UNIVERZITET UMETNOSTI U BEOGRADU FAKULTET MUZIČKE UMETNOSTI Katedra Za Muzikologiju

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UNIVERZITET UMETNOSTI U BEOGRADU FAKULTET MUZIČKE UMETNOSTI Katedra Za Muzikologiju UNIVERZITET UMETNOSTI U BEOGRADU FAKULTET MUZIČKE UMETNOSTI Katedra za muzikologiju Milan Milojković DIGITALNA TEHNOLOGIJA U SRPSKOJ UMETNIČKOJ MUZICI Doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2017. Mentor: dr Vesna Mikić, redovni profesor, Univerzitet umetnosti u Beogradu, Fakultet muzičke umetnosti, Katedra za muzikologiju Članovi komisije: 2 Digitalna tehnologija u srpskoj umetničkoj muzici Rezime Od prepravke vojnog digitalnog hardvera entuzijasta i amatera nakon Drugog svetskog rata, preko institucionalnog razvoja šezdesetih i sedamdesetih i globalne ekspanzije osamdesetih i devedesetih godina prošlog veka, računari su prešli dug put od eksperimenta do podrazumevanog sredstva za rad u gotovo svakoj ljudskoj delatnosti. Paralelno sa ovim razvojem, praćena je i nit njegovog „preseka“ sa umetničkim muzičkim poljem, koja se manifestovala formiranjem interdisciplinarne umetničke prakse računarske muzike koju stvaraju muzički inženjeri – kompozitori koji vladaju i veštinama programiranja i digitalne sinteze zvuka. Kako bi se muzički sistemi i teorije preveli u računarske programe, bilo je neophodno sakupiti i obraditi veliku količinu podataka, te je uspostavljena i zajednička humanistička disciplina – computational musicology. Tokom osamdesetih godina na umetničku scenu stupa nova generacija autora koji na računaru postepeno počinju da obavljaju sve više poslova, te se pojava „kućnih“ računara poklapa sa „prelaskom“ iz modernizma u postmodernizam, pa i ideja muzičkog inženjeringa takođe proživljava transformaciju iz objektivističke, sistematske autonomne i autohtone umetničke prakse u jednu od brojnih tehnokulturnih platformi koje ravnopravno čine mrežu digitalnih „simbola“, tj. informacija, koje stoje na raspolaganju autorima. U ovom periodu „stasavaju“ prve generacije „digital native“-a, autora koji računar podrazumevaju u svom radu, a koje će čitav ovaj proces evolucije računarske muzike „razrešiti“ tokom devedesetih i ranih dvehiljaditih u specifičnoj post-digitalnoj skepsi prema digitalnoj tehnologiji koja se i dalje podrazumeva, ali se prema njoj postupa kritički, ne kako bi se prevazišla nekom novom paradigmom (jer ona ne postoji), već kako bi se oslobodili iluzija o stalnom napretku digitalne tehnologije i njenoj „savršenosti“. Opšti razvoj računarske muzike nije bio bez odjeka u srpskoj sredini, budući da je proizvodnja računara u SFRJ bila na, iz današnje perspektive, zavidnom nivou i u tesnoj sprezi sa inostranim vodećim kompanijama. Uprkos tome, prve implementacije modernisitčkog muzičkog inženjeringa su u Elektronskom studiju III programa RB realizovanje su na hibridnom sistemu bez račuanara, uglavnom zbog materijalnih razloga. Samim tim, u ovom periodu se o računarskoj muzici kod nas može govoriti samo uslovno, iako su brojne strategije rada sa 3 digitalnom tehnologijom implementirane i u domaćim delima, poput stohastičnosti, algoritamskog komponovanja, sonifikacije itd, demonstrirajući maksimum performansi digitalnog sekvencera Synthi-ja 100. O visokom razvoju kompozicionih tehnika i pored oskudice