391
ANNEXES 393 Annexl
ICRC STATUTES, 1930 VERSION, AS IN FORCE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
ARTICLE PREMIER.
Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR), fonde a Geneve, en 1863, et consacre par des decisions des Conferences internationales de la Croix-Rouge, est constitue en une association regie par les articles 60 et suivants du Code civil suisse, et possede, en conformite, la personnalite civile.
ARTICLE 2.
Le CICR est une institution independante ayant son statut propre, dans le cadre des statuts de la Croix-Rouge internationale.
ARTICLE 3.
Le CICR a son siege Geneve.
ARTICLE 4.
Le CICR a notamment pour but: a) de travailler au maintien et au developpement des rapports des Societes nationales de la Croix-Rouge entre elles; b) de maintenir les principes fondamentaux et uniformes de !'institution de la Croix-Rouge, savoir : l'impartialite, l'independance politique, confessionnelle et economique, l'universalite de la Croix-Rouge et l'egalite des Societes nationales; c) de reconnatre toute Societe nationale nouvellement creee ou reconstituee en conformite des principes de la Convention de Geneve, et de 394 porter cette constitution reguliere a la connaissance de toutes les Societes nationales existantes; d) d'etre un intermediaire neutre, dont !'intervention est reconnue necessaire, specialement en cas de guerre, de guerre civile ou de troubles interieurs; e) de recevoir toute plainte au sujet de pretendues infractions aux Conventions intemationales, et en general, d'etudier toutes questions dont l'examen par un organe specifiquement neutre s'impose; f) de coordonner les efforts pour soulager les victimes de la guerre, des maux qui sont la consequence de la guerre, des calamites civiles; g) de travailler au developpement eta la preparation du personnel et du materiel sanitaire necessaires pour assurer l'activite de la Croix-Rouge en temps de guerre, en collaboration avec les Societes n~tionales de la Croix• Rouge et les Services de sante militaires des Etats; h) d'assumer les fonctions qui lui sont devolues par les conventions intemationales; i) de s'occuper en general de tout ce qui concerne les relations entre les Societes de la Croix-Rouge, en temps de paix comme en temps de guerre, dans le domaine des secours aux blesses et aux malades de laguerre, ainsi que dans celui de l'action en faveur des prisonniers de guerre;.
ARTICLE 5.
Le CICR re~oit les mandats qui lui sont confies par la Conference internationale de la Croix-Rouge. Il est libre de prendre en outre toute initiative humanitaire qui rentre dans son role traditionnel.
ARTICLE 6.
Le CICR est dirige par un bureau compose d'un president, d'un ou plusieurs vice-presidents, et d'un tresorier pris parmi ses membres. Il peut nommer un secretaire general choisi dans son sein ou en dehors.
ARTICLE 7.
Le CICR se recrute par cooptation parmi les citoyens suisses, sans que le nombre de ses membres puisse depasser 25. Les nominations sont faites pour la duree de trois ans. Chaque annee, le tiers des membres est soumis a reelection. 395 ARTICLE 8.
Le CICR peut nommer membres honoraires, d'anciens membres du Comite. Ces membres honoraires sont, dans la regie, convoques aux seances, mais ils n'ont que voix consultative.
ARTICLE 9.
Le CICR est engage p~r la signature collective de deux de ses membres dont un au moins doit appartenir au bureau. Il peut conferer a ses membres des delegations speciales pour des cas determines.
ARTICLE 10.
Les ressources du CICR consistent dans les contributions des Societes nationales, dans les fonds qui sont mis a sa disposition, dans les revenus de capitaux inalienables, ainsi que dans le produit des abonnements ala Revue et Bulletin, de la vente de ses publications, dans les dons et legs qui peuvent lui etre faits.
ARTICLE 11.
Ces ressources garantissent seules !'execution des engagements du Comite international, a !'exclusion de toute responsabilite personnelle ou solidaire de ses membres.
ARTICLE 12.
Le CICR peut dsigner des delegues pris en dehors de ses membres. Il fixe lui-meme pour chaque cas determine les attributions et les pouvoirs de ces delegues.
ARTICLE 13
Le CICR entretient des rapports etroits avec les Comites centraux des Societes nationales et avec la Ligue des Societes de la Croix-Rouge. II designe son representant accredite aupres de la Ligue comme celle-ci en 396 accredite aupres de lui. Il agree egalement les delegues que les Comites centraux desirent accrediter aupres de lui.
ARTICLE 14.
Les presents statuts ne peuvent etre modifies qu'en seance pleniere des membres du Comite international, convoques a cet effet, et apres deux debats. Les membres absents peuvent se faire representer par un pouvoir donne a l'un des membres presents. Toute modification aux statuts n'est valable que si elle est acceptee par les trois quarts des membres du Comite.
[Ce texte, qui date de 1930, n'est plus en vigueur aujourd'hui. En effet, les Statuts du CICR ont, avant et apres 1930, subi de successives modifications, le dernier texte adopte remontant a 1982.] 397 Annex 2
MEMBERSOFTHEICRC FROM 1942-44
The years m brackets indicate the date of nomination of members concerned.
MEMBERS
Huber Max, (1923), Doctor of Laws, President Barbey-Ador, Frederic, (1915), former Swiss Minister in Belgium Frick-Cramer, Rose-Marie, (1918) Cheneviere, Jacques, (1919), Writer Ferriere, Suzanne, (1924), Deputy Director of the International Migration Service de Haller, Rodolphe, (1924), Banker Patry Georges (1929), former military physician (Swiss army) Odier, Lucie, (1930), former head of the district nurses group of the Genevan branch of the Swiss Red Cross de Planta, Franz, (1930), Colonel Zangger, Heinrich, (1932), Physician, Honorary Professor of the University of Zurich Burckhardt, Carl J., (1933), Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor of the University of Zurich Micheli, Jacques Barthelemy, (1935), Engineer Wagniere, Georges, (1936), Doctor of Laws, former Minister of Rome Martin, Paul-E., (1937), Doctor of Letters, Professor of History at the University of Geneva Chapuisat, Edouard, (1938), Doctor of Letters Bordier, Renee, (1938), former chief nursing sister Cramer, Alec, (1938), Colonel Bodmer, Martin, (1940) Etter, Philippe, (1940), Federal Councillor Lombard, Albert, (1942), Banker 398 HONORY MEMBERS
Boissier, Edouard, (1914), Colonel Cramer, Lucien, (1921 ), Doctor of Laws Logoz, Paul, (1921 ), Doctor of Laws de Haller, Edouard, (1941 ), Doctor of Laws 399 Annex3
SZTOJAY APPEALS TO HUNGARIANS IN THE USA
German Overseas Service (in Hungarian), 22.5.44 (01.20). The 'European Guest House' featured the following message from Sztojay:
Hungarian brothers in America! In addressing you for the first time, I would like my words not to give the impression of a speech coming from a remote distance, but rather that you should feel in them the direct note of the care and love of the motherland. You are living abroad far away, and today we are separated not only by the ocean, but also by the terrible world conflagration which is destroying houses, treasures and human lives, and whose flames have already touched the eternal values ofmankind. We live on different continents, and now that contact between us has entirely ceased, we must be doubly careful that our separation does not cause a psychological breach between Hungarians in the ancient fatherland and those in America. Today the Hungarian nation is again fighting its own life and death struggle in that European fight for freedom which seeks to defend our civilisation and ideals from the deadly embrace of Soviet Bolshevism. We have undertaken and are carrying on this fight for the defence of our frontiers, and of Hungarian life, in comradeship-in-arms with the German Reich, which during history has so often, together with us, defended Europe against the dangers on the East. It is the same Third Reich which showed us the way out from the mourning of the Trianon years, and helped our nation to repair the injustices inflicted on the Hungarian nation. Now, when the Hungarian Honved has advanced to the Carpathians and is opposing the Red Army, you must realise that the Soviet army not only wants to take possession of Hungarian land, the soil of your fathers, but also wants to rob us of our souls; it wants to poison and exterminate everything created by Hungarian genius during 1 ,000 years in the spirit of Christian and European civilisation in the Carpathian Basin. 400
The destruction of these eternally Hungarian and European values would annihilate the ideals not only of the Hungarians living in the ancient fatherland , but of all sons of the Hungarian nation scattered throughout the world. This is not a nightmare: apart from the Spanish nation, the Hungarian nation was the only European nation which lived through the bloody reality of Bolshevism. The rule of Bela Kun, during four and a half months in 1919, served as an eternal lesson to Hungarians and has taught us that we could preserve our souls and national existence only if we keep on fighting to the last against this world alien to us. That is why we are fighting with arms in our hands against the Soviet Army: that is why we are eliminating the Jews, who would prepare a home here for Bolshevism, from Hungarian public life, from the nation's economy and from the possession of Hungarian land. We had bitter experiences in this field in 1918 and 1919 when their influence was able to break the nation's spirit and dug the grave of Trianon for it. But they are not only responsible for the fate imposed on us at Trianon; they are also accused by the masses of millions of Hungarians overseas whose ability, -readiness to work and spirit of enterprise were in no way inferior to those of the Jews, and who yet could not find happiness in the land of their ancestors, but were compelled to start a new life overseas. The Hungarian people of the Szekely district of Transtisza, of the Hungarian Plain (Alfoeld) and of Transdanubia have been scattered throughout the world and their place was occupied by the Jews from the east. Therefore we are defending the ancient rights of the Hungarian race, and we want to restore these rights by eliminating the Jews from those fields into which they penetrated; and we want Hungarian land, mines, and factories to be in Hungarian hands, to serve Hungarian interests, so that Hungary's sons will not be compelled in future to seek prosperity abroad. Our wish is that in the regenerate Europe, freed from Bolshevism, a purified and social Hungary shall await the return of their sons. That is why we are fighting and that is why Hungarians overseas must take part, at least psychologically, in this struggle. The fight of the Hungarian nation demands that you shield yourselves against the calumnies of pseudo-Hungarian propaganda in the service of Benes, which disparages and depreciates the Regent of Hungary, the Hungarian Government, conditions in the country and everything Hungarian. Do not allow your souls to be poisoned by these world-saving new ideals with the help of which Anglo-Saxon 401 propaganda wants in fact to deliver Europe, including Hungary, to the Soviets, because just as in 1918 the principles of Wilson meant the mutilation of Hungary, so today the Atlantic Charter, could it be realised, would bring about a destiny even more bitter than that meted out at Trianon to Hungary: destruction in the Soviet sphere of interest. In these grave hours of Hungarian destiny, I am asking you, my Hungarian brothers in America, not to look upon the interests of the Hungarian fatherland with foreign eyes, but to judge it with your Hungarian conscience and to be together with us psychologically in the struggle which we are carrying out for the better and juster future of our fatherland and nation. 403 Annex4
OPEN LETTER TO THE SWISS CONFEDERATION
OFFENER BRIEF
Schweizerische Lebensrettungs-Gesellschaft Studentenschaft der Universitat ZUrich
ZUrich, den 17. Juli 1944.
AN DEN HOliEN BUNDESRAT
BERNBudeshaus
Hochverehrter Herr Bundesprasident !
Die Schweiz. Lebensrettungs-Gesellschaft und die Studentenschaft der Universitat Zurich, umfassend etwa eine halbe Million Schweizerburger und Schweizerburgerinnen der grossen Turn - und Sportverbande sowie der akademischen Jugend der Universitat Zurich und anderer Korperschaften, richten angesichts der furchtbaren Massenhinrichtungen, wie sie in Auschwitz (Oberschlesien) an 1,7 Millionen Mitmenschen verschiedener europaischer Lander vollzogen wurden, an den hohen Bundesrat die flammende Bitte, unverzuglich gegen diese entsetzlichen Ereignisse im Namen der Christlichkeit und Menschlichkeit bei der Deutschen Reichsregierung feierlich zu protestieren und sie zu bitten, die noch lebenden Juden vor diesem grauenhaften Lose zu bewahren.
Hochverehrter Herr Bundesprasident, die Schweizeijugend setzt ihren ganzen Mut und ihre ganze Herzensbildung dafur ein, dass jetzt die freie Stimme der caritativen Eidgenossenschaft klar und furchtlos erti:ine ! 404
Genehmigen Sie, Herr Bundesprasident, den Ausdruck unserer
vorziiglichen Hochachtung. Schweiz. Lebensrettungs-Gesellschaft: Priv. Doz. Dr. med Rudolf Bucher.
Studentenshaft der Universitat Zurich: Cyril Hegnauer, stud iur. 405
Annex 5
BORN NOTE 645 TO THE ICRC, GENEVA
24.11.44
Born TE No. 645 Note an das CICR in Genf 6 Kategorien
Verbalnote des Kg.Ung. Aussenministeriums betr. die am 17.11.44 gefassten Entschliisse des Chefs der Nation bezi.iglich der Judenfrage.
1) Juden mit Auslandischem Schutzpass bis 20.11.44 urn 16 Uhrin den sogenannten Palatinus-Hausern zu konzentrieren. In der ungarischen Tagespresse werden taglich entsprechende Bekannt-machungen verOffentlicht. Die genannten Juden werden bis zur Abreise in den vom Innenminister bestimmten Hausern bleiben. 8-9 Morgenspazieren. Die Abreise dieser Juden ist einerseits von der Gestaltung der diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen der ungarischen Regierung und der Regierung des interessierten Staates, anderseits von der verkehrstechnischen Vereinbarung der betreffenden Regierung mit der deutschen Regierung abhangig. Die zwischen der ungarischen Regierung und den interessierten Regierungen vereinbarten Kontingente der mit Schutzpass versehenen Juden konnen nicht erhoht werden.
2) Die an die deutsche Regierung geliehenen Juden, die die deutsche Regierung als Arbeitsfahige im Interesse der gemeinsamen Kriegsfi.ihrung zu beschaftigen gewillt ist. Diese Juden leisten zugunsten der ungarischen Nation Arbeitsdienst. Sie werden individuell (mit Namensangabe) der deutschen Regierung i.ibergeben; fi.ir sie wird der Kgl. Ung. Assenminister einen standigen ungarischen Ausschuss nach Deutschland delegieren --ein Mitglied ,, Beauftragter des CICR und der interessierten Mission sein. Die Juden in Evidenz zu halten ---die Verbindung mit der deutschen und ungarischen Regierung aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Juden sind fi.ir die ungarische Nation dienstplichtig ... auch 406 im Auslande ... Der ungarische Staat lasst im Interesse der Nation im Einvernehmen mit der deutschen Regierung auch im Auslande Arbeit leisten. Die Angelegenheiten derjenigen Juden, die ihren ungarischen Arbeitsdienst im Ausland leisten, wird vom ungarischen Staat nach dem Kriege im Zuge der allgemeinen Regelung der europaischen Judenfrage und im Einklang mit den europaischen Gesichtspunkten geregelt werden. Bis dahin wird die Behandlung von ihrem Benehmen abhangig gemacht.
