaign of 1952–62 258, 301, foreign investment, 11, 18, 21, 31, 302, 318, 354 69–76, 80–1 and Dublin Housing Action Campaign, industrial estates, 47, 74, 102–3, 292 278, 340 lack of contact between foreign and Official/Provisional split, 350, 357 native, 76 Official wing, 359 rural areas, impact on, 100–1 Old IRA, 243

418 Index

Irish Republican Army (IRA) (cont.) Labour Court, 81, 84, 154 after outbreak of northern troubles, 207, Labour Party, 6, 259, 269–73. see also trade 346, 353, 355, 356, 357–8, 360 unions Provisional wing, 359 in 1961 general election, 260 southern responses to, 357, 359, 384 in 1965 general election, 266, 271–2 Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty in 1969 general election, 280, 281–2, to Children (ISPCC), 165. see also 284, 285, 372, 373 National Society for the Prevention in 1973 general election, 296, 373 of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) and constituency politics, 289, 291, 292 Irish Transport and General Workers divisions within, 270–1, 283–4 Union (ITGWU), 77, 81, 108, and EEC membership, 260, 317 270, 291 and EFTA, 259 Irish Women’s Liberation Movement electoral support, 257–8, 294 (IWLM), 167, 181, 186, 188 funding, 293–4 Irish Workers Party, 204, 278 in government, 12, 241, 246, 300 Italy, 15, 19, 23, 39, 77, 208, 307, leftward shift, 269, 271–3, 281–2, 365, 369 285, 372 Catholics in, 193 and Northern Ireland, 358, 359–60 and prospect of coalition with Fine Gael, John XXIII, Pope, 4, 129, 147, 191, 196, 257–8, 268, 277, 283, 285, 294, 373 198, 204, 255, 271, 281 in universities, 271, 278, 279 Mater et Magistra encyclical, 48, 95, Lalor, Paddy, 176 198, 368 land. see farmland; property developers; Justice, Department of, 158, 186, 187, property rights 191, 344 Land Commission, 95–6 Land Project, 21, 266 Kaim-Caudle, Peter, 251 Lands, Department of, 95, 104 Kearney, Noreen, 147 Lane Bequest, 319 Keating, Justin, 280, 281 Late Late Show. see media Keatinge, Patrick, 312 Lee, Joe, 10, 11, 58, 78, 276, 379–80, 381 Kelly, Henry, 285 Legge, Hector, 275 Kelly, John, SJ, 201 Lemass, Seán, 18, 24, 25, 34, 44, 69, 70, Kelly, Professor John, 278 73, 74, 75, 102, 112, 121, 159, 196, Kelly, Matthew, 379 272, 300, 319 Kennedy, Senator Edward, 278 and Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area Kennedy, Justice Eileen, and industrial Agreement, 28–9, 321, 324 schools report (1970), 170, 177–8 and cabinets, 53, 267, 273–4, 286, Kennedy, Finola, 251 287, 383 Kennedy, John F., 284, 302–3, 304, 306, and Catholic social teaching, 48, 95, 198 308, 327, 366, 381 and constitution, 11, 182–3, 335 Kennedy, Michael, 307, 325, 328, 330, demolition of Fitzwilliam Street, 110 334, 344 and divorce, 182–3 Kennedy, Paddy, 345 and economic planning, 41–2, 43, 46, 50, Kenny, Mary, 181 52, 53, 382 Kenny inquiry on price of building land education policy, 222, 223–4, 231, 262 (1973), 118 and EEC membership, 3, 17, 25, 26, Keogh, Dermot, 53, 117, 224, 44–5, 260, 261, 305–6, 307, 308, 309, 276, 343 310–11, 312, 324 Kiernan, T. J., 302, 303, 304 and EFTA, 259 Kilkenny conference and Social Services and elections, 258–60, 262, 265–6, 372 Council, 207–8, 212, 252 and equal pay for women, 154 Killeen, Michael, 62, 75, 357 farming and rural policies, 87, 90, 95, 97, Kimball, Solon T., 159 260–1 Kissane, Bill, 379 foreign policy, 305–6, 307, 308, 311 Knapp, Joseph, 90 fundraising for Fianna Fáil, 293