hardvera svedoči rezultat gostovanja Vladana Radovanovića u Studiju za sonologiju u Utrehtu – ostvarenje Kompjutorija. Sredinom osamdesetih dolazi do značajnijeg prodora kućnih računara u domaću kompozitorsku praksu, digitalizuje se Elektronski studio III programa, a otvara se i novi, potpuno digitalni Tonski studio FMU u kojima stvara sve više, uglavnom mladih, kompozitora, otkrivajući strategije implementacije mogućnosti semplovanja, generisanja i upravljanja bazama zvukova i podataka koje su im bile na raspolaganju. Pored Radovanovića i Hofmana, računarskom muzikom osamdesetih godina u Srbiji su se bavili još i Marjan Šijanec, Miša Savić, Vladimir Tošić, Milimir Drašković, Milica Paranosić, Vladimir Jovanović i Zoran Erić, dok su se devedesetih godina priključili i Miroslav Štatkić, Slavko Šuklar, Boris Despot, Tatjana Milošević, Ivan Božičević, Goran Kapetanović i Jasna Veličković. Iako je reč o nemalom broju autora, nisu svi u podjednakoj meri eksploatisali svojstva računara u svom radu, te se njihove prakse kreću u rasponu od „klasičnih“ muzičkih inženjera poput Šijaneca koji su se u jednom periodu rada posvetili samo računaru, preko studijske elektronike kojoj se pristupa kao ravnopravnom mediju u delima Radovanovića, Hofmana, Tošića itd, i žive elektronike Hofmana, Erića, Veličković i nazad ka muzičkom inženjeringu „posle muzičkog inženjeringa“ Vladimira Jovanovića. Ključne reči: računari, muzika, muzički inženjering, computing musicology, analogno, digitalno, post-digitalno, srpska muzika, sempl, sintetizer, hardver, softver Naučna oblast: društvene nauke; Uža naučna oblast: muzikologija 4 Sadržaj………………………………………………………………………………………..........5 0. Uvod – polazne pretpostavke……………………………...………………………………….9 0. 1 Osvrt na literaturu…………………………………………………………………...10 0. 2 Metode interpretacije……………………….……………...…………………..........13 0.3 Analiza računarske muzike…………………………………………………………..14 0.4 Opis sadržaja…………………………………………………………………………17 1. Tehnološko – estetičke koordinate šireg muzičkog konteksta elektroakustičke muzike i računarske muzike kao njene podvrste……………………………………………………….27 1. 1. Modernizam u muzici…………………………………………………………........27 1. 1. 1 Neoklasicizam u muzici..……………………………………………........29 1. 1. 2 Avangarda u muzici………………………………………………………34 1. 1. 3 Modernizam u srpskoj muzici…………………………………………….39 1.2 Modernizam i elektroakustička muzika – analogni modernizam………………........45 1.2.1 Konkretna muzika………………………………………………………….49 1.2.2 „Čista elektronska muzika“……………………………………………......54 1.2.3 Analogni modernizam u srpskoj elektroakusičkoj muzici…………………59 1.2.4 Modularni sintetizeri sa naponskim upravljanjem………………………....60 1.2.5 Hibridni sistemi kao „prelaz“ između analognog i digitalnog modernizma.65 1.3 Postmoderna/postmodernizam kao period ekspanzije računarske muzike………......68 1.4 Zaključak……………………………………………………………………………..72 2. Muzika i digitalna tehnologija – ka pojmu računarske muzike…………………………...73 2.1 Uvod………………………………………………………………………………….73 2.2 Pojam računara……………………………………………………………………...73 2.2.1 Hardver/softver…………………………………………………………….74 2.3 Računarska muzika u modernizmu – digitalni modernizam…………………………77 2.3.1 Muzički inženjering………………………………………………………...84 2.4 Računarska muzika u postmoderni………………………………………………......89 2.4.1 Computational musicology…………………………………………….