3) Die in Ungarn vorlaufig zuriickbleiben Juden wird im Ghetto zu konzentrieren - auf Vorschlag und mit der Planung des Innenministeriums. Die Juden sind in folgende Kategorien einzureihen: a) Leihjuden (siehe Punkt 2), deren Abtransport zum Arbeitsdienst aus irgendwelchem Grunde noch nicht erfolgen kann; b) Kinder, Greise und aile diejenigen, die aus irgendwelchem Grund transport-bezw. marschunfahig sind, schwangere Frauen, Kranke, etc. c) Diejenigen judischen Kinder, die in den unter dem Schutze des IRK stehenden Kinderheimen untergebracht sind, sowie ihr Aufsichts• personal; d) Juden christlicher Religion, fi.ir die extra Gebaude im Ghetto zu bestimmen sind, welche Gebaude mit einem Kreuz versehen weden konnen: die christlichen Juden tragen statt dem Stern einen Fleck und haben ihren eigenen Rat. Fur die Offentliche Sicherheit und die Gesundheit sorgt der Innenminister. Der Judenrat ist im Ghetto tatig, dort baut er seine Organisation a us im Einvernehmen mit dem Innenminister. Es wird ermoglicht, dass sowohl das lnternationale, wie auch das Schwedische Rote Kreuz fi.ir die Ghettoinsassen im Ghetto Volkskiichen aufstelle und in Betrieb halte. Fi.ir die entsprechende und geziemende Unterbringung der unter dem Schutz der Nunziatur, des Internationalen und des Schwedischen Roten Kreuzes stehenden Judenheit und Judenasyle innerhalb des Ghettos wird der Innenminister Sorge tragen. Innerhalb des Ghettos konnen die Juden frei Ieben und sich frei bewegen. Sie diirfen das Ghetto nicht verlassen, weder Radio noch Telefon beni.itzen, ihr Postverkehr wird wurch ein vom Innenminister im Einvernehmen mit dem Verkersminister zu errichtenden Postamt entwickelt. Die Juden diirfen nur in ungarischer Sprache korrespondier,en, sie di.irfen nur an Juden schreiben unter genauer Angabe des Absenders, mit gelben, extra bezeichneten Postkarten. Diejenigen Juden- gleich welcher Kategorie sie angehoren- di.irfen nicht im Ghetto bleiben, die laut dem Strafregister politische Verbrechen, sei es nur Uebertretung, begangen haben, wegen solcher interniert waren 407 oder unter polizeilicher Aufsicht standen - vor dem 16.10.44. Unter politischem Verbrechen istjede gegen die Nation gerichtete Handlung zu verstehen. Das Ghetto hat vier Tore nach vier Himmerlsrichtungen. Juden konnen das Ghetto nur in einem Fall verlassen, namlich die zum Arbeitsdienst verplichteten Juden im Faile ihres Abtransportes.
4) Die mit Immunitatszeugnissen versehenen Juden und zwar a) Diejenigen Juden, deren vom gewesenen Reichsverweser Horthy gegebenen Immunitatszeugnisse nach Ueberpriifung vom Innenminister anerkannt und die in dem vom Innenminister herausgegebenen amtlichen N amesverzeichnis angefiihrt sind - b) die von dem friiheren Innenminister erteilten Immunitatszeugnisse, deren Anerkennung in einem vom Innenminister herausgegebenen amtlichen N amensverzeichnis zu veroffentlichen ist - c) die mit dem Titel "vitez" und mit goldener Tapferkeitsmedaille versehenen, sowie Kriegsinvalide Juden, auf Grund der Anerkennung seitens des Innenministers. Diese Juden sind ausser den rassenpolitischen und vermogensrechtlichen Bestimmungen, von den iibrigen Judengesetzen, Verordnungen und Bestimmungen befreit. Sie diirfen an politischen, wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben nicht teilnehmen.
5) Kirchliche Personen :Priester, Nonnen geniessen eine vollkommene Immunitat, aber sie sind auf Grund einer Vereinbarung zwischen dem Aussenamt, dem Kultusministerium und den zustandigen kirchlichen Stellen in einem Ordenhaus abzusondern und in absehbarer Zeit nach dem Ausland zu versetzen, bezw. zu iibernehmen.
6) Juden auslandischer Staatangehorigkeit und solche ungarHindische Juden, die ihren Reisepass his zum 17.11.44 urn 14 Uhr beim Fremden• kontrollamt (KEOKH) in Evidenz genommen haben, sind verpflichtet das Gebiet des Landes his zum 1.11.44 zu verlassen. 409 Annex 6
MAX HUBER: THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIAN INTERNEES
Comite international de la Croix-Rouge Agence Centrale des Prisonniers de Guerre
Geneve, le 2 octobre 1944 Palais du Conseil-General
Monsieur P. Guggenheim Monsieur G. M. Riegner Congres J uif Mondial 37, quai Wilson Geneve
Messieurs,
Faisant suite a l'entretien que nous avons eu recemment et a votre lettre du 22 aout, notamment au chiffre 2 de son annexe, nous vous remettons ci• joint une note, de caractere general, relative a la notion d'internes civils, que nousjugeons de nature a vous interesser.
Nous reservant de publier cette note dans la Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge, nous vous prions de la considerer comme confidentielle jusqu'au moment ou nous procederions nous-meme a une telle publication.
Il est bien certain que le Comite International de la Croix-Rouge - pour autant que son intervention soit admise- ne pourra pas toujours obtenir toutes les garanties enumerees sous chiffre 4 de la note. Lorsqu'il s'agira des ressortissants memes de l'etat interesses ou de personnes poursuivies penalement, !'argument de la souverainete de l'Etat sera generalement. oppose a !'intervention du Comite. 410
11 semble fort douteux qu'une declaration ou un appel publics soient susceptibles de mener a chef les efforts du Comite et ses pourparlers avec les instances gouvernementales competentes. 11 y a plutot lieu de redouter que cette procedure ne puisse compromettre dans une large mesure son activite, qui ne peut escompter un certain succes qu'en s'imposant une stricte discretion.
Aussi, le Comite International de la Croix-Rouge n'a-t-il pas cesse d'intervenir, a chaque occasion qui se presentait, aupres des Autorites detentrices pour qu'il soit accorde aux civils deportes hors de leur pays un statut analogue a celui des internes civils. Si cependant, le Comite international croit plus judicieux et plus conforme a ses traditions de deployer son activite d'une maniere discrete et de ne pas faire mention dans la presse de chaque intervention qu'il croit bon de faire, il ne faut pas en conclure qu'il n'a pas a coeur de trouver une solution ace probleme et qu'il n'envisage pas a l'heure actuelle- comme c'est le cas- une nouvelle tentative en faveur de ces victimes de la guerre.
Veuillez agreer, Messieurs, !'assurance de rna consideration tres distinguee.
signe: Max Huber
President du Comite international de la Croix-Rouge
SUR LA NOTION D'INTERNES CIVILS
1. La notion d'internes civils n'a pas encore de base dans le droit conventionnel. Dans l'esprit de !'article 17 du Projet de Tokio,1 le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge a, des 1939, obtenu de la plupart des Etats alors en guerre qu'ils appliquent dans la mesure du possibre, par analogie et sous condition de reciprocite, la Convention de 1929 - relative au traitement des prisonniers de guerre- aux ressortissants d'Etats ennemis se trouvant sur leur territoire lors de l'ouverture des hostilites, pour autant que ces ressortissants ne seraient pas laisses en liberte ou qu'ils ne 411 pourraient pas regagner leur patrie. Ce traitement des civils de nationalite ennemie par analogie avec celui des prisonniers de guerre ne constitue malheureusement que le minimum des garanties stipulees par le Projet de Tokio (Titre II) en faveur de cette categorie de personnes. C'est ainsi que la notion d'internes civils, qui n'est pas contenue dans le Projet de Tokio lui-meme, decoule d'un etat de fait semblable dans les deux camps belligerants.
2. Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge ne peut, de son propre chef, declarer "internes civils" telle ou telle catgorie de personnes. Un statut defini ne peut etre confere qu'avec l'assentiment de la Puissance detentrice, et cela meme si des ordonnances dudit Etat pouvaient apparemment servir de base pour revendiquer !'application du traitement des civils de nationalite ennemie a certaines classes d'individus. Une extension par analogie de la notion d'internes civils semblerait particulierement ardue a obtenir dans des cas ou l'etat de guerre entre le pays d' origine et la Puissance de tentrice - tel qu'il est defini par le droit des gens- n'entre pas ou pas necessairement en consideration.
3. Le Projet de Tokio formule sous Titre III, en complement du Reglement de la Haye, 2 une serie de dispositions destinees a proteger les civils de nationalite ennemie envers une Puissance occupante. 11 n'a pas ete jusqu'a present possible de reconnaitre ces dispositions sur la base de la reciprocite. Lorsque des ressortissants d'un territoire occupe sont internes par la Puissance occupante, qu'ils le soient sur ce territoire meme ou qu'ils soient deportes sur celui de la Puissance occupante, ils sont -tout comme les civils internes sur le territoire des Etats belligerants du fait de leur nationalite ennemie- des ressortissants d'un Etat belligerant tombes au pouvoir d'un Etat adverse et detenus par lui. Cependant, a la difference des personnes de la premiere categorie, les habitants des territoires occupes qui sont internes ou deportes, ne le sont pas seulement en raison de leur nationalite mais aussi pour des motifs particuliers dont l'Etat detenteur n'admet en general pas la discussion. En outre, il se peut que les Autorites d'un pays belligerant internent des personnes qui n'appartiennent pas necessairement a un pays ennemi et qui peuvent meme etre considerees comme ressortissantes a l'Etat detenteur. 11 convient enfin d'etablir une distinction de principe entre, d'une part, ces diverses formes d'internement et, d'autre part, les arrestations et incarcerations operees pour des raisons judiciaires. Pour ces dernieres, !'intervention et l'aide du Comite international de la Croix-Rouge sont, 412 dans la regle, exclues. Il est parfois difficile de savoir s'il s'agit en fait d'une arrestation resultant d'une infraction au droit penal ou d'un internement motive par des raisons politiques ou militaires.
4. Partout ou manque au Comite international de la Croix-Rouge une base conventionnelle lui permettant d'intervenir ou de porter secours et ou il ne lui est pas possible de creer, sous condition de reciprocite, une situation paraconventionnelle, il s'efforce, sans soulever necessairement la question de droit, d'assurer a toutes les personnes qui, comme les ressortissants ennemis, se trouvent en marge de l'ordre juridique normal et qui sont privees de leur liberte, la protection juridique et !'assistance reconnue aux prisonniers de guerre et, par analogie, aux internes. civils. Il s'agit des garanties suivantes: a) Communication a un organe neutre du lieu de sejour et de l'etat de sante des detenus, si possible, echange de nouvelles entre les detenus et leurs parents. b) Conditions de vie compatibles avec la dignite humaine quant au traitement, logement, a !'alimentation eta !'hygiene. c) Possibilite de recevoir des colis de denrees alimentaires, vetements, medicaments, etc. d) Droit pour les detenus d'etre visites par les representants d'une instance neutre :Croix-Rouge ou Puissance Protectrice. e) Faculte pour les detenus poursuivis judiciairement de connaitre le chef d'accusation et d'obtenir une assistance judiciaire et une instruction rapide de leur cause. Telles sont d'ailleurs les garanties essentielles et minimales assurees aux internes civils par le Projet de Tokio et par la Convention de 1929.
5. L'activite du Comite international de la Croix-Roug.e fait, par principe, abstraction de la nationalite de la religion, du parti ou de la race des personnes a secourir mais tient compte uniquement de l'etendue de leurs besoins. De ce fait, le Comite ne peut etablir une discrimination entre les differentes victimes de laguerre. Bien au contraire, ses efforts doivent tendre constamment a obtenir que toutes les personnes entrant ici en consideration soient en fait traitees comme des internes civils.
6. Comme la notion d'internes civils decoule par analogie de celle de prisonniers de guerre, les droits qu'il convient d'accorder aux internes sont fonction de la privation de liberte plus ou moins longue qu'ils subissent passagerement tant qu'existe l'etat de guerre. On ne saurait done appliquer 413
ce statut de facon durable a une categorie determinee de la population civile. Pour ce qui a trait au rapatriement, la condition des internes civils difrere generalement de celle des prisonniers de guerre. Ceux-ci sont tout naturellement rapatries une fois les hostilites terminees. En revanche, les internes peuvent l'etre deja pendant les hostilites et sans qu'il leur soit necessaire de justifier a cet effet d'un etat de sante precaire. Dans d'autres cas, les civils internes pre:fereront demeurer, une fois la paix revenue, au pays de leur residence anterieure. Quant aux personnes ne trouvant pas dans leur pays d'origine les conditions d'une libre existence, il importe avant tout pour elles de pouvoir emigrer dans un pays de leur choix.
ENDNOTES
1. On a coutume de designer ainsi, par souci de concision, le Projet de Convention concernant la condition et la protection des civils de nationalite ennemie qui se trouvent sur le territoire d'un belligerant ou sur un territoire occupe par lui. Elabore par le Comite international de la Croix• Rouge, il fut approuve par la XVeme Conference internationale de la Croix-Rouge, reunie a Tokio en 1934, et devait en vue de sa consecration etre Soumis a une Conference diplomatique que l'ouverture des hostilites vint ajourner. 2. Reglement annexe a la !Verne Convention de la Haye, du 18 Octobre 1907, sur les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur terre. 415 Annex 7
EXTRACT FROM THE RIEGNER/DWORZECKI INTERVIEW 13 JULY 1972
Je vais vous raconter une histoire finale. Apres la guerre, nous avons demande au CICR d'etre consultes lors de la revision de la Convention de Geneve. On nous a invites alors a une reunion de toutes les organisations benevoles oil etait inscrite a l'ordre dujour la revision de la Convention de Geneve. Quant j'y suis arrive, j'etais le seul juif. Le Joint avait ete invite mais n'est pas venu. II y avait 40 representants de differentes organisations et les membres les plus importants du Comite international de la Croix• Rouge: Huber et tous les autres. lis nous ont propose un article sur la cooperation avec les autres organisations benevoles qui devait etre inscrit dans la nouvelle Convention. Je n'etais pas venu pour discuter de cet article; j'etais venu pour discuter des questions de fond, c'est-a-dire de la necessite d'introduire dans la convention des regles sur la protection des civils a la lumiere de ce qui s'etait passe pendant la 2e guerre mondiale. Alors j'ai demande immediatement qu'on inscrive ~a aussi a l'ordre du jour et on m'a dit: 'Ce n'est pas a l'ordre dujour, mais vous pouvez parler de cela ala fin des deliberations'. Etj'ai finalement pu exposer nos vues ace sujet.