Index 419

health policy, 238, 239 populism and parish pump politics, 10, modernizer, as, 4–5, 10, 11, 26, 53, 261, 53, 262, 273 318, 371, 380 proposed changes to electoral system, and Northern Ireland, 3, 9–10, 182–3, 295, 335–6 323–5, 327–9, 330, 331, 332–4, 337, Taoiseach, as, 10, 84, 103, 176, 207, 338, 348, 384 276–7 primacy of economic policy, 264, 277, Lynch, Paddy, 63 318, 381 Lysaght, Dr, 172 remoteness from rural Ireland, 276–7 and RTE, 61, 283 McAleese, Dermot, 67 and state enterprises, 60, 61 Mac Aonghusa, Proinsias, 284, 299 succession to, 275–6 McAteer, Eddie, 328, 340, 343 Taoiseach, as, 4, 17, 28, 42–3, 259, 276 McCabe, Fr Ken, 178 trade union relations and pay policy, 46, McCann, Hugh, 319–20, 321, 334, 347 48–9, 53, 77, 262, 363 McCarthy, Charlie, 77 US visit of 1963, 303–4, 325 McCarthy, J. C. B., 45, 48, 64 Lenihan, Brian, 182–3, 202, 274 McCarthy, John, 40 Lennon, Peter, 147, 200–1, 202 McCartney, Donal, 229 Lennon, Senator James, 345 McCluskey, Conn, 330 Letterfrack industrial school, 174, 175 McCourt, Kevin, 60, 64 Lichfield, Nathaniel, 109 McDonald, Frank, 110 Liebherr (German crane manufacturer), McDyer, Fr James, 61, 97 80, 112 MacEntee, Seán, 53, 118–19, 154, 162, Linehan, Fergus, 203 228, 238, 239–40, 259, 270, 275, 281 local government, 105, 109, 119–21, MacEoin, Seán, 295 290. see also regional policy; McGahern, John, 202 taxation Mac Gearailt, Seán, 230 central oversight of, 119, 121 McGee, Mary, 188 health services, 246 Mac Giolla, Tomas, 340 housing, 111–13, 120, 127, 169–70 McGrath, Joe, 68 planning and zoning, 116, 117–18, MacGréil, Micheál, 168, 190, 195 372–3 McGuire, E. A., 265 route to national political office, 287–8 Mc Inerney, Michael, 293 Local Government, Department of, 102, MacMenamin, Dr, 235 105, 109, 112, 115–16, 136, 169, 222, Macmillan, Harold, 25, 303, 304 285–6, 344 McNamara, Angela, 143 Lucey, Bishop Cornelius, 210 McQuaid, John Charles, archbishop of Lynch, Jack, 155, 178. see also Arms Crisis Dublin, 61, 148, 171, 183, 186, 192, and cabinets, 53–4, 276, 285–6, 196, 199, 202, 204–5, 225, 228, 229, 351, 383 358, 373 and constitution, 335–6 McQuillan, Jack, 270 and divorce, 183, 184 MacStiofáin, Seán, 358, 360 and EEC, 313, 314, 315, 317 Magdalen laundries. see residential and elections, 284, 285, 296 institutions GAA star, 287 Maguire, Jim, 104 isolated figure in Fianna Fáil, 276, 287 Maher, Denis (D. J.), 59, 313, 348, 349 lack of vision and decisiveness, 27, 53, 54, Maher, Mary, 138, 179, 181 276, 334, 340, 343 Mahon Inquiry, 118 Minister for Finance, 117, 276, 313 Mair, Peter, 6, 258, 264, 381 Minister for Industry and Commerce, 27, Manning, Maurice, 260, 265, 267 53, 262, 273–4 Mansergh, Martin, 386 and Northern Ireland, 11, 276, 333–7, Mansholt, Sicco, 98, 312 340–2, 343–5, 347, 349–55, 359, 360, Mansholt Plan, 98–9, 317 361, 376 Margaret, Princess, 318–19 popularity, 276–7, 285, 352 Marlborough House remand home, 177