…101 2.4.2 Od postmoderne do post-digitalnog – ka kraju „digitalne revolucije“…...104 2.5 Post-digitalne teorije………………………………………………………………..107 2.6 Zaključak……………………………………………………………………………108 5 3. Pregled razvoja računarske muzike u svetu………………………………………………109 3.1 Rani eksperimenti sa računarima (1940–1960)…………………………………….110 3.1.1 Elektromehanički računari………………………………………………..110 3.1.2 Viktor……………………………………………………………………...111 3.1.3. Sinteza partiture bez sinteze zvuka – muzika uz pomoć računara…….....114 3.2 Elektronski računari – mejnfrejmovi…………………………………………...…..114 3.2.1. Maks Metjuz i muzički inženjering u Bell labs-u………………..……....115 3.2.1.1 MUSIC…………………………………………………….……116 3.2.1.2 Razvoj MUSIC-a 1960ih…………………………………….....119 3.2.1.3 Žan-Klod Rise – kompozitor kao muzički inženjer……….…....122 3.2.2 MUSIC na PDP-u – diversifikacija teorija i praksi……………………....128 3.2.2.1 Kenig i razvoj specifično računarskih kompozicionih tehnika – digitalni modernizam II………………………………………………………………………....131 3.2.2.2 Beri Trueks i Poasonova distribucija verovatnoće kao kompoziciona tehnika računarske muzike – digitalni modernizam III……..…………….….....132 3.2.3 Hibridni sistemi sa računarom……………………………………………135 3.2.4 Programski jezici kao poetike………………………………………….....145 3.2.5 FM sinteza na mejnfrejmu………………………………………………..146 3.3 Mikroprocesori i muzički računari………………………………………………….149 3.4 Muzika, računari i postmoderna…..………………………………………………..157 3.4.1 MIDI i kućni računari…………………………………………………….158 3.4.2 Yamaha DX 7 i Fairlight CMI…………………………………………...159 3.4.3 Sempleri…………………………………………………………………..162 3.5 IRCAM – specijalizovani centar muzičkog inženjeringa…………………………..163 3.6 Muzika na PC-ju…………………………………………………………………....170 3.7 Zaključak…………………………………………………………………………………....176 Digitalna tehnologija u srpskoj muzici………………………………………………………178 4. Proizvodnja računara u Srbiji……………………………………………………………..178 4.1 Domaći mejnfrejmovi……………………………………………………………....179 4.2 Kućni računari u Srbiji……………………………………………………………...180 4.3 Zaključak…………………………………………………………………………....183 6 4.4 Napisi o računarskoj muzici u domaćim specijalizovanim časopisima………….....184 5. Hibridni sistem u Elektronskom studiju III programa Radio Beograda – počeci muzičkog inženjeringa u Srbiji…………………………………………………………..…...189 5.1 EMS sekvencer – prvi digitalni uređaj namenjen muzici kod nas……………….....195 5.2 Stohastičnost i automatizacije kao tehnike proizašle iz prirode sistema…………...196 5.3 Organske mašine Pola Pinjona – muzički inženjering na jugoslovenski način….....199 5.6 Zaključak……………………………………………………………………………199 6. Kompjutorija – domaća iskustva u svetskim tokovima……………………………….…..202 6.1 POD6 – programski jezik i kompoziciona tehnika…………………………….…...202 6.2 Analiza kompozicije……………………………………………………………......205 6.3 Kompjutorija u međunarodnim okvirima…………………………………….….....207 6.4 Zaključak……………………………………………………………………………208 7. Mikroračunari u Elektronskom studiju III programa RB – srpska računarska muzika u postmoderni I………………………………………………………………………………….209 7.1 Uodnošavanje tehnoloških modusa – tranzicija od hibridnog ka digitalnom studiju…………………………………………………….……………………………………..210 7.2 Postmoderni muzički inženjering Marjana Šijaneca………………………………...214 7.3 Festival „Lična
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