Et puis il y a eu un autre incident: A la fin de la reunion un monsieur s'est leve et a propose une resolution de remerciement au Comite international de la Croix-Rouge pour tout ce qu'il a fait pour les prisonniers de guerre et pour les populations civiles pendant la 2e guerre mondiale. Le CICR etait a ce moment la engage dans une lutte avec les russes. Les russes ne reconnaissaient pas encore le CICR et ils proposaient la Ligue des Societes de la Croix-Rouge comme le veritable organe pour la sauvegarde du droit humanitaire. Les suisses avaient a peine des relations avec les russes et ils voulaient l'appui de toutes les organisations avec lesquelles ils avaient ete en rapport pendant laguerre en faveur de leur position, c'est-a-dire en faveur du CICR. Je me trouvais dans une situation delicate. C'etait diffi.cile d'etre impoli. Mais nous inviter dans leur maison pour leur dire merci- c'etait quand meme un peu exagere. Je me suis dit: Qu'est ce que je fais? Alors j'ai demande la parole et j'ai dit: 'Je propose de 416 biffer les quatre mots suivants dans la resolution: "et les internes civils'" et je me suis rassis. Ce fut la consternation. Et on commenca a argumenter. J'ai dit alors: 'Messieurs, ce n'est pas ici l'endroit pour faire le prod~s de l'histoire. Si le CICR a fait beaucoup de bien pour les prisonniers de guerre et merite notre gratitude a cet egard, je ne peux pas affirmer que cela vaut aussi pour son action pour les civils, certainement pas pour ceux qui etaient internes.' Alors ils ont recommence !'argumentation; ils ont parle du projet de Tokyo qui n'etait pas en vigueur au debut de la guerre. Mais au debut de la guerre le CICR a negocie un gentlemen's agreement entre pays belligerants pour que les etrangers qui se trouvaient en pays ennemis, les regles qui etaient prevues dans le texte de Tokyo soient appliquees de facto. Il y a eu a ce moment 50,000 etrangers qui se trouvaient en pays ennemi et qui ont ete proteges aussi par la Croix-Rouge. Alors j'ai replique: 'Ecoutez, j'ai aussi une opinion publique. Quant elle parle des internes civils, elle pense a ceux qui etaient aux camps de concentration et aux camps d'extermination. Pour nous c'est ~a. Vous n'avez pas pules proteger, nous n'avons pas pules protger. Ce n'est pas ici qu'il faut dire si on a pu faire davantage ou pas. Alors, je n'ai pas le droit d'exprimer une satisfaction quelconque sur ce qui a ete fait.' Et ~a a continue. Alors quelqu'un a propose de dire dans la resolution de remerciement 'prisonniers de guerre et personnes assimilees'. On m'a demande si je pouvais accepter ~a. J'ai repondu: 'Qa n'a aucun sens, personne ne comprendra. Mais si ~a peut vous donner satisfaction ... '.
Paul Guggenheim m'a raconte une fois que Max Huber lui avait parle un jour de cette discussion. Il avait ete impressionne par la fa~on dont j'avais souleve la question. Il a eu des nuits sans sommeil a cause de cette question, se demandant souvent si la Croix-Rouge avait fait tout ce qu'elle aurait pu faire pendant la guerre. C'etait un honnete homme. Les membres du CICR ont cru que ~a mettrait en danger les autres, pour un espoir dont on n'etait pas sur qu'il aboutirait. C'etait ~a leur position. Nous, nous n'etions jamais contents, nous avons toujours essaye de les contredire, de les faire agir. Nous les poussions de mille fa~ons et moi, quelquefois je n'y allais meme pas tellement j'etais desespere; je me disais que ~a n'avait aucun sens de parler. Mais j'y suis revenu. 417 Annex8
FROM THE REPORT OF VEESENMEYER 1944,
FROM THE GERMAN POLITICAL ARCHIVES
Files concerning the Jewish question in Hungary: 'Sonderaktion' 1944 Veesenmayer (Plenipotentiary of the Reich in Budapest).
15.4.44 Cable from Budapest
Veesenmayer reports about his demand for 50,000 Jews for work in Germany, to be delivered until the end of the month, and about the promise of the Hungarian Ministry to put 5,000 at the disposal of Germany right away, and the rest in contingents of 5,000 every 3 to 4 days.
21.4.44 Cable from V. to German Foreign Minister
-Arrest of a Jew, ~onnected with the 'Civic Freedom Party' -Jews: seized in individual actions: 7,580. Total number in special action (Sonderaktion): 100,038 in Carpathian area - sent to assembly camps. Arrest of Jews and others under suspicion of espionage and support of Polish immigrants.
24.4.44 Cable from V.
-Jews: total number seized: 142,802- the 'Sonderaktion' in the north• east Hungarian Carpathian area proceeds according to plan and without disturbances. The population welcomes the concentration of the Jews. Budapest is ever more isolated, by agreement with the Hungarian police. A surprise order by the Hungarian government has closed all Jewish shops. -Counter espionage: arrest of Jews and others. 418
26.4.44 Cable from V.
-Jews: total number detained in individual raids - 8,046; m 'Sonderaktion' about 140,000. -Arrest of Jews in Budapest and Klausenburg for various offences. 27.4.44
Cable from V. (report about Hungarian matters)
-The Hungarians plan to ask the embassies of neutral states to repatriate their Jews very soon. Enemy aliens are to be interned if Hungarians are interned in their states. Jews are to be interned principally, without exemption.
28.4.44 Cable
-Jews: detained in individual actions: 8,142; 'Sonderaktion': 194,000. The final number of Jews detained in the north-east Carpathian area is not yet established. -Arrest of Jews trying to escape across the border, and of others not wearing the Jewish star. -Espionage: Arrest of Jews, suspected of espionage and smuggle.
Additional report
-England, through Switzerland, has informed the Hungarian government that the enemy powers will bombard residential areas of Budapest, if the Jews who are put into ghettos near the industrial plants, are not removed from there. In reply the Hungarian government has ordered to place the Jews not yet detained in the ghettos, into special blocks of houses dispersed among the residential areas of Budapest.
4.5.44 Cable
-About 200,000 Jews of Zone 1/Carpathian area, were fianlly detained in 10 camps and ghettos. In Zone II!Siebenbiirgen the concentration of about 110,000 Jews has started. It is planned to start the deportation of the 310,000 Jews from Zones I and II in mid-May in daily transports of3,000 Jews. 419
6.5.44 Cable
-'Sonderaktion' for the concentration of Jews of the commando area Neumarkt has started. Jews still hope for a favourable solution and think that their stay in the special camps will be temporary. Some physicians had to be exempted, because there are only Jewish doctors and dentists in Neumarkt. -The Hungarian population is very satisfied with the evacuation of the Jews, especially from the border areas.
10.5.44 Cable
-Jews: the action in the Neumarkt area was finished and 17,500 Jews have been sent to three camps. No numbers have yet been received from a fourth camp. -Espionage: arrest of Jews.
11.5.44 Cable
... the deportation of 325,000 Jews from the Carpathian area and Siebenbrgen will start on May 15, with daily transport of 3,000 Jews in 4 trains.
18.5.44 Cable
-From the 300,000 Jews concentrated in the Carpathian area, 23,363 have been deported to Germany up till now.
19.5.44 Cable
-Jews: Number of deported- 51,000. -Arrest of Jews for listening to enemy broadcasts and other offences. -Report: the process of evacuation in East Hungary takes its course. Up to now, 62,644 Jews deported. Commando Szolnek reports that real honest anti-Jewish avowals come from the simple people and partly from older officers. It is significant that all accusations received at the Commando came only from simple labourers, servants, etc. If businessmen or officials accuse Jews, they think mostly of economic profits, like taking over a business or an appartment. The so-called higher classes take a stand against the Jews only if they feel obliged to and are sure not to suffer if their 420 opinion becomes known. These circles believe that the anti-Jewish regulations, issued under Germany pressure, are much too severe.
23.5.44 Cable
--Jews arrested for various reasons. -Number of deported Jews to Germany: 110,556. Arrest of Hungarian non-Jews for hiding Jewish property. Arrest of Jews trying to escape. Two Jewish women shot to death, while attempting to escape, two Jewish men wounded. -Arrest of Jews under suspicion of espionage.
25.5.44 Secret cable
-Report that the deportation of the Jews from the Carpathian area and Siebenbiirgen proceeds smoothly. Up to now 150,000 have been deported to Germany. By filling-up still more trains, the deportations will be finished on June 7. -On June 5 will start the concentration of Jews north of Budapest, Kaschau till the German border, Zone III. Probably about 65,000 Jews will be seized and deported to Germany between 11. and 16.6.44. -Middle of June will start the concentration in Zone IV east of the Danube (exempting district, city of Budapest) comprising about 100,000 Jews.
25.5.44 Another cable
-Number of deported Jews up to now: 138,870. District and town of Munkacs totally purged of Jews since 23.5.
27.5.44 Cable
-Number of deported: 17-,038 [typing error] Arrest of Jews in Budapest for various offences. Report: [date missing]: -Number of deported up to now: 204,312. Searches by the constabulary in the camp for Jews in Neumarkt resulted in finding money and possessions worth more than 200,000 Pengos. -Arrest of 4 Jews for listening to and disseminating enemy broadcasts.
L6.44 Cable
-Jews deported to Germany up to now: 236,414. 421
-The Hungarian Interior Ministry intends to purge the area of Godollo of the Jews, outside of the regular action. This was suggested by circles close to the Regent, because Godollo is the summer residence of the Regent. No more Jews shall be seen there by the Regent, so he will have occasion to notice himself the result of the anti-Jewish measures. Report [date missing] -In Stuhlweissenburg the removal of Jews to streets consigned to them is in full swing. It is confidentially known that the constabulary in Stuhlweissenburg interrogates daily 50 Jews in order to get information of the whereabouts of gold, silver and other valuables.
4.6.44 Cable
-Number of Jews deported to Germany up to now: 255,389. -Arrest of Jews for various reasons.
7.6.44 Cable: Secret State matter!
-As far as is known here, the evacuation measures in Hungary, carried out up to now, have not caused any great reactions abroad, and none are expected when the action against the Jews in Budapest will be carried out since for some time it is already known that in Budapest, too, the 'ghetto• ization' has been finalized. To explain causes and reasons for propaganda purposes would have the opposite effect and therefore is to be avoided.
8.6.44 Cable
-Arrest of the Jewess Gemma Glueck who is the sister of the Jewish Mayor of New York. Arrest of the Jewish Countess Klara Zichy. -Number of deported to Germany: 289,357. -End of evacuation from the Carpathian area and Siebenbiirgen.
13.6.44 Cable: Strictly Secret!
-Deportation of the Jews from Carpathian and Siebenbrgen (Zone I and II) terminated on 7.6. with a total of 289,357 Jews in 92 trains of45 cars each. That the originally estimated figure of 310,000 was not reached is explained by Hungarian recruiting to the Jewish military labour service. -Concentration of Jews from the area north of Budapest, Kaschau to the German border, Zone III, terminated on 10.6. 422
-Transport is running in 21 trains from 11. to 16.6. Estimated figure of 67,000 will probably not been reached.
14.6.44 Cable
-Number of deported Jews: 316,803. -Arrest of Jews.
15.6.44 Cable
-Number of deported Jews: 324,005. -Arrest of Jews.
15.6.44 Cable: Secret State matter!
-Report about the labour forces provided by Hungary: from 19.3.1944 up to now, 340,000 Jews have been delivered to Germany. Till the end of July, after conclusion of the final solution of the Jewish question, the figure should reach 900,000. A third to a half of these should be able to work.
27.6.44 Cable
-Number of deported Jews: 351,850. -Commando Kaschau reports that the population of Eger looted the camp ofKereczend after the Jews had been deported. People hired to clean the Jewish camps in Beregszasz after the deportation, work very slowly and search for articles of value left behind by the Jews. 800 former Jewish flats, that are still empty after the Jews have been deported, have been burglared. -Arrest of Jews for attempting to escape, and for espionage.
29.6.44 Cable
-Number of Jews deported to Germany: 377,601. 423 Annex 9
LIST OF LOSSES
From the Pinkas Hakehilot Encyclopedia of the Jewish settlements since their establishment until after the Holocaust period of World War II, YAD VASHEM, Jerusalem 1975. 'Hungary- History of the Holocaust period', Livia Rothkirchen, p. 117:
I...osses * Hungary with Hungary annexed areas alone Census of1941: Jews by religion 725,007 400,981 Jews by law (Geltungsjuden) 100.000 .oo.,QQQ. total 825,007 490,981 Victims before the German occupation: In the labour battalions 42,000 25,000 People without nationality, deported in 1941 20,000 5,000 Those killed in Ujvidek (Novi-Sad), Jan. 1942 1,000 total .63.000 .3Q.QQQ Number of Jews up to the German occu:eation 762,007 460,981 At the time of the German occupation: deported 596,260 killed or died .2l..ill total 618,007 327,771 not deported 144.007 133,21Q total 762,007 460,981 Returned from concentration camps until the end of1945: 116,500 60,000 Number of Jews on 31 Dec. 1945 225,500 191,000 Escaped abroad 5,000 3,000 Survived 260,500 194,000 Total losses 564,507 296,981 ======60,5% 68,4% *The details of this list were taken from the reports of the Hungarian department of the World Jewish Congress. 425
ENDN01ES
CHAPTER I
1 M. Karoly, b. 4 March 1875, d. 18 March 1955. For his account of events see: Karoly, Gegen eine ganze Welt. Randolf L. Braham (RLB), The Politics of Genocide, p. 35.
2 Miklos Horthy, b. 18 June 1868, d. 9 Feb. 1957. See Horthy,Ein Leben fiir Ungarn.
3 The Trianon Palace, Versailles.
4 RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 26.
5 Teleki, Die Weltpolitische.
6 Kende, Dokumenty Wegry, p. 28.
7 Ibid, pp. 33-4.
8 Gyula Goemboes, b. 26 Dec. 1886, d. 6 Oct. 1936, Prime Minister 1932-36. See RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 44-56.
9 Count Pal Teleki, b. 1 Nov. 1878, d. 3 April1941, Prime Minister 1939-41. See RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 180.
10 Kende, Dokumenty Wegry, p. 44.
ll For a general survey of the situation of the Jews in Hungary see La situation economique des Juifs, Congres Juifmondial, Paris, 1938, pp. 119-41.