420 Index

marriage, 6. see also births outside marriage; Medico-Social Research Board, 235, 246 divorce; women’s employment migration, low rate of internal, 107, 365. age gap between women and men, 146 see also emigration age of, 2, 8, 128, 143–4, 158, 161–3, 182 Millar, Scott, 346 breakdown and separation, 158–9, Mills, Michael, 275, 345 163, 170 mining industry, 31, 381 celibacy, 140 Misneach, 367 churches and, 162–3 Mjoset, Lars, 19 to co-religionists and ‘mixed marriages,’, Molloy, Bobby, 117 194, 204, 205, 206 Montague, John, 142 counselling and guidance, 145, 148, 206 Moore, David, 180 economic conditions and opportunities Moore, Fr, 171–2, 173 for, 9, 96, 128, 140, 248, 370, 371 Moran, Michael, 104, 158, 351 match-making and dowries, 127, 146 Morris, Christopher, 180 rate of, 2, 8–9, 112, 137, 139, 140–1, mother and baby homes. see residential 144, 149, 369–70 institutions social and family control of, 125, 127, Mother and Child Scheme. see under health 146, 165 services violence within, 181–2 Mothers Union, 183 women’s legal rights in, 157–61, Moylan, Seán, 91 163–4 Moynihan, Maurice, 52, 59 Marshall Aid, 21, 39–40, 298 Mulcahy, Dr Risteard, 247 Marwick, Arthur, 12 Mulcahy, Richard, 259 Marx, Fr Paul, 189 Mulholland, Marc, 325, 332 Marxism, 270, 278, 281 Mullane, Dermot, 304 Massé, Pierre, 44 Murphy, Gary, 9, 384 Masterson, Dr Laurence, 172 Murphy, John A., 210 Maudling, Reginald, 25 Murray, Charlie, 43, 45, 46, 59 Meagher, Declan, 147 media, 75, 104, 105, 142, 147–8, 174–5, Nagle, John, 90 178–9, 185, 209, 299. see also Nass, Dr, 316 censorship National Agricultural Council (NAC), 94 agent of change, 2, 4, 8, 129, 131, 142–3, National Association of Widows, 161, 181 181, 187, 203–4, 279, 369, 378 National Building Agency, 112–13, 120 British media in Ireland, 2, 211, 326–7 National Farmers’ Association (NFA), 88, Broadcasting Authority Act 1960, 357 136, 281, 283, 286 cinema, 1, 2, 201, 203 alternative economic programme, coverage of Ireland abroad, 15, 25, 26, 89–90, 92 32, 70–1, 162, 174, 180, 305–6, 311, consulted by government, 43, 87 312, 318, 363, 366–7 and EEC, 382 Irish language and, 220, 367 and inheritance law, 160 Kennedy visit and, 302, 366 protests, 28, 93–4, 383 Late Late Show, 180, 184, 188, 204, 279, National Industrial and Economic 284, 370 Council (NIEC), 37–8, 48, 49, 52, and Northern Ireland, 326–7, 336, 77, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 94, 102, 339–41, 343–4, 357–8 104, 385 politics and, 24, 40, 60–1, 271, 274–5, National Institute of Higher Education 283–4, 292–3 (NIHE). see under universities and RTÉ (Radio Éireann and Teilifís higher education Éireann), 61, 131, 147, 176, 187, National Progressive Democrats, 270 203, 255, 283–4, 299, 319, 326–7, National Society for the Prevention of 336, 367 Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), 182. television, 3, 4, 8, 61, 131, 203–4, 279, see also Irish Society for the Prevention 299, 326–7, 378 of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) women and, 181 Nealon, Ted, 104