12 Katzburg, Antishemiut be Hungaria, p. 216.
13 Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, No.1, Geneva, 30 April 1944, pp. 4-5. First of 6 reports from the WJC in Geneva. During the Hungarian crisis in 1944, the WJC published and distributed to all kinds of groups (Red Cross, churches, journalists etc) 6 reports on Hungary, in English, German and French. These reports were not signed, but credit should be given to the WJC for its action.
14 Rothkirchen, Hanhagat Yehudey Hungaria. 426
15 Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, pp. 25, 171, 198. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 76. 'Between 1920 and 1930 there was a net loss of 6.1 %of the Jewish Population in Hungary... In the wake of the Holocaust the Jewish Population declined to 1.6% in 1946.'
16 Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, doc. cit., p. 3.
17 These groups from Galicia, Carpatho-Russia or Transylvania did not identify with the Hungarian Jews. They were distinguished by a deeply religious attitude, guarding tradition and morals.
18 Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, pp. 14-15.
19 Teleki, Die Weltpolitische, p. 36. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, vol I, p. 141.
al Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, doc. cit., p. 1.
21 Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, doc. cit., p. 2.
22 In the academic year 1917-18, in five faculties of the University, there were 34% Jewish students; in 1920-1, 12.6%; 1930-1, 10.5%; 1935-6, 8.3%. See Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, doc. cit., p. 5.
23 RLB, Synagogues in Hungary, p. 25.
21 Kalman Daranyi, b. 22 March 1886, d. 1 Nov. 1939, twice Prime Minister 1936-8. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 118,122,125.
25 Bill No 616, under the signatures of Horthy and Imredy. Officialy known as Law XV of1938. See RLB, op. cit., p. 125.
a; Gonda, Meah Shana, p. 186.
'Z1 Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, p. 159.
23 Ibid., p. 179.
2:) Aide-memoire au sujet de la situation generate des Israelites en Hongrie, written by the Jewish Community in Budapest annexed to Note 12 from de Bavier to ICRC Geneva, 3 Dec. 1943- G 59/2/65- (G 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
ID See Haencyclopedia Haiwrith, (The Hebrew Encyclopedia), No. 13, pp. 869-70; Der Aufbau, Zurich 18 Feb.1944, p. 53.
a Aperqu sur la situation des Juifs hongrois, WJC, doc.cit., p. 11.
~ Aide-memoire au sujet de la situation generale des Israelites en Hongrie, ICRC, doc. cit. 427
33 'The number of victims executed at Kamenetz Podolsk cannot be established with any degree of accuracy.. .' RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 204-05. See also RLB, Yad Vashem Studies, IX (1973); 'In 1941, on establishment of comradeship-in-arms with Germany, the Nuremberg Legislation was introduced - in some instances, especially where half-Jews were concerned, even more severely than in Germany itself. At the same time deportations began. The government rounded up "Eastern Jews" of ex• Polish, Rumanian or Czech nationality, and pushed them into recently overrun territories of eastern Poland. Police Leader Jeckeln undertook "to complete the liquidation of those Jews by September 1.'' He kept his word. The Jews were massacred by Einsatzgruppe C at Kamenetz Podolsk and in the nearby towns. Only a few fled and reached Budapest to tell the tale'. Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem, p. 132.
3! On the anti-Jewish Laws see also Erez, Moreshet, 20 (1975), p. 165; 'In 1944- on the eve of the German occupation of Hungary the Jews were deprived of their civil rights and subjected to laws discriminating against them in every field .. .'. Katzburg, Yad Vashem Studies, XVI (1984).
CHAPTER II
1 Coursier, The International Red Cross, p. 58.
2 Presenting the ICRC.
3 Huber, Croix-Rouge: quelques idees et quelques problemes, pp. 7-14.
4 Ibid.
5 Before the First World War, the agencies in question were the Basle Agency in 1870, the Trieste Agency in 1877 and the Belgrade Agency in 1912.
6 Durand, The International Committee of the Red Cross, off-print, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Geneva, 1981, pp. 16-18.
7 Ibid.
8 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, pp. 124-5.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., 'Ce qu'il y a de plus triste, c'est que cette guerilla nee d'un patriotisme sauvage coUtera beaucoup de sang.' pp. 103, 127.
ll 'Reconnaissance de la Croix-Rouge Internationale en Hongrie', RICR, mai 1919.
12 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, pp. 128-9.
13 Ibid. 428
14 Moreillon, Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge et la protection des detenus politiques, p. 51.
15 Ibid.
16 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, p. 137.
17 Ibid. See also Moreillon, Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge et la protection des detenus politiques, p. 52, fn. 33.
18 For further information on these activities, see Ibid., pp. 47-52.
CHAPTER III
1 Chapter II, 'An impartial ICRC in revolutionary Hungary'.
2 See Annex 1: Statutes of the International Committee of Red Cross, version 1930, valid during the Second World War.
3 Moreillon, Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge et la protection des detenus politiques, p. 93, proces-verbaux meeting of23 June 1927, vol.l2, ICRC Archives.
4 Ibid., pp. 93-4.
5 Report of Edmond Boissier, 1 May 1935, Doc. 177, CR 110/II- ICRC Archives, mentioned by Moreillon, op. cit., p. 95.
6 Ibid.
7 ICRC Activities during Second World War, doc. cit., vol I, pp. 568-71.
8 Note GA, without heading, 9 May 1945, no file number- ICRC Archives.
9 Note from ICRC to delegation in Berlin, 24 Sept. 1942, Civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., p. 41. Max Hartmann was head of External Relations Department, German Red Cross.
10 Ibid., pp. 42-3.
ll Ibid., p. 43, footnote.
12 Chapter IV, 'The entrance of the WJC', minutes of a conversation with Burckhardt and Ferriere, signed by Riegner, 17 Nov. 1942 -WJC Archives.
13 The author's reference is inaccurate; No. 257 of the RICR appeared in January 1924. What is important is the spirit of Grossmann's article rather than the accuracy of individual details.
14 Grossmann, Congress Weekly, X (1943). 429
15 Letter Tartakower to Peter, 4 March 1943, G. 8/Pe (G. 5917- G. 59/2- ICRC Archives.
16 On this subject, see Civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., pp.16-22.
17 Letter from Goldman, Chairman ofWJC Administration Committee, to Board of Economic Warfare, 25 Feb. 1943, G. 3/47 (G. 5917/65- G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
18 Note 322 Duchosal to Peter, 5 May 1943, G. 5917/65 (G. 8/47- G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
19 Letter Tartakower and Kubowitzki to Peter, 10 Dec. 1943- WJC Archives.
ID Ibid. a With regard to the role of the ICRC as defined in the Convention of1929, I should like to comment on the legal aspects in greater detail: The Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war binds only the states which have ratified it and not, contrary to a commonly held opinion, the ICRC. Anyone reading this Convention may be surprised that the ICRC is only rarely mentioned, the protection of the prisoners of war being essentially the task of the protecting powers. The ICRC is mentioned in only three Articles: Article 77 calls on each belligerent power to set up an official information bureau relative to the prisoners of war on their territory, at the outbreak of hostilities. The work of the information bureaux includes transmitting urgently all information on the prisoners of war to the prisoners' own countries or to the powers in whose service they have been. 'The information bureaux shall transmit all such information [i.e. on the prisoners of war] immediately to the powers concerned, on the one hand through the inter-mediary of the protecting Powers, and on the other through the Central Agency contemplated in article 79.' Article 79: 'A Central Agency of information regarding prisoners of war shall be established in a neutral country. The International Red Cross Committee shall, if they consider it necessary, propose to the powers concerned the organization of such an agency.' 'This agency shall be charged with the duty of collecting all information regarding prisoners which they may be able to obtain through official or private channels, and the agency shall transmit the information as rapidly as possible to the prisoners' own country or the power in whose service they have been. These provisions shall not be interpreted as restricting the humanitarian work of the International Red Cross Committee.' The provisions for visits to camps are included in part VIII, section II of the Convention. They state that recognized delegates from the protecting powers are to make visits of inspection, and the belligerent powers are to facilitate their task. Article 87 contains provisions fo~ dealing with disagreements on the application of the Convention: · 'In the event of a dispute between the belligerents regarding the application of the provisions of the present Convention, the protecting Powers shall, as far as possible, lend their good offices with the object of settling the dispute. To this end, each of the protecting Powers may, for instance, propose to the belligerents concerned that a conference of representatives of the latter should be held, on suitable chosen neutral 430
territory. The belligerents shall be required to give effect to proposals made to them with this object. The protecting Power may, if necessary, submit for the approval of the powers in dispute the name of a person belonging to a neutral power or nominated by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in this Conference.' Article 88 adds the following: 'The foregoing provisions do not constitute any obstacle to the humanitarian work which the International Committee of the Red Cross may perform for the protection of prisoners of war with the consent of the belligerents concerned.'
22 Letter Peter to Tartakower, 17 Dec. 1943- WJC Archives. (I did not find a copy of this letter in the ICRC Archives at my disposal.)
23 Ibid.
21 Letter Celler to Cordell Hull, re: 'Red Cross must be given right to aid civilians as well as military prisoners', 27 Dec. 1943- WJC Archives.
25 I was unable to find a copy of this letter.
a> Report of a conversation between Kubowitzki and Peter, 5 Jan. 1944- WJC Archives.
CHAPTER IV
1 See Annex 2, list of members ofiCRC 1942-4.
2 ICRC activities during the Second World War, doc. cit., vol. I, p. 145.
3 Ibid., p. 145.
4 Ibid., pp. 51-5.
5 Ibid., p. 49.
6 Ibid., p. 52.
7 Ibid., p. 52.
8 Ibid., p. 56.
9 Ibid., p. 56.
10 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, pp. 560 ff.
11 An internal note from Riegner on 19 Dec. 1942 stated that Schwarzenberg, a prince with dual Austrian/Swiss nationality, had been given responsibility at the ICRC on 15 Dec. for Jewish problems ('Judenreferat')- WJC Archives. 431
12 ICRC activities during the Second World War, doc. cit., vol. I, p. 58.
13 Ibid., pp. 65 ff.
14 ICRC activities during the Second World War, doc. cit., vol. II, p. 270.
15 Rothkirchen, Hanhagat Yehuden Hungaria, pp. 26-51; Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, pp. 26-7; RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 85-6.
16 Rothkirchen, Hanhagat Yehuden Hungaria, p. 35.
17 Gonda, Meah Shana, pp. 196-201.
18 Bauer, Hashoah, p.150; RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 307-20.
19 Riegner reported on this group of deported persons to the Papal Nuncio in Berne, Mgr Bernardini, 18 March 1942- WJC Archives. See also Riegner, A Warning to the World, pp. 6-7. a> KEOKH was in charge of the 1941 'round up and deportation of the close to 18,000 aliens' including Polish Jews to the vicinity of Kamenetz Podolsk where most of them were subsequently murdered by the Hungarian army and the SS. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 103-06. See also Bauer, Hashoah, p. 149; Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem, pp.132-4.
21 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, p. 570.
22 On the refugees from Poland and their stay in Hungary, see Cohen, Yad Vashem Studies, XIV (1981); Rothkirchen, Yad Vashem Studies, VII (1968); Roth, Massuah, II (1983).
23 According to RLB in a private communication to the author there were not more than 2,500 Polish Jews, the others were Polish military personnel. 'At the time, the British Foreign Office received a telegram from Madrid where the number of Jewish refugees from Poland in Hungary was estimated at 100,000. F.O.C. 4331/51121 (SirS. Hoare) - Madrid to F.O. telegram No 398, 31/3/44.' Bela Vago, The British Government and the Fate of Hungarian Jews in 1944, Yad Vashem Historical Conference, April1977. [Bela Vago thinks that the figure of 100,000 is exaggerated. 1
21 Pro Memoria, Problemes des refugies juifs en Hongrie, transmitted by the Jewish representatives in Budapest to Chapuisat and de Traz during their mission in Hungary, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 c) - ICRC Archives. Letter from Budapest to Schwartzbart (Jewish and Zionist Leader from Poland, member of the National Council of Poland, London) 14 Aug. 1943 concerning the brutal methods of killing of the Nazis, and also the refugee problem of Polish Jewish refugees in Hungary (in Germany, without signature)- WJC Archives. This letter was supposedly signed by Samuel Springman. On Springman, see RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 219, n. 39. Statement by Springman, a Polish-born Hungarian, a leader of the Budapest Rescue Committee, dated 28 Jan. 1958, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem Archives, file 500/4/1. 432
25 Aide-memoire au sujet de la situation generale des Israelites en Hongrie, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
a> Pro Memoria, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 c)- ICRC Archives.
71 Note to Coordination Commission, 1 Dec. 1941, signed by Lossier, G. 59/8/65 (G. 4 7) - ICRC Archives.
!:E Ibid.
~ In French taches enormes.
:D Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 5 Dec. 1941, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
:I Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 19 Dec. 1941, proces-verbaux - ICRC Arcb.ives.
~ Letter from IRC Joint Relief Commission to President of the Hungarian Red Cross, signed Burckhardt and de Rouge, 12 Jan. 1942- Mixt. 12 JFUys, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
33 Ibid.
31 The work of the ICRC for Civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., pp. 10-15.
3> Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi concentration camp in SW Poland. In 1943 gas chambers and crematoria were built in Birkenau (Auschwitz II). The transportees were brought directly, without being registered, from the trains to the gas chambers.
35 Before describing its activities, however, I should like to raise a point concerning my sources for this chapter. In the ICRC archives, I had access to all dossiers relating specifically to activities in connection with the Jews in Hungary, but only to these. It is only through the archives of the WJC and through published ICRC sources that I could get a general account of the relations between the two organizations. For the sake of objectivity, however, I nevertheless asked the ICRC's historical research staff to provide me with the background information which I required in order to tackle the subject.
:II Letter from Riegner to Schwarzenberg, 21 March 1940 concerning inmates of Theresienstadt: - J. Edelstein - 0. Zucker from Prag, - M. Friedman - R. Stricker from Vienna, 18 Dec. 1942- WJC Archives.
:E Riegner and Lichtheim to Bernardini with enclosed memorandum, 18 March 1942-WJC Archives.
:B Ibid.
4> Ibid. 433
4l Guggenheim's affidavit given to Squire, 29 Oct. 1942- WJC Archives.
4l Strictly confidential letter from Squire to Harrison, 9 Nov. 1942, with an enclosed memorandum, also marked 'strictly confidential', 'Interview with Dr Carl J.D. Burckhardt, 11:30 am, November 7, 1942, re: Jewish persecutions', 9 Nov. 1942- WJC Archives .
.t3 Ibid.
41 Note from ICRC to delegation in Berlin, 24 Sept. 1942, already quoted in chapter III.
45 Minutes of conversation with Burckhardt and Ferriere, signed by Riegner, 17 Nov. 1942- WJC Archives .
.£ Letter Easterman to Huber, 6 Jan. 1943, received ICRC 10 Feb. 1943, G. 3/3 b (G. 59/5/65- G. 59)- ICRC Archives. tfl Letter Barbey to Easterman, 10 March 1943, G. 3/36 (G. 59/5/65) - ICRC Archives.
48 Information transmitted on 16 July 1985 by the ICRC's historical research staff.
41 Minutes of the Coordination Commission meeting, 29 July 1942, proces-uerbaux - ICRC Archives. ro Report to Barbey concerning a possible mission to Budapest by Schwarzenberg, 24 July 1942, G. 3/48 e (G. 171118)- ICRC Archives.
1i Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 26 Aug. 1942, proces-uerbaux- ICRC Archives.
B2 Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 21 Sept. 1942, proces-uerbaux• ICRC Archives.
53 Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 25 Jan. 1943, proces-uerbaux - ICRC Archives.
5i Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 4 Feb. 1943 proces-uerbaux - ICRC Archives. ffi Note 349 from Jean Courvoisier, ICRC delegate in Ankara, to ICRC and The International Migration Service, received ICRC 18 June 1942 with a report in an annex from Barlas of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, dated 30 May 1942, G. 69/65 (G. 3/40 a) - ICRC Archives. ffi Minutes of Coordination Commission meeting, 10 March 1943, proces-uerbaux - ICRC Archives. At the time, the WJC was also discussing questions regarding emigration with the ICRC. 434
fJl Note Schwarzenberg to Chapuisat, 24 April1943, G. 3/48 c (G. 69/65)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Ibid.
f9 For an overall report on the mission, see 'Mission du Comite International de la Croix-Rouge dans les pays danubiens', RICR, July 1943, pp. 530-6.
ffl Minutes of PIC Commission meeting, 27 May 1943, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
El Minutes of Bureau meeting, 7 July 1943, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
ffi RICR, July 1943, art. cit., pp. 530-6.
63 Report by de Traz to the heads of ICRC technical services about his journey through south-eastern Europe, 8 July 1943, G. 3/48 c- ICRC Archives.
61 Within the framework of the international solidarity activities carried out by the national Red Cross society in national disasters, the Spanish Red Cross was one of the societies which assisted the victims of Japan.
ffi Minutes of Bureau meeting, 7 July 1943, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
ffi ICRC activities during the Second World War, doc. cit., vol. III, p. 559.
ffl Ibid., vol I, pp. 77-8. About Kallay's Jewish Policy see RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 228.
CHAPTERV
1 'Mission du Comite International dans les pays danubiens', RICR, July 1943, pp. 530-6.
2 Letter from Jaeger to Pilet-Crt>laz, 9 Nov. 1943, E 2001 (D) 1968/74114- FAB.
3 Ibid.
4 ' ... we wish to inform you that the American Joint Distribution Committee is a purely philanthropic organization, interested in the relief of human suffering in all parts of Europe, and particularly in the case of refugees in the various countries. The correspondence, which Mr Saly Mayer as our representative will have with the different countries, will deal exclusively with problems of reliM and emigration of refugees .. .' Letter AJDC to Swiss Crt>vt, Justice and Police Dept, 30 May 1940, E 2001 (D) 1968/74112- FAB.
5 Minutes of a confidential discussion, signed by Schwarzenberg, 22 Oct. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives. 435
6 Ibid.
7 This category of victims included all foreign 'civilians internees' including foreign Jews.
8 General instructions to de Bavier, 20 Oct. 1943, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
9 Note 5 de Bavier to ICRC, 13 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
10 Note 20 de Traz to de Bavier, 3 Dec. 1943, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives. ll Note 12 Schwarzenberg to de Bavier, 19 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 5917/65- G. 59/2/65) - ICRC Archives.
12 Note 6 de Bavier to ICRC, 13 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
13 Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 25 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
14 La situation generate des Israelites, ICRC Archives.
15 Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 25 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
16 Note 12 de Bavier to ICRC, 3 Dec. 1943, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
17 Note 38 Schwarzenberg to de Bavier, 30 Dec. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
18 Note 5 de Bavier to ICRC, 13 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
19 Report from de Bavier on the activity of the delegation in Hungary Nov. 1943- May 1944, 2 June 1944, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
ID Note 8 de Bavier to Cheneviere, 29 Nov. 1943, G. 3/48 e (G. 17/40) - ICRC Archives.
21 Report from de Bavier on the activity of the delegation in Hungary Nov. 1943- May 1944,2 June 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
22 The reason for Kallay's refusal to agree to the German authorities' demand was the fear that removing the Jews from Hungary would cause the already shaky economy to break down completely.
23 Deputy of the Smallholders Party who was executed by the Hungarian Nazis in Winter of1944. About Kallay Jewish policy see also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 228 ff. 'Kallay was an advocate of the "civilized" form of anti-semitism, which aimed mostly at the gradual elimination of the Jews from the country's economic, social and cultural spheres ... He refused the major demands of the Nazis ... He opposed the Nazi-style solution of the Jewish question in Hungary .. .' 436
21 About Margrit Schlachta, see RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1030.
25 Rothkirchen, Hanhagat Yehudey Hungaria .
~ About this meeting and Horthy's attitude to the Jews in Hungary, see also 'In April 1943 Horthy visited Hitler in the Klessheim Palace near Salzburg. In his conversation with Horthy the Fuhrer indicated that the Polish Jews who refused to work had been shot. German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop added that the Jews should be shot or, alternatively, put in concentration camps. Mter his return to Budapest, the Regent felt obliged to explain and excuse the moderation of his government in its treatment of the Hungarian Jews. The draft of his letter to Hitler on May 7, 1943, explicitly contains the word "extermination". It was deleted from the final text of the letter.' Horthy, The Confidential Papers of Admiral Horthy, 'The Regent chose to emphasize once more that he had been the first European politician to complain of "the negative attitude of the Jews".' Horthy, Memoirs. §'ee also: 'In the second conversation with Horthy on April17, 1943, Ribbentrop answered first, then Horthy asked what should be done with the Jews. According to the Foreign Minister the Jews should either be exterminated or put in concentration camps. Hitler then explained his policies in the clearest possible way: 'The Jews are parasites. In Poland one took care of these matters in the most "systematic" way. If the Jews there did not want to work, they were shot. If they could not work, they had to perish (Wenn die Juden dort nicht arbeiten wollten, wurden sie erschossen. Wenn sie nicht arbeiten konnten, miissen sie verkommen). They had to be handled like tuberculosis bacilli, which could contaminate a healthy body. This was not cruel if one took into account that even innocent creatures like deer had to be killed to avoid being causing damage. Why should one show greater leniency to those beasts which brought us Bolshevism.' Erez, Yad Vashem Studies, XVI (1984); Andreas Hillgruber, Staatsmnner und Diplomaten bei Hitler, Teil 2, Frankfurt, 1970, pp. 256 ff. See also : RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 391; Friedlander, Yad Vashem Studies, XVI, (1984). p. 47, n. 124; Broszat, Yad Vashem Studies XIII, (1979); Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem, pp. 132-4.
'2l Col. Veesenmayer visited Hungary in April to report on the general situation and in December 1943 to report exclusively on the Jews. After the occupation of Hungary, Hitler appointed Veesenmayer as Plenipotentiary to Hungary with special powers to carry out anti-jewish measures. Secret report by Veesenmj:lyer on conditions prevailing in Hungary Geheime Reichsache, 30 April 1943 - AA Bonn. Note Veesenmayer to Steengracht, 14 Dec. 1943- AA Bonn.
!B Note 56 de Bavier to ICRC, 18 Feb. 1944, received ICRC 14 March 1944. G. 59/2165 (G. 68- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
2:1 'Die humanitare Ti:i.tigkeit des lnternationalen Rotes Kreuzes tragt zur ErhOhung des Ansehens, dass unser Land geniesst .. .' Letter Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz, 24 Feb. 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968174/6-FAB.
ID Minutes of PIC Commission meeting, 17 March 1944, proces-verbaux- ICRC Archives. a Minutes of PIC Commission meeting, 24 March 1944, point 6 of12 points carried over from the preceding meeting and added to 9 points on the agenda, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives. 437
32 Minutes of PIC Commission meeting, 24 March 1944, point 8 on the agenda, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
33 RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 369; Hausner, Justice in Jerusalem.
31 RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 400-07. See also Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz 23 and 27 March 1944, E 2300 Budapest 4-6 - F AB.
:D Telegram Riegner to Wise, 23 March 1944, annexed to a letter Riegner to Squire, same date- WJC Archives.
33 Letter Riegner to Squ~re, 23 March 1944-WJC Archives.
'31 Circular letter from the British section of the WJC, signed Barou and Easterman, marked 'strictly private and confidential - for personal information only'- to members of the National Council, 24 March 1944- WJC Archives.
ffi Intergovernmental Committee - one of its representatives was Georges Kullmann, who was a representative of the War Refugee Board.
:B Letter from Schwarzenberg to Reagan, 27 March 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65)• ICRC Archives.
4> Following the approaches made by the ICRC delegation in London in Dec. 1943, the WRB had asked the American Legation in Berne to inform the ICRC that the Joint had been granted a license by the Treasury Dept, authorizing transmission to ICRC of the equivalent in Swiss francs of $100,000 to carry out a relief programme in Croatia, Slovakia, Rumania and Hungary. Information taken from letter Reagan to Huber, 11 Feb.1944, received ICRC 15 Feb., G. 85 (G. 59/2/65- G. 59n/65- G. 59/4/65)- ICRC Archives. Schwarzenberg's letter 27 March 1944 was a reply to the document referred to above, G. 85 (G. 59/2)- ICRC Archives.
41. Letter Schwarzenberg to Reagan, 27 March 1943, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
~ Report from de Bavier on the activity of the delegation in Hungary Nov. 1943- May 1944, 2 June 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
43 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
45 Minutes of Delegations Commission meeting, 1 Feb. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives .
.f) Minutes of Delegations Commission meeting, 20 March 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
If/ Letter Burckhardt to de Bavier, 24 March 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives. The letter was actually written by Cheneviere. 438
48 Telegram 52 de Bavier to FPD, Budapest, 27 March 1944, 2021, received FPD 28 March 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968/74/6- FAB. I did not find this telegram among the ICRC archives documents at my disposal.
~ Letter Pictet to de Bavier, 30 March 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
ID Ibid.
1i Huber himself declared in a speech he gave at Zurich University, in Jan. 1944: 'Das IKRK ergreift selbst die Initiative, um gegen Verletzungen des Rechts zum Nachteil der seiner Fursorge anvertrauten Menschen einzuschreiten. Nicht nur klagen, die ihm von aussen zukommen konnen, wenn sie hinreichend begrundet erscheinen, dazu Anlass geben, sondern vor allem auch die Beobachtungen seiner eigenen Delegierten. Wo ein einstlicher Ubelstand zu bestehen scheint, versucht das Komitee, diesem immer abzuhelfen, durch einen Schritt an der Stelle und in der Form die am ehesten ein positives Ergebnis erwarten lassen'. 'Das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, seine Aufgabe, seine Schwierigkeiten und Moglichkeiten', speech given by Huber on 24 Jan. 1944, Kultur• und Staatswissenschaftliche Schriften, Heft 42, Zurich 1944. As for Burckhardt, in Aug. 1943 he wrote: 'ICRC's charitable activities should not be limited by any legal standard. The scope of its interventions must not be limited by any exact rule, for it should be able, depending on the course of events, to fly at once to bring aid to the unfortunate ones, similarly to a firemen's brigade, disciplined, precise in its movements, looking the realities in the face ... remembering that a single imprudence, a single clumsy gesture might jeopardize the whole operation.' Burckhardt, 'Activities of the International Committee during the War', RICR Aug. 1943, the article was dedicated to ICRC's efforts to set up the organizational framework for bringing material assistance in a world at war.
1:12 Message Pictet to de Bavier, via FPD, 6 April1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
53 Note Pilloud to Swiss Consul General in Munich, 5 Aug. 1944, G. 85 - ICRC Archives.
51 Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, p. 567.
ffi Telegram Delegations Division to de Bavier, 4 May 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
ffi Message from WRB transmitted to ICRC by USA Legation in Berne, 29 March 1944, received ICRC 3 April1944, No. 2899, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85- G. 59nt65)- ICRC Archives.
51 Letter from Huber to Harrison, 12 April 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85) - ICRC Archives. In my opinion, Huber was still at pains not to give the Germans cause to accuse him of interference in a state's internal affairs, and furthermore he adhered strictly to the principle of neutrality at any price and under any circumstances. Another important aspect of the letter is the style in which it was written, involving a sort of code found in many ICRC letters and used, among other things, for referring to 439 the Jews. General terms such as 'certain categories within the population' were employed to mean simply the Jews, a phrase like 'specific protection' was used to mean protection of the Jews. ffi Note 99 de Bavier to ICRC, 15 April1944, received ICRC 3 May 1944, (before the deportations to Auschwitz began), G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
1B Ibid. m Note 103 de Bavier to ICRC, 22 April1944, 'Israelites sans nationalites- lois antisemites', received ICRC 8 May 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65- G. 59/5/65)- ICRC Archives. In a interview 2 July 1985, Riegner declared that none of these reports up to 20 Sept. 1944 were brought to his knowledge. a Gonda, Meah Shana, pp. 214-30.
62 Telegram Pilloud to Schmidlin in Zagreb, 31 May 1944, G. 17/151 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives. ffi Communication of 16 May 1944, M 129, from Budapest Delegation to ICRC, G. 3/48 e (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
6l See next section, 'Final testimony of de Bavier'.
ffi Minutes signed Noyer, dated 23 June 1944: 'Information on the situation in Hungary provided by Mr de Bavier at a working meeting at the beginning of May'. G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
ffi Express letter from Siordet to de Bavier, 8 June 1944, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
ffl In an interview 2 July 1985 with the author, Riegner stated that he did not receive any reports until late Sept. 1944. The reports about anti-Jewish laws which were published in the press were known to him.
(B De Bavier's Note 11 to ICRC dated 11 May 1944 and Notes from de Bavier, 4387 and 4388, with, in annex, two reports from Polgar: 'The situation of Jewish children' and 'Anti-Semitic laws', 23 May 1944, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
m The accuracy of these disclosures is confirmed by Friedrich Born: 'Mit der Befreiung-Besetzung Ungarns durch Deutschland wurden sofort die sogenannten Niirembergbestimmungen in Kraft erkliirt, deren Durchfiihrung mit beispielsloser Harte begonnen wurde.' Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, German version, p. 2, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
'iO Schwarzenberg's manuscript attached to the documents mentioned in previous footnote, G. 59/2165 - ICRC Archives.
71 Letters Schwarzenberg to Kullmann and McClelland, 31 May 1944, G. 59/2165 (G. 85 - G. 59/8/65)- ICRC Archives. 440
72 In-house note signed de Bavier, 10 May 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
7J Confidential in-house note signed de Bavier, 30 May 1944, G. 59/8/65- ICRC Archives.
71 Annex to in-house note signed de Bavier, 30 May 1944, G. 59/8/65 - ICRC Archives.
'i5 RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 538-9.
'il> Telegram from Veesenmayer to the German Foreign Office concerning the confinement of Hungarian Jews in ghettos and preparations for deportation to Auschwitz of3,000 Jews daily, 23 April1944, Inland II, AA Bonn.
7l See Annex 8.
'i8 'Obseques de Max Huber', by Max Petitpierre, RICR, fv. 1960, pp. 60-1.
'i9 Favez, 'La ferveur du patriote et la volonte d'etre un bon citoyen du monde, Du bon usage de la neutralite', Gesellschaft und Gesellschaften, Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Professor Dr Ulrich Imhof, Historisches Institut der Universitaet von Berne, Wyss Verlag, Berne 1982, p. 515.
ffi Ibid., p. 516.
a In the original version Caritas.
& Vogelsanger, Max Huber, pp. 173-4.
83 Siordet, Inter Arma Caritas, p. 75.
81 Interview with Pictet on 12 March 1981. A few years before this interview, Pictet met Mrs Corinna Coulmas. Below are excerpts of his statements in the original French: 'Question de Mme Corinna Coulmas: "Je sais qu'a un moment donne, le CICR etait lui-meme partage sur la question de l'opportunite d'une protestation. II existait meme un projet de resolution qui n'a finalement pas ete votee .... " ' 'Reponse de Pictet: "C'est exact. Je l'ai redige moi-meme avec le President Max Huber. J'etais son plus proche collaborateur et nous avons fait cet appel. La-dessus il y a eu d'enormes discussions et finalement le Comite ne l'a pas envoye de crainte justement de se faire fermer laporte par les Allemands. J'ai un peu regrette qu'on ne l'ait pas fait- si je l'ai redige, c'est que je pensais qu'on pouvait le faire .... Et quand je l'ai relu apres trente ans, je l'ai trouve tres faible. Mais a cette epoque j'avais au contraire !'impression que c'etait une veritable bombe, que c'etait un acte tres courageux, un appel tres ferme .... Maintenant, avec le recul, je me dis qu'un papier pareil n'aurait absolument servi a rien."'
8> Information to the author by a letter from Dr Graf, Swiss Federal Archives, dated 17 February 1983 and based on handwritten notes by Etter. 441 ffi Riegner Interview with Mark Dworzecki, 13 July 1972 - WJC Archives. frl Laqueur, The Terrible Secret, pp. 62-3. ffi Concerning ICRC and Switzerland, see Bonjour, Histoire de la neutralite suisse, vol. VI, p. 145: 'Dans les questions relatives ala conduite de laguerre et au traitement des prisonniers, l'Allemagne preferait le truchement du Comite International de la Croix-Rouge a celui de la puissance protectrice pour traiter avec la partie adverse. 'Son gouvernement obeissait probablement a des considerations de prestige en donnant la preference a la voie non politique. 'La Suisse - elle - ne se preoccupait que du but a atteindre.... Aussi saluait• elle tout ce qui etait tente pour empecher que la guerre ne respecte du moins les principes reconnus du droit des gens et les dispositions de la Convention de Geneve. Les lauriers dont se couvre le Comite International de la Croix-Rouge ornent aussi la tete de notre Helvetie .... 'Je le dis seulement parce que je constate chez nos collaborateurs du service des interets etrangers une animosite injustifiee a l'egard du Comite International de la Croix-Rouge et je dois intervenir souvent pour que ces gens ne considerent pas !'institution de Geneve comme une entreprise concurrente.' Extract from a letter from Frolicher to Pilet-Golaz, Berlin, 3 June 1944, quoted by Bonjour. op. cit.
CHAPTER VI
1 In-house note concerning ICRC delegation in Budapest, signed by Hans Bachmann, 30 March 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
2 Born's contract of employment, dossier personnel, no file number - ICRC Archives.
3 In-house note, signed by Schwarzenberg, 1 May 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives.
4 In-house note signed by Kuhne, 10 May 1944, stating that Born had been in contact with the Swiss Committee for Aid to the Jews of Hungary, whose President was Michael Banyai and which intended as a precautionary measure, to correspond with the ICRC in Hungary only under the pseudonym of Benedic. This organization had asked Born to report on the possibilities of supplying relief goods to Hungary, G. 59/2165 - ICRC Archives.
5 Letter Mayer to ICRC, 4 May 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
6 Note 162, re: instructions to Born, 22 May 1944, signed Siordet, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
7 Letter Harrison to Pilet-Golaz, 2 Feb. 1944, with an enclosed Aide-memoire to Huber, 29 Jan. 1944, explaining the establishment of the United States War Refugee Board- E 2001 (D) 1968/74113- FAB. 'The Aide-Memoire which I am presenting is based on telegraphic instructions which I have received from Mr Hull directing me to approach the Government to which I am accredited with a view to explaining the 442
policy expressed in an Executive Order issued by President Roosevelt on January 22 concerning rescue and relief of victims of persecution. You will observe that it requests indications as to the extent to which the Swiss Government (and other Governments) may be prepared to cooperate in the proposed relief undertaking, and that recommendations as to what the Government of the United States can best do to carry out its declared policy of rescue and relief would also be appreciated. 'In this connection I am transmitting for your personal information the text of a first communication addressed by the United States War Refugee Board to the International Committee of the Red Cross, as incorporated in a letter which I addressed to Dr Huber on January 29. 'I feel sure that this initiative of President Roosevelt will have your sympathetic consideration in view of the gravity of the situation of so many unfortunate Jews and others among the oppressed minorities, and I await with much interest and appreciation your hoped-for reply.'
8 Letter Harrison to Pilet-Golaz, 2 May 1944-E 2001 (D) 1968/74/13- FAB.
9 Letter Harrison to Huber, 2 May 1944- E 2001 (D) 1968/74113- FAB.
10 Letter Huber to Harrison, 12 May 1944, to be passed on to the WRB. Letter drafted by Schwarzenberg and Cheneviere, G. 59/7/65 (G. 59/4/65)- ICRC Archives.
11 Minutes of meeting No. 34, 22 May 1944, between de Haller, Pictet and Schwarzenberg, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
12 Minutes of meeting No. 36, 5 June 1944, between de Haller, Revillod, Gallopin, de Graffenried, and Pictet, Point 6 on the Agenda, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
13 Letter Banyai to Schwarzenberg, 2 May 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives.
14 Letter Banyai to Huber, 19 May 1944, received ICRC 1 June 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives.
15 Letter McClelland to Riegner, 15 May 1944, communicating Kubowitzki's message - WJC Archives. 'Receipt is acknowledged of your communication of April 18, which was transmitted through the Legation of the United States... 'We have accepted the policy that the Hungarian population hide and safeguard Jews ... 'We call your attention to the important duties that may be performed by Intercroixrouge respecting Hungarian Jews in camps. We trust that the Government of Hungary may be induced to consider the following matters: the consideration of these Jews as civilian internees, permission for the Intercross to visit these camps, and dispatches of food parcels to inmates. We urgently expect a detailed report on this subject.' Letter Riegner to Kubowitzki via McClelland, 16 May 194J- WJC Archives. 'I shall take up the matter referred to as requested with the IRC and shall communicate to you answer in due time'.
16 Confidential letter de Haller to Huber, 6 June 1944, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives. 443
17 Note 5046 Born, 26 May 1944, to ICRC with, in annex, an unsigned report, received ICRC 14 June 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65- G. 59/8/65)- ICRC Archives.
18 The conclusion of the unsigned report annexed to Born's note stated that if this policy continued for another 2-3 months, nearly all of Hungary's Jewry would have disapeared by summer. In my opinion, sending such a report constituted a warning cry to Born's way of thinking.
19 Note 4656 Schwarzenberg toN. Burckhardt, 26 June 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/8/65 - G. 3/3 b)- ICRC Archives. a> Note 177 Schwarzenberg to Born, 14 June 1944, G. 59/5, G. 3/48 c- ICRC Archives. a Letter Born to Huber, 10 June 1944, received ICRC, 26 June 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
22 Note Schwarzenberg to Gallopin, 26 June 1944, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
23 Note 187 Pictet to Born, 29 June 1944, in reply to the latter's letter to Huber, 10 June 1944, G. 59/3/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
2! Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
25 Ibid., French version, pp. 26-7. a> Telegram 162 Veesenmayer to Ritter relaying SS report of 6 May 1944- Pol. IV 1301 - AA Bonn.
Zl Letter Fontana to Masson, 20/6/1944, E 2300 Budapest/4/6- FAB.
~ Circular note from the British WJC section to the members of National Council, signed Easterman and Barou, 21 July 1944-WJC Archives.
2J Kulka, Yad Vashem Fourth Historical Conference January 1980, (1984) pp. 401- 16. See also Gilbert, Yad Vashem Fourth Historical Conference January 1980, pp. 417- 73; Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies, pp. 192-8; RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 708- 09. RLB also mentions the first escapee Siegfried Lederer (Kulka's source) whose mission was to alert the Jews in the Theresienstadt ghetto and the ICRC in Geneva. About Lederer, see also Kulka, Escape from Auschwitz.
::0 Vrba and Bestic, Ich kann nicht vergeben, pp. 284-85.
a Kulka, Escape from Auschwitz.
m Riegner remarks that the Auschwitz reports were received about a week earlier by the Czeckoslovak Minister in Geneva, Dr Kopecky, to whom they were brought by the Czeckoslovak underground.
33 RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p.1077. 444
31 Number of persons deported: Subkarpathien Munkeacs 35,000 Ungvar 12,000 Beregszasz 9,000 N agyszollos 8,000 Huszt 12,000 Maramarossziget 12,000 Felsoviso 35,000 Tecso 8,000 Aknaszlatina 3,500 Iza 3,000 106,000
Transy luan ia Nagybanya 14,000 Beszterce 8,000 Kolozvar 18,000 Marosvasarhely 6,000 Nagyvarad 25,000 Des 6,000 Szilagysomlyo 8,000 Szaszregen 6,000 Sepsiszentgyorgy 3,000 94,000
Upper Hungary Kassa 15,000 Satoraljaujhely Sarospatak 15,000 Gyongyos 5,000 35,000
Upper Tisza area Nyiregyhaza 18,000 Kisvarda 12,000 Mateszalka 12,000 Szatmarnemeti 25,000 Nagykaroly 8,000 75,000
Southern Hungary Nagykanizsa 7,000 Baja 8,000 Bares 2,000 Bacstopolya 5,000 Ujvidek, Szabadka, Zenta, Zombor, Muraki:iz 3,000 ...2fi.QOO Total: 335,000 Jews
From 15 May to 10 June a total of 335,000 Jews were deported from Hungary.
35 Confidential in-house note signed by de Haller, 1 July 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968/74114 -FAB. 445 a> According to RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 712, Mantello had formally been known as Gyoray Mandel or Mandie, a Hungarian Jew who arrived in Switzerland in December 1941. He managed to obtain the position of First Secretary to the Consulate General of San-Salvador in Geneva. His major achievement, together with Posner, was to contact Krauss in Budapest via Florian Manoliou, a member of the Rumanian Legation in Berne. It was through him that Krauss sent the report of19 June with the abbreviated Auschwitz protocol. The material was distributed to leading Swiss clergymen, political and academic figures and journalists. One of them was Walter Garret, the Zurich representative of the London Exchange, Telegraph company.
1Jl Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary as it appears from diverse information which has reached the International Committee of the Red-Cross, M. 965, Nov. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues'. This note, intended for the general information of the ICRC delegates throughout the world, bears the following observation: 'The International Committee of the Red Cross naturally declines all responsibility for the accuracy of this information.' No file number- ICRC Archives.
:E Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version pp. 25-6, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
3} RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 724, 743, 751. See also Erez, Yad Vashem Studies, XVI (1984), p. 190 footnote 27; Bauer, Hashoah, p. 175.
4> Concerning the press campaign in Switzerland in this period, see RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp.1078-120 and n. 76, p. 1129. See also next section.
41. See 'Le Saint Siege et les victimes de la guerre janvier 1944 - juillet 1945', Actes et Documents du Saint Siege relatifs la Seconde guerre mondiale, vol. 10.
4a Yahil, Yad Vashem Studies, XV (1983), pp. 25-6. The Auschwitz Report reached the Swedish government a few days before .
.C RLB, The Politics of Genocide, pp. 714,1067.
44 USA Legation to FPD, 29 June 1944, E 2001 (D) 31172- FAB.
4'i The problem of emigration would constitute a special research project.
43 Telegram 1826, Veesenmayer to German Foreign Office, 29 June 1944, Inland II D-AABonn.
if/ In German, Bereinigung der Judenfrage.
43 In German, Akutes Stadium .
.tS According to RLB, it is almost universally assumed that Horthy's decision to halt the deportations was made in response both to the worsening military situation and the approaches made by various foreign statesmen, governments and church leaders, they in turn being motivated to no small extent by the Auschwitz protocols. 446
Horthy himself was presumably also influenced by the protocols, which his son had shown to him in the second half of June. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 718.
ID Note de Bavier to ICRC, 18 March 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
1i Letter Huber to de Simon, 2 June 1944, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
B2 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 48, - ICRC Archives. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 810, n. 15, from Vadirat, 3: 186-8. According to RLB, on 20 June 1944, the Hungarian Red Cross requested Prime Minister Sztojay's permission to set up refreshement and first-aid stations at the major railway junctions along the deportation routes. A statement by Under-Secretary Endre Baky on the subject now seems tragically ironic: he considered that the transfer to the camps and places of resettlement should take place under humane conditions in accordance with the Christian spirit. According to a letter signed by de Simon, he considered that the Jewish Association in Hungary did not have sufficient means to set up the necessary facilities. It was felt that the ICRC might one day call into question whether the Hungarian Red Cross had done everything possible to help the suffering human beings in obvious need of help at that time ... By the time, the Prime Minister's Office forwarded the request to the Foreign Ministry on 14 July, the deportations of the provincial Jews had already been completed.
53 Letter de Simon to Huber, 31 July 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
51 Note Born to ICRC, 5 Aug. 1944, received ICRC, 21 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
CHAPTER VII
1 I did not find any document in the ICRC files at my disposal clearly indicating when and by whom the Auschwitz report was received at the ICRC, and by whom it was sent.
2 Re the relations between the Christian Churches during the Second World War, and the special relations between the WJC and the WCC in Geneva, in the Hungarian Jewry rescue efforts, andre the personality of Pastor Visser t'Hooft, see Riegner, A Warning to the World, pp. 5-6. 'I have spoken enough about the cooperation with the WCC which continued throughout the war years and which became especially close again during the summer of1944, when the process of mass deportation and extermination reached the Jews of Hungary. The Ecumenical Commission on Refugees issued a solemn and public protest against the deportation of 400,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz, another public appeal was signed by Visser t'Hooft, Karl Barth, Emil Brunner and others, and, on the suggestion of WJC, the Archbishop of Canterbury wrote to the British Prime Minister and addressed an open radio appeal to the Hungarian people which he concluded with the following words: "I beg you to do your utmost, even taking great risks in order to save some, if you can. For the honour of our common Christianity I implore you to do your utmost."' 447
Riegner urged the WCC to transmit the information about the annihilation of the Jews to the authorities in Switzerland and use their influence to change the inhuman relations.
3 Letter Barth, Brunner, Visser t'Hooft and Vogt to ICRC, 4 July 1944, G. 59/2165 - ICRC Archives. See also Note signed by de Haller, V7/44, E 2001 (D) 1968174114- FAB; RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1078. 'The credibility of the Krauss material was enhanced by its distribution with a covering letter, dated 4 July 1944, signed by well-known Swiss academics and theologians.'
4 Letter World Council of Churches (in formation) to Huber, 26 June 1944, G. 59/2165 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
5 Letter Koechlin to Pilet-Golaz 26/6/44, E 2001 (D)1968174114- F AB
6 As an example of this standpoint in the public sphere, one of the many pertinent articles in the Swiss press of the period was 'Kanton Zurich - Ein Protest', Volksrecht (ZUrich), 10 July 1944. The article contained a summary of a message of the WCC of the Canton of Zurich which was read from pulpits of the reformed churches on 9 July, relating the monstrous persecution of the Jews in Hungary and appealing urgently to the ICRC to do everything possible to rescue the Jews still alive in Hungary. E 2001 (D) 1968/74-14- FAB. See also Auschwitz report, and report about the deportations of Hungarian Jews, published in full in: Soll ich meines Bruders Hater sein Weitere Dokumente zur Juden und Fliichtlingsnot unserer Tage, Zurich 1944, pp. 70-88. See also 'Diese Schrift reisst Tiefen eines Elends vor uns auf, wie es sogar fur unsere schreckensgewohnte Zeit kaum glaublich ist. Selbst wer durch das funfjahrige Kriegsgeschehen abgestumpft ist, wird sich dem erschutternden Eindruck dieser Schilderungen nicht entziehen konnen. In Dokumenten unsagbaren Leidens und in ergreifender Verkundigung von berufenen Christen werden wir hier aufs eindringlichste vor die Frage gestellt, ob wir an dieser Not gleichgultig vorubergehen konnen. Alle hier veroffentlichten Dinge sind authentische Tatsachenberichte und sollen, in Verbindung mit den biblischen Zeugnissen, helfen die Wahrheit zu verbreiten und der Liebe zu dienen, wie es die Aufgabe ist eines freien, der Humanitaet verpflichteten Landes.' Ibid., 20 July 1944.
7 Minutes of the weekly meeting between de Haller, Huber, Burckhardt, Bachmann and Pictet, 3 July 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
8 Letter Huber to Koechlin, 3 July 1944, drafted by Schwarzenberg, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives. The reader interested in the protests which the ICRC made in vain in various fields during the Second World War may refer to Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, pp. 399-411.
9 Letter Huber to Koechlin, doc. cit., 3 July 1944- ICRC Archives.
10 Note de Haller to Pilet-Golaz, 417/44, E 2001 (D) 1968174114- FAB. ll Re this letter which could not be found either in the archives of the ICRC or in the FAB, see in-house note de Haller to Pilet-Golaz, 1917/44, mentioning the existence of this so-called 'technical letter', E 2001 (D) 1968/74-14- FAB. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1059. His source: Vadirat, 3: 100-2. 448
12 Extract from the minutes of the Bureau meeting, 5 July 1944, proces-verbaux ICRC Archives.
13 Of the hundreds of articles published in the Swiss press, I shall mention only the following: 'Die 'Ariesierung' des ungarischen Kunstbesitzes', Der Bund, No. 295, Bern, 27 June 1944. 'Le sort des Juifs en Hongrie', Gazette de Lausanne, Lausanne, 28 June 1944. 'Les persecutions antisemites en Hongrie', Ibid, 29 June 1944. 'Rundschau Ungarn', Israelitisches Wochenblatt, Zurich, 1 July 1944. 'Gegen die Judenversfolgungen in Ungarn', Der Bund, No. 307, Bern, 4 July 1944. 'Der Schwedische Koenig appeliert an Horthy', Der Bund, No. 308, Bern, 5 July 1944. 'Der Schwedische Konig setzt sich fur die ungarischen Juden ein', Basler Nachrichten, Morgenblatt, Basle, 5 July 1944. 'Les Juifs de Hongrie", Le Genevois, Geneve, 5 July 1944. 'Les persecutions antisemites en Hongrie', Gazette de Lausanne, 5 July 1944. 'Die Deportation der Juden aus Ungarn', Neue Zurcher Zeitung, Zurich, 7 July 1944.
14 1 July 44- Dr Isserland I sous cont. jusqu'au- 117/44 455.ll et Mr Ullmann, 2 July 44 - 1805. On the margin of the document a stamp: Censure Telephonique Geneve - Conversation en allemand. Below: Es haben Abschriften erhalten: Nachrichtensektion Bundesanwaltschaft Politisches Department Handwritten to M. Stucki Abt. P.S.F Signed MIS E2001 (D)1968174-14-FAB.
15 Note Swiss Legation, Stockholm to the FPD, Berne, 6/7/44, received FPD 13 July 1944, E 2001 (D) 3.171-FAB.
16 Cable 229- A 3272 Exp.1217/44, E 2001 (D) 3. 171-FAB.
17 Riegner to McClelland, 5 July 1944 - WJC Archives.
18 Riegner to McClelland, 10 July 1944-WJC Archives.
19 This is not confirmed by any documents in the ICRC archives. However, the minutes of a discussion between Riegner and Schwarzenberg, taken by Kuhne one of Schwarzenberg secretaries, and signed by Schwarzenberg, 27 June 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7)- ICRC Archives provide the following additional information: 'Dr Riegner asked whether the ICRC was able to have its delegates visit concentration camps in Hungary. Riegner added that despite everything, in view of the procrastination and exaggerated caution of the International Red Cross, positive results could hardly be expected from these debates, but he would report any new development immediately. 'Dr Schwarzenberg reminded him that the situation with regard to the Jews in Hungary was particularly delicate, and that we were waiting for our delegation in Budapest to let us know in which areas it thought it could act in favour of the Jews in Hungary.'
a> Riegner to McClelland, 10 July 1944-WJC Archives. 449
21 In-house report 'Juden in Ungarn' (Jews in Hungary), ll/7/44, Begehren des amerikanischen WRB urn Uebernahme von 1.5 Millionen Dollar - zur Finanzierung der Hilfsaktion, E 2001 (D) 3 171 - F AB.
22 Confidential note FPD to Jaeger, unsigned, 27/7/44, E 2001 (D) 1968174114- FAB.
23 ICRC, London Delegation to Rubenstein, WJC, 12 July 1944- WJC Archives.
2i Burckhardt to Rubenstein, 19 July 1944- WJC Archives.
25 Letter from Zollinger to the Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, 14 July 1944, no file number- ICRC Archives. a> Letter from Zollinger to Smertenko, 21 July 1944, no file number - ICRC Archives.
Zl An den hohen Bundesrat from the Studentenschaft der Universitat Zurich, Schweizerische Lebensrettungs-Gesellschaft, OfTener Brief signed Priv. Doz. Dr med. Rudolf Bucher and Cyril Hegnauer, 1717/44, received by the FPD on 20/7/44, E 2001 (D) 3/172- FAB. See annex 3, in German version.
::£ Personal letter Huber to Horthy, 5 July 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives. See also: The work of the ICRC for civilian detainees in German concentration camps from 1939 to 1945, doc. cit., p. 52.
2) Telephone call from Burckhardt, 6 July 1944, 11:45, 'Jews from Hungary', E 2001 (D) 1968174/14- FAB.
3) In this letter Pilet-Golaz thanks Jaeger for the report from Auschwitz received on 28 June 1944. The concentration camps of Auschwitz-Birkenau in Upper Silesia are mentioned explicitly. In his letter of 5 July to Horthy, Huber merely wrote 'the events in Upper Silesia'. Confidential letter Pilet-Golaz to Jaeger, 717/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172-FAB. a Confidential letter Pilet-Golaz to Jaeger, 717/44, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB.
32 This refers to a note from Born to the ICRC on 27 June 1944 showing that he had organizational talent and an intense desire to aid the Jews. He informed the ICRC that fresh deportations threatened about 400,000 people, and that ghettos were being created. He requested a large sum of money for the necessary activities, and suggested that funds should be held ready in a special account.
:B Message Pilloud to de Haller, 7 July 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives. See also E 2001 (D) 1968174/6- FAB.
31 Confidential telephone call from de Haller's office to ICRC, 7 July 1944 at llh.40, G. 85 - ICRC Archives.
35 Cable 216, 817/44, FPD to Swiss Legation, Budapest, E 2001 (D) 1968/74/14-FAB. 450
33 Note Frolicher, Swiss Legation in Berlin to Pilet-Golaz, 12/7/44, E 2001 (D) 1968174/14 - FAB. See also Minutes of telephone conversation between the Berlin delegation and Pilloud, ICRC, 10 July 1944- ICRC Archives.
'& Ibid.
ffi Telegram Schirmer to Mettler, G. 3/26 f (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
::B Minutes of telephone conversation between de Tahy and Burckhardt 24 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives .
.f) I did not find in the ICRC files the exact date of submitting Huber's letter and if Schirmer personally met Horthy. According to Braham, Schirmer arrived in Budapest shortly thereafter, and on 21 July he met with Sztojay. Schirmer spelled out the requests earlier submitted by Huber, suggesting that he be allowed to visit some Yellow-Star houses; that the 'shipment of Jews for labour abroad' cease and the Jews be concentrated in ghettos similar to the one in Theresienstadt (which an IRC delegation had visited and approved on 23 June); opportunity to investigate the fate of the British and American pilots shot down over Hungary. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1057 ff.
41. Minutes of Bureau meeting, 12 July 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
~ Riegner confirmed to me that Huber was informed of the approach by the King of Sweden.
43 Note de Haller to Pilet-Golaz, 1917/44, E 2001 (D) 1968/74/14- FAB.
41 Minutes of the meeting between de Tahy and Burckhardt 18 July 1944, proces• verbaux - ICRC Archives.
45 For an even more detailed publication, according to Braham, various notes have been sent before 18 .Tuly 1944 to Hungarian Legations in Axis and neutral countries with copies of Sztojay's June 27 note to Veesenmayer. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 767.
43 Visit by the Tahy to Burckhardt, 18 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/3/65)- ICRC Archives. See also Note de Haller to Pilet-Golaz, 1917/44, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB .
.fl ICRC press release No. 226 of18 July 1944, RICR, August 1944, p. 578.
48 Letter Easterman to Huber, 11 July 1944, transmitted on 13 July by N. Burckhardt, G 3/3 b- ICRC Archives.
4} Confidential note from Riegner to Goldman, 13 July 1944, signed Harrison• WJC Archives. The same information as in the cables through McClelland on 5/7 and 1017/44, mentioned in the previous footnotes.
1D Note Schwarzenberg to the ICRC delegation in Hungary, 20 July 1944, addressed to Born and Schirmer via FPD, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives. 451
1i Minutes of the telephone call dated 31 July 1944, 9:00a.m., between the ICRC and de Haller's office, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
B2 Visit of de Tahy to Burckhardt on 18 July 1944 at 12 o'clock, 'The Jews must be treated better since their illtreatment went against the grain.' G. 59/2165 (G. 85- G. 59/3/65)- ICRC Archives. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 766.
53 ICRC to de Haller, 18 July 1944. The note arrived on 19 July 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968174/14- FAB. It is interesting, that Burckhardt stated that 'the Hungarian authorities responded to the approaches made by the International Committee of the Red Cross.' Nothing was known about any official approaches at the time apart from the decision to address Horthy. (And at that period the letter ofHorthy had not yet been delivered.) I was unable to find a copy of the letter of 7 July 1944 to the Hungarian government. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1059. His source: Vadirat, 3:100-2, mentioning this letter.
5i L'action du Comite International de la Croix-Rouge en Hongrie, Communique de presse No. 226, 18/7/44, no file number- ICRC Archives. See also Address on the rescue attempts by the WJC, delivered by L. Kubowitzki on 26 Nov. 1944 at the War Emergency Conference of the WJC. Kubowitzki summed up the causes and results of the changes in the attitude towards the Jews of Hungary in July 1944, and stated the official position of the WJC on the problem: 'The relaxation of Hungary's anti-Jewish policy was brought about at that time by four interventions: the note from the American government to the Hungarian government; the Swedish King's appeal to Horthy; the representation of the Vatican; and the steps taken by the International Red Cross. 'We urged the American demarche on May 31. We requested a formal note asking for a statement of Hungary's intentions with regard to her Jewish population since all the preparations ... warranted the suspicion that she was scheming their annihilation. The War Refugee Board agreed and, by an unprecedented action, the note was delivered and answered. Hungary declared that she would permit the departure of all Jews who have entry permits to another territory, Palestine included, and that Germany would permit their transit. . .. 'Finally, the action of the ICRC was also to some extent the result of our persistent representations and decisive conferences of our spokesmen in Geneva with Red Cross repre-sentatives. The Committee was informed of the distress felt in certain Jewish circles because of the Committee's failure to speak up publicly on behalf of the Jews. 'On July 18, the Associated Press cabled from Berne, that the Regent had promised the International Red Cross that no more Jews would be transported forcibly out of Hungary. It seems that large-scale deportations were really halted.' Kubowitzki, Rescue IV, doc. cit.
ffi Koeniglich-Ungarisches Aussenministerium an die Legation Budapest, den 1817/44, E 2001 (D) 19681'74-14- FAB.
ffi ' ... mussten die verschiedenen Regierungen Ungarns die Einschrankung des iibergrossen Einflusses dieser artfremden Rasse anstreben, wo doch das ungarlandische Judentum eine weit grossere Gefahr fiir das Ungartum bildet wie z.B. die Neger oder Japaner fiir die weissrassige Bevolkerung der USA.' Ibid. 452
51 About the suspension of the deportations, according to RLB: The Politics of Genocide, pp. 762, 730. a) Horthy mistakenly claimed that the secret information about the extermination camp reached him only in August. Horthy Memoirs; b) Yehuda Bauer, Hashoah, mentions the interventions of Switzerland, the King od Sweden, the Pope, the US government (through the Swiss government), as reasons for Horthy's decision to stop the deportation. He does not mention the intervention of the ICRC. He adds two more reasons: the bombing of Budapest by the Americans (without connection with the fate of the Jews) on 2 July 1944, and the secret cable from the American Legation in Berne to the War Refugees Board, of 24 June (that fell into the hands of the Hungarian Secret Service - or possibly was leaked to them), containing the proposal of Rabbi Weissmandel (who was not mentioned by name) to bomb the railway lines from Hungary through Slovakia. c) See also: 'Horthy's part in the events during the first days of July 1944 cannot be denied. However, in view of the fact that he did succeed i:a protecting the Jews of Budapest from extermination, one cannot help wondering whether, had he acted earlier, he could also have saved the Jews from the provinces.' Erez, Yad Vashem Studies, XVI (1984), pp. 202-03. See also: 'When the news of the deportations became known the world over, the House of Commons in London, the Senate of the United States, President Roosevelt, the King of Sweden, and the Pope raised a protest in order that an end might be put to the persecutions. In the neutral countries, not a single diplomatic emissary of the Sztojay government was recognized, and threats were voiced that the neutral countries would call back their representatives from Budapest.' Horthy, Confidential Papers ofAdmiral Horthy, p. 308 e) See also Veesenmayer hat gegen mein Eingreifen in der Judenfrage bei der Regierung Sztojay protestiert. Ich habe aber meinen Beschluss, den Abtransport der Juden aus Budapest zu verhindern, der Reichsregierung im August in aller Form zur Kenntnis gebracht. Weil die Deutschen den Anschein unserer Souveranitat aufrechterhalten wollten, wurde dann von weiteren Massnahmen Abstand genommen.' Horthy, Ein Leben fur Ungarn, pp. 272-73.