Index 421

Netherlands, 15, 27, 39, 52, 55, 75, 77, status guaranteed by Ireland Act 169, 232 (1949), 318 Catholics in, 145, 193, 209 Sunningdale Agreement (1973), 361, competing agricultural exporter, 18 378–9 industrial investment in Ireland, 72, 73 terminology of ‘Six Counties,’ 329 neutrality trade and tariffs with south, 324, 332 and European Economic Community United States policy on, 297, 352 (EEC), 11, 309–13, 316–17, 374–5 Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association post-war policy, 297–301, 306 (NICRA), 336 in Second World War, 1, 40, 108, 152, Norton, Patrick, 295 297, 379 Norton, William, 259 New Zealand, 29, 62, 144 Norway, 307, 313, 316 Newman, Bishop Jeremiah, 369 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), Normoyle, Brother M. C., 176 307–8 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1, 26, 35, 297–8, 300, 305, Ó Bradaigh, Ruairí, 358 306–7, 309–11, 313, 317, 329, Ó Briain, Donncha, 289–90, 291–2 374, 375 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 280, 281, 289–92, Northern Ireland, 9–10, 77, 228, 256, 276. 300, 329, 345, 359, 360, 377 see also Arms Crisis (1970); constitution O’Brien, Edna, 101, 201–2 of 1937; Lemass, Seán; Lynch, Jack; O’Brien, Gay, 336 media; O’Neill, Terence; partition; O’Brien, Harvey, 279 Whitaker, Ken O’Brien, John, 140 Bloody Friday (1972), 358 O’Brien, Justin, 345 Bloody Sunday (1972), 355–7 Ó Broin, Leon, 59 Catholics and nationalists in, 323, 326, O’Callaghan, Margaret, 331 327–30, 336, 337, 338, 344–5, 346, O’Callaghan-Westropp, Mr and Mrs, 349 350, 353 Ó Cearbhaill, Tadhg, 49 comparisons and contrasts with south, Ó Cinnéide, Seamus, 208 70, 71–2, 74, 102, 135, 215, 236, 245, Ó Conaill, Dáithí, 356 251, 279, 329 O’Connell, Daniel, 385 contraceptives imported from, 150 O’Connell, John, 185 Direct Rule from London, 344, 348, O’Connell, Maurice, 269 354, 360 O’Connor, Fergal, 166, 204 divorce in, 182 O’Connor, Seán, 221, 225, 226 economy, 5, 20, 74, 323–4, 329 Ó Corráin, Daithí, 195 and Golden Jubilee of 1916 Rising, O’Donnell, Peadar, 97 320, 331 O’Dwyer, Paul, 302 housing in, 330, 337, 338 Ó Gráda, Cormac, 5, 34–5 impact of crisis in south, 185, 186, 191, O’Hanlon, Paddy, 345 206–7, 251, 285, 286, 296, 340–4, O’Higgins, T. F. (Tom), 234, 237–9, 267, 347–9 284–5 industrial incentives, 70, 71–2, O’Kelly, Emer, 267 74, 102 O’Kelly, Kevin, 358 internment, 353–4, 356 O’Leary, Michael, 272, 284 practical co-operation with Dublin, O’Malley, Desmond, 53, 292, 293, 342, 331–2, 334 354, 355 and proposals for more pluralist laws in O’Malley, Donogh, 102–4, 176, 214, 224, Republic, 185, 349, 377, 384 226, 227, 228–9, 230, 238, 240, 247, recognition of state by Dublin, 324 274, 275, 383 refugees from, 346, 353 O’Meara, John, 216 RTE reception in, 326–7 O’Neill, Sir Con, 316–17 social services in, 128, 251, 329 O’Neill, Terence, 334 southern ignorance and misunderstanding becomes Prime Minister of Northern of, 1, 325, 333, 335, 338, 340 Ireland, 324

422 Index

O’Neill, Terence (cont.) Buchanan planning report, 103–5, 263, economic preoccupations, 323 273, 276 election of 1969, 339–40 conservation controversy in Dublin, Lemass and, 3, 304, 323–5, 328, 332, 109–11 334, 348 Planning Act 1963, 109, 116, 118, 120 Lynch and, 333–4 rezoning of land, 116–19, 371 and Northern Ireland nationalism, 328, political parties. see Clann na Talmhan; 338, 339, 340 Fianna Fáil; Fine Gael; Irish resignation, 341 Communist Organisation; Irish ‘Ulster at the Crossroads speech’ (1968), Workers Party; Labour; National 339, 350 Progressive Democrats; Republican unionist beliefs, 323–4 Clubs; Sinn Féin unionist opposition to, 331, 332–3, 339 poor law, 165, 233, 236, 252 visit to convent, 284 population Whitaker and, 325, 338–9 decline and growth, 16, 19, 24, 34, 54, Ó Raifeartaigh, Tarlach, 176 100, 107, 119 O’Regan, Brendan, 61 of Dublin, 34, 107, 115, 365 O’Reilly, Tony, 61–2 forecasting, 263 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation growing number of young adults, 128 and Development (OECD), 15, 16, industrial development and, 101, 371 26, 32, 33, 34, 37, 50, 54, 70, 214, 215, Irish exceptionalism, 6, 9, 145, 370, 381 220–1, 223, 308, 382 of Protestants, 193 Organisation for European Economic Co- recent diversiﬁcation, 386 Operation (OEEC), 16, 22, 25, 26, urban, 106, 365–6 298, 382 Portugal, 15, 35, 37, 85, 281 O’Riordan, Michael, 204 Proctor, Eileen, 161 O’Rourke, Kevin, 5, 34–5 professions, the O’Sullivan, Eoin, 177 entry to, 125 legal, 160 Paisley, Ian, 332, 334, 345 medical, 128, 232, 246 parish pump politics. see elections prestige of, 231–2, 379, 381 Parnell, Charles Stuart, 385 property developers and development land, partition (of Ireland) 7, 111, 115–19, 272, 280, 293 British position on, 318 property rights, primacy of, 108–9, 371, Irish-America and, 301, 304 372, 378, 381 obstacle to NATO membership, 306, proportional representation (PR). see under 310, 311 elections political and diplomatic preoccupation protectionism and free trade, 3, 4, 6, 15, with, 3, 9–10, 128, 185, 186, 256, 297, 18–19, 20, 22–3, 25, 29, 41, 45, 47, 61, 299, 304, 324, 325, 326, 330–1, 333, 63, 67–8, 72–3, 76, 135, 256. see also 334–5, 336–8, 340, 341, 343–4, 347, Anglo-Irish Free Trade Area 348–9, 350, 352, 363, 376, 384 Agreement; European Economic President Kennedy and, 303 Community (EEC); European Free Patterson, Henry, 42, 67, 324, 344 Trade Area (EFTA) Pearse, Patrick, 320, 363 impact of free trade, 6, 18, 26, 31, 36, Peck, Sir John, 206, 273, 352, 353, 354 44–6, 47, 52, 65, 66–9, 135, 259, People’s Democracy, 339, 341, 345 266–7, 270, 299, 317, 380–1 Philbin-Bowman, Emer, 190 self-sufﬁciency, policy of, 10, 18, 20, 23, Pigs and Bacon Commission, 91 39–40, 44, 92, 273, 298 Pius XII, Pope, 145 Protestants, 185, 191, 193–4, 195, 204–7, planning, regional and physical, 263, 280, 275. see also Church of Ireland; 286, 292. see also economic denominational divisions; schools programmes and planning; housing; clergy, 198 local government; property developers; and divorce, 183, 384 regional policy in Northern Ireland, 185, 186, 329, 350

Index 423

reaction to events in Northern non-believers and absence of anti-cleric- Ireland, 349 alism, 128, 195, 211 relations between northern and southern, Republican Clubs, 278 191, 349–50 republicans and republicanism, 10, 97, 196, voting preferences, 257 271, 278, 319, 324, 331, 339, 340, public houses, 133, 141, 366. see also 346, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 357, alcohol 358, 359, 363, 376. see also Irish public sector. see civil service; state Republican Army (IRA); Sinn Féin enterprises residential institutions, 170–80, 207, Public Service, Department of, 59–60 209, 371 public spending, 28, 250, 251, 264. see also industrial schools, 170–8, 371 social welfare; taxation Magdalen laundries, 165, 179, 371 on agriculture, 11, 28, 30, 33, 35, 50, 88, mother and baby homes, 165–8, 171, 178 89–90, 93, 98, 383 Revenue Commissioners, 70 on education, 214, 231, 245–6, 249 Rey, Jean, 312 on health services, 21, 121, 214, 245–6, Reynolds, Albert, 141 249, 252 rezoning. see property developers Investment in Education report (OECD), Rising of 1916 and Golden Jubilee (1966), 215, 218, 221, 231 28, 113, 131, 206, 231, 267, 272, 304, lack of control, 32, 52, 276 320, 331, 332, 356, 357, 359, 362–3, at local level, 121 367, 374, 376, 386 proposals to curb, 40 road infrastructure, 105–6. see also cars on roads, 105–6 Robens, Alfred, 16 on social welfare, 250–1, 252 Robinson, Mary, 185, 189 on telephone network, 105–6 Roche, William K., 84 unproductive investment, 21, 23, 42, 62 Rockett, Kevin, 203 Puirséil, Niamh, 266, 271, 279, 281, Rodgers, Bishop Joseph, 368 283, 384 Rohan, Dorine, 135, 142, 145 Rouse, Paul, 88, 91 Quinn, Ruairí, 138, 278 Royal Irish Constabulary, 57, 83 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), Radharc (TV documentary unit), 203, 207 336, 343 Radio Éireann. see media Rudd, Joy, 175 Raftery, Martin, 132 ‘rural way of life,’ see also family farms; Raftery, Mary, 177 regional policy rates. see taxation Catholic views of, 94–5 regional policy, 5, 101–5, 106–7, 283, 316, Fine Gael and, 265–6 317. see also Industrial Development and Irish self-image, 16 Authority (IDA); ‘rural way of life’ privileged position, 1, 7, 53, 107, 256, Dublin and, 101–2, 103, 105 369, 372 electoral politics and, 10, 41, 47, 53, in west and north, 94, 96–8, 368 102–6, 121, 256 Russia and Soviet bloc, 298, 300, 306, 308 and industry, 7, 41, 47, 69–70, 101–7, Ryan, Archbishop Dermot, 358 261, 369 Ryan, James, 52, 53, 154, 310 multiplicity of regional divisions, Ryan, Liam, 6 109, 120 Ryan, Rev Liam, 114 at odds with conditions for economic Ryan, Louden, 43, 46, 49, 52 growth, 7, 23, 47, 96–7, 102–5 Ryan, Richie, 159, 285, 358 Towards a Just Society and, 263 Ryan, Bishop Thomas, 368 regional technical colleges (RTCs). see Ryan Commission, 171 under universities and higher education Ryle Dwyer, T., 333 Reihill, John, 293 religion. see also Catholic Church; Church Sacks, Paul, 289 of Ireland; denominational divisions; St Vincent de Paul Society, 57, 127 Protestants Salmon, Trevor, 298, 299

424 Index

Salvation Army, 165 Skelly, Joseph, 307, 308 Saor Eire, 350 Smith, Patrick (Paddy), 27, 53, 87, 90, 95, Savage, Robert, 326–7 97, 136, 273 Schonfield, Andrew, 44 Smurfit, Michael, 63–4, 66, 126, 142 schools. see also denominational divisions; Snelling, Sir Arthur, 334–5 education Social and Democratic Labour Party co-educational, 219, 223 (SDLP), 353, 359 community, 225, 232 social partnership, 212 comprehensive, 221–3, 232, 249 social welfare, 8, 11, 16, 128, 250–1, 262, curriculum, 219, 222, 226 271, 289, 292, 296, 317 finances, 219 deserted wife’s allowance, 165, 184, 250 free secondary schooling, 214, 224–5, farmers and, 7, 20, 96, 98, 107, 129, 227, 274, 383 250, 381 grants and scholarships, 216, 217, maternity benefit, 153, 154 218, 226 old age pensions, 250 haphazard availability of secondary public spending on, 250–1, 252 schools, 218, 221 travellers and, 168, 169 Irish language and, 220, 260 unemployment benefit and assistance, national (primary), 216–17 96, 168, 169, 250, 251 non-attendance, 168 unmarried mother’s allowance, 167 ownership, 218–19 widow’s pension, 157, 161, 184, 250 poor condition of, 216, 221 women and, 155, 157, 160 Protestant, 216, 218–19, 223, 225–6 Social Welfare, Department of, 184, school-leaving age, 215, 222 285–6 secondary, 217–20 Solomons, Michael, 148 size of, 219, 225 South Africa and apartheid, 278, 294 transport to, 215, 217, 223, 226 Spain, 15, 35, 37, 85 vocational, 126, 214, 216, 217–18, 222, Spellman, Cardinal Francis, 300 223, 224–5, 271 Spring, Dan, 270, 282 self-sufficiency. see protectionism and free state enterprises, 41, 60–2, 78–9, 266 trade Staunton, Enda, 330 sexual behaviour and attitudes, 2, 188, 193, Stephenson, Sam, 110 200, 201–2, 212, 372, 380. see also Stewart, Michael, 342 abortion; censorship; contraception; strikes, 27, 28, 32, 33, 80, 81, 83, 84–5, divorce 273, 384. see also hunger strikes; trade Catholic Church and, 9 unions changing attitudes, 9, 150, 168, 186, Ulster Workers Council, 378–9 189–90 unofficial, 53, 78, 79, 83 education and information, 142–3, Sweetman, Gerard, 23–4, 256, 265, 267–8 145–6 Sweetman, Michael, 204 homosexuality, 143, 178, 187, 190, 203 in industrial schools, 175 Taca, 293 sexual abuse, 171, 177, 178 Taisce, An, 110 Shannon airport and industrial zone, 32, Taoiseach, Department of the, 42, 325, 329 61, 70, 72, 74, 75, 78, 80–1, 100, taxation, 28, 40, 48 102–3, 106, 230, 366 incentives for foreign investors, 63, 70, Sheehy, Maurice, 182 74, 76, 256, 316 Sheehy Skeffington, Owen, 175 limitations of local, 5, 92, 121, 222, Simms, Archbishop G. O., 205 241, 252 single mothers. see births outside marriage populist politics and, 9, 27, 41, 52, 241, Sinn Féin, 204, 215, 278, 317, 340, 350, 264, 281, 296 353, 356 on property (rates), 27, 41, 71, 93, 121, Official, 357 241, 266, 281 Provisional, 356, 357, 358, 360 reluctance to reform, 121 Sinnott, Richard, 342 sales taxes, 27, 135

Index 425

on tobacco, 247 export market, 21, 68, 301 windfall profits on property, failure to tax, in favour of EEC, 306–7 116–18, 256, 263, 280, 371 influences on Ireland, 64, 113, 336 Teilifis Éireann. see media investment abroad, 71, 75 telephones, scarcity of, 23, 102, 103, 106, investment in Ireland, 67, 70–1, 72, 74, 235, 302, 366 75, 81, 301, 375 television. see media Irish-Americans, 192–3, 300, 301, 302, Thomson, George, 314 304, 346, 375 Thornley, David, 255–6, 281, 295, Irish babies adopted in, 166 359–60, 364 and Irish foreign policy, 297, 300, Tierney, Michael, 215 301, 308 Tilson case, 163 and Northern Ireland and partition, 297, Tory, Sir Geoffrey, 319, 321 346, 352, 375 trade unions, 35, 52, 76–86, 208, 242, 295, universities and higher education, 227–32 371. see also Britain; incomes and pay; Catholics attending TCD, and ban on, strikes 204, 209, 212, 228, 229, 373 attitude to EEC, 317 grants and scholarships, 58, 215, 222, civil service staff in, 58 227, 231, 249, 264 consulted by government, 43, 44, 48–9, merger of Dublin universities proposed, 77, 381, 383, 384 228–9 in foreign-owned firms, 80–1, 270 National Institute of Higher Education and Labour Party, 266, 269–70, 271, (NIHE), Limerick, 229–30, 232, 249 291, 294 regional technical colleges (RTCs), 120, membership levels, 42, 77 215, 223, 230–1, 232 militancy, 27, 28, 52–3, 66, 79, 81, 271 Trinity College Dublin (TCD), 183, 204, multiplicity of, 47, 80, 270 227–9, 243, 255, 278, 279, 281 and National Industrial and Economic University College Cork (UCC), 227 Council (NIEC), 87, 88 University College Dublin (UCD), 58, opposed to incomes policies, 49, 84, 85 183, 194, 204, 215, 228, 268, 279 and politics in general, 269, 295, 372 University College Galway (UCG), 227 recognition of negotiating rights, 81 unmarried mothers. see births outside and women, 153, 155–6 marriage transport. see road infrastructure urbanisation and urban life, 4, 7, 106, 131, Travelling community, 168–70, 371 261, 273, 379. see also Dublin; popula- Treacy, Seán, 270 tion; regional policy; ‘rural way of life’ Trevaskis, Brian, 279 anti-urban sentiment, 21, 93–4, 107, Trinity College Dublin (TCD). see under 110–11, 121, 368–9 universities and higher education Uruguay, 29 Tuairim, 175, 201, 221 Turkey, 22, 26, 73 vested interests and rent seeking, 3, 10, 20, Tussing, Dale, 219, 226 35, 44, 255–6. see also consultative Tweedy, Hilda, 162 structures Twomey, Liam, 198 Vietnam War, 33, 204, 278, 340, 350, 354 Twomey, Vincent, 192–3, 200, 209 Viney, Michael, 57, 130, 147, 164, 181, 328 Tyrrell, Peter, 174–5, 178 Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI). see under health services United Kingdom. see Britain; Northern Ireland Walsh, Brendan, 144, 149, 369 United Nations, 103, 154–5, 162, 297, 298, Walsh, Justice Brian, 188 300–1, 303, 307–8, 343–4, 346–7, Walsh, Ed, 230, 231 348, 374–5 Walsh, John, 315 United States of America, 301–5, 309, 357, Ward, Conor, 125 366. see also Kennedy, John F.; water supply, 137–8 Marshall Aid; Vietnam War for industry, 102, 112 Catholics in, 145, 199, 209, 300 rural water schemes, 131, 136

426 Index

West, Trevor, 185, 189 deserted wives, 128, 148, 157, 160, 161, west of Ireland. see ‘rural way of life’ 163, 164–5, 181–2, 184, 250, 370 Whitaker, Ken, 22–3, 28, 29, 36, 37, 40, 41, excluded from jury service, 155 42, 43, 44–5, 50, 51, 60, 69, 108, 224 inheritance rights of, 158–61 background and education, 59 not in paid employment, 157 on civil service, 382 voters, 284–5 and economic planning, 382 widows, 128, 157–61, 163, 165, 181, and Irish membership of EEC, 309, 310 184, 250, 287, 370 and Northern Ireland policy, 323, 325, women’s employment. see also family farms; 331, 334–5, 337–9, 341, 347–9, family ﬁrms 377, 384 equal pay and gendered pay, 152–3, White, Barry, 340 154–6, 181 White, Padraic, 104 marriage bar, 82, 128, 152–3, 155–6, Whitelaw, William, 360 217, 371–2 Whyte, John, 272, 287 maternity bar, 153 widows. see under women in paid employment, 128, 151–7, 161 Wilson, Harold, 269, 319, 321, 325, 333, posts closed to women, 152, 155 336, 337, 339, 340, 344 in professional and managerial roles, 152 Wilson-Davis, Keith, 190 in public sector, 152, 154–6, 161 women. see also abortion; births outside traditional spheres of work, 151–2 marriage; children; contraception; Workers Union of Ireland, 270 divorce; feminism; marriage; women’s World Bank, 18, 21–2, 41, 225, 325 employment Wright, Myles, 115, 116–17 in Dáil Eireann, 285, 287 Wylie, Paula, 298