1B Minutes of Bureau meeting, 19 July 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
1'B Talk between de Haller and Jeanmonod of the moderate press in Berne, 21 July 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968174n4- FAB. Despite the importance of the publications in the press that were generally seen as support for the struggle on behalf of the Jews, there were apparently persons in the ICRC who were not happy with this publicity• otherwise it would be difficult to understand an article that appeared in the swiss newspaper Volksrecht, Zurich, 1 August 1944, under the heading: 'What happens to the Jews in Hungary?' Geneva, end of July 1944- An ICRC expert states that the persecution of the Jews roused the whole world to indignation and regret. Especially strong was the reaction in all circles of our thoroughly democratic and freedom-loving people. Soon after the sad events in Hungary became known, the ICRC was flooded with impatient questions, well-meant, but mostly impractical proposals and with, sometimes, unjustified reproaches from all parts of the country. The public expected the Red Cross to solve the Jewish problem, even before the difficult negotiations could begin. One forgets that the Red Cross has to cope with nearly indomitable moral, material and diplomatic difficulties. It is regrettable that many newspapers again and again published news about the persecution of the Jews which in most cases did not hold up under exact and objective examination. Through such often sensational 453 reports the work of the Red Cross delegations will not be furthered, but on the contrary, often obstructed and, as it already happened, even totally prevented. It should be clear that it needs much tact and diplomatic procedure in order to prevail with humanitarian proposals and pleas against ideologies and artificially aroused passions. In no way can certain protests help the persecuted Jews, just the contrary. So - on one hand, intervention by the ICRC but on the other, the old and rigid attitude that protests are useless and, on the contrary, can be harmful. E 2001 (D) 196817417- FAB.
6) Letter Smertenko to Zollinger, 19 July 1944, no file number- ICRC Archives. a The Legation of the Polish Republic in Berne, 2117/44, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB.
& McClelland to Geza Pallai, Berne 22/7/44- NA. According to RLB, Geza Pallai was a close friend of Banyai- a member of the Board of the Transimpex Import, Export and Transit Company of Zurich. Since he was a Hungarian citizen, Pallai was not formally a member of the Committee. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1140, n. 176. ffi Telegram Riegner to Goldman, transmitted through USA Legation in Berne, 24 July 1944-WJC Archives.
& The work of the ICRC for civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., p. 53. ffi Minute of a visit ofMcClelland-Jews ofHungary, 19nt44, E 2001 (D) 1968/74- FAB. ffi Note Schwarzenberg to ICRC delegation in Budapest, 20 July 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives, already quoted in section Huber's letters to Koechlin and Horthy. ffl Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer 11 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 69/65) - ICRC Archives. ffi Note Lombard to Born via the FPD, 21 July 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
(B Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 13 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65)- ICRC Archives.
';{) Note Born to the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Gopy sent to the ICRC with Born's note of 27 July 1944, 27 July 1944, received ICRC 18 Aug. 1944, G. 59t2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
71 Note Born to the same Ministry and on the same date as stated in the preceding footnote. The subject was financial donations from the ICRC for Hungarian Jews. Also sent with Born's note of 27 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 454
72 Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary as it appears from diverse information which has reached the International Committee of the Red Cross, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des delegues', no file number- ICRC Archives.
'n Note Born to the Hungarian Foreign Ministry, 25 July 1944, received ICRC 18 Aug. 1944 with Born's note H No 80, 27 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
74 Report Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz, strictly confidential, 25n/44, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
';5 Honved, in the past a traditional movement, later a popular name of a member of the Hungarian armed forces. 1848-9 revolution all the armed forces were called by that name. In 1867 all the units of the Hungarian defence forces of the state were so named; they had their own command and did not belong to the joint Austro• Hungarian army.
CHAPTER VIII
1 Secretary of State- Washington. 10 Aug. 1944, 10 o'clock. For Pehle, WRB, from Hirschmann, Ankara, No.127, WRB correspondence- NA New York.
2 Gilbert Simond's report 16, 15 Aug. 1944, re: Jewish emigration, received ICRC 13 Sept. 1944, G. 59/5/65 (G. 3/40 a- G. 59/3/65)- ICRC Archives.
3 Secretary of State- Washington. 10 Aug. 1944, 10 o'clock. For Pehle, WRB, from Hirschmann, Ankara, No.127, WRB correspondence- NA New York.
4 Ibid.
5 Report Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz, 8 Aug. 1944, signed P.G., received FPD, 12 Aug. 1944, E 2300 Budapest 4-6-FAB.
6 Annex to letter of Jaeger of3/8/44, Budapest, 8/8/44, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
7 Annex to letter from Jaeger of 7/8/44, Budapest 4/8/44, Betrifft: deutsche SS Truppen, control No. 68, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
8 Annex to letter from Jaeger to FPD, 7/8/44, re: 'The situation on Carpathian front', control No. 70, E 2300 Budapest, 4-6- F AB.
9 Annex to letter from Jaeger, 7/8/44, control No. 72, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
10 Annex to letter from Jaeger, 7/8/44, control No. 74, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
11 Cable 283, Jaeger to FPD, 25/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172-F AB.
12 Cable 285, from Jaeger, 27/8/44, received FPD 29 Aug. 1944, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB. 455
13 Geza Lakatos, b. 30 May 1880 Budapest. Career officer, General, Military Attach in Prague 1936-8. Not charged with any crimes after the liberation of Hungary. D. 29 Jan. 1967 while visiting his family in Sydney, Australia.
14 Note Stucki to de Haller, 4/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB. Transmitted by Press and Broadcasting Department official communication, No. 1311/48/G. 4/8/44, E 2001 (D)3172-FAB.
15 For example: letter by G. Duttweiler, Zurich, to FPD, 5/8/44, received FPD 7/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3172-FAB.
16 Note annexed to note Stucki to de Haller, 4/8/44, dated 18n/44, E 2001 (D) 3172- FAB.
17 Transmitted by the Press and Broadcasting Department No. 1311/48/G., 4/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3172-FAB.
18 Note to de Haller, 16/8/44, about the visit ofKahany, E 2001 (D) 1968/74114-FAB.
19 McClelland to Riegner, 1 Aug. 1944,- WJC Archives. Copy of this message sent to ICRC by McClelland, 4 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85- G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives See also: German Embassy, Budapest, 24 July 1944: 'Obersturmbannfhrer Grell sent a note about Jews of foreign nationality in Hungary, and transport of Jews abroad.'- Pol. Archives, Inland 11/G, No. 209- AA Bonn.
a> Letter Riegner to Schwarzenberg, 3 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives.
21 Note signed by de Traz having been written by Bachmann, 8 Aug. 1944. Note passed on to Born by FPD, G. 85 (G. 59/3/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
22 Message Schwarzenberg to Born via FDP, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
23 Letter Ferriere to Riegner, No. 11/a 42 492, 3 Aug. 1944, G. 59/7/65 - ICRC Archives.
21 Letter 4565 from N. Burckhardt to ICRC, 9 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 3 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 3/3 b- G. 59/5/65- G. 59/2165)- ICRC Archives.
25 Annex to letter Kubowitzki to Zollinger, 2 Aug. 1944, sent on by Zollinger on 3 Aug. received ICRC 31 Aug. 1944, G. 8/47 (G. 59/3/65) - ICRC Archives. The newspaper from which the article was taken is not named.
a> Ibid.
'11 Correspondence of Aug. 1944 between Swiss Committee for Aid to the Jews in Hungary and ICRC, G. 59/2/65 - ICRC Archives.
!B Telegram 248 Schirmer to ICRC, 3 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 5 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/26 f)- ICRC Archives. 456
2} Communiqu from FPD to ICRC, 31 July 1944, Confidential, G. 59/5/65 (G. 59/2/65 - G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
:D Report de Haller Walter to ICRC, 7 Aug. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 771. 'Frustrated in his attempt to get the cooperation of the Hungarian authorities, Eichmann decided to continue to challenge Hungarians ... In an arrogant defiance directed against Horthy personally, he had arranged to deport the Jews from Kistara.'
3. Letter Burckhardt to de Tahy, 27 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
~ Letter Burckhardt to von Bothmer, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/5/65- G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
33 Note 260 Schwarzenberg to Born, 31 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65- G. 59/5/65 - G. 5917/65) - ICRC Archives.
31 Minute of discussion, 16 Aug. 1944 at Hungarian Legation in Berne, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
3'> Minute of discussions, 16-18 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Letter Burckhardt to von Bothmer, 18 Aug. 1944, G. 59/4/65 (G. 85- G. 59/8/65) - ICRC Archives.
:fl Telegram Schwarzenberg to Born, 21 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 85- G. 59/8/65)• ICRC Archives.
ffi Minute of discussion with Minister Berber on 21 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
ffi Letter McClelland to ICRC, 19 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 22 Aug. G. 59/5/65 (G. 59/8/65 - G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
4> Telegram 309 ICRC to Born, 23 Aug. 1944, G. 85 - ICRC Archives.
4l Note Schwarzenberg to Born, 25 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e- G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
42 Note on meeting von Bothmer and Huber, 28 Aug. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/4/65- G. 85) - ICRC Archives.
43 Note from Marti, Berlin to ICRC Secretariat, 28 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 11 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/26 f)- ICRC Archives.
41 Note Born to ICRC 're your telegram No. 309 of23 August 1944 on deportations of Hungarian Jews from Kistara and Sarvar.', received ICRC 18 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
45 Note Born to ICRC, 29 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 18 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 457
.f5 Letter Tait to Huber, 22 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 24 Aug., G. 59/8/65 (G. 85- G. 59/12/65)- ICRC Archives. tfl Letter Schwarzenberg to USA Legation, 31 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/8/65- G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives.
43 Letter from Guggenheim and Riegner, 22 Aug. 1944, lila 42 556, received ICRC 1 Sept., G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65- G. 5917/65)- ICRC Archives.
4} McClelland to Riegner, 25 Aug. 1944- WJC Archives.
50 Note verbale from USA Foreign Service to Division of Foreign Interests, FPD, 28/8/44, E 2001 (D) 196817417- FAB. fi Ibid.
12 In-house note on visit by Guggenheim and Riegner of 25 Aug. 1944, signed by Hans Bachmann, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65- G. 5917/65)- ICRC Archives.
1B Ibid.
51 Note Schwarzenberg to Born and Thudicum via FDP, 25 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e - G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives. ffi Note Schwarzenberg to Born, 29 Aug. 1944, via FPD, G. 3/48 e (G. 59112/65- G. 85) - ICRC Archives. ffi Minute of meeting between von Bothmer and Huber, 28 Aug. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/4/65- G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
5I Letter Huber to von Bothmer (written by Schwarzenberg), 29 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives. ffi Minutes of Bureau meeting, 28 Aug. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
59 The interested reader will fmd a historical overview in Bugnion, The Emblem of the Red Cross.
ID Article 24, chapter VI, Geneva Convention of 1929 - ICRC publication. fi Minutes of Bureau meeting, 28 Aug. 1944, proces-verbaux- ICRC Archives. m Note Schwarzenberg to de Haller, 29 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/12/65)- ICRC Archives. ffi Message 1, from Budapest delegation, 17 Oct.1944, via the FPD, received ICRC 18 Oct., G. 85- ICRC Archives.
64 Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 11 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 69/65)- ICRC Archives, 458
ffi Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 13 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Minute of a conversation between Saly Mayer and Leclerc on 4 Aug. 1944, written 7 Aug. 1944, signed Leclerc, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
fJl Note Schwarzenberg to Born and Schirmer, via FPD, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 85 - ICRC Archives. In this note, the delegates were also asked to ensure that Jews of non• Hungarian nationality were accorded the same protection as the Hungarian Jews.
ffi Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary as it appears from diverse information which reached ICRC, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues', p. 3- ICRC Archives.
ffi Foreign Office, 11/8/44- WJC Archives.
'iD Letter Grossmann to the United Organization of Hungarian Jews in America, 31/8/44- WJC Archives.
71 Letter Kilchmann to Bonna, 20/9/44, with an annexed report from Fontana to Masson, 13 Sept. 1944, Control No. 107, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
~ Ibid.
7.3 Another report to Masson on the situation of15/9/44, Budapest, Ibid.
71 Kilchmann to Bonna, Ibid.
'i5 Telegram 325 from Budapest to FPD, 23/9/44, A.21.31 E 4731, Control No. 107, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
'iB Letter Riegner to Kubowitzki, through USA Legation, 4 Sept. 1944 - WJC Archives.
71 Telegram 2655, 15 Sept. 1944, confidential, Foreign Office, Internal Department, signed Veesenmayer, Inland II.1962 g- AA Bonn.
78 Extract from letter Kullmann to Cellerier, 13 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65- ICRC Archives.
'i9 Note 275 Born to ICRC, 17 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 2 Oct., G. 59/12/65 (G. 59/3/65 - G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
8) Telegram Goldin and Bader to Shertok, 29/9/44 - WJC Archives. Goldin and Bader were representative of the Jewish Agency delegation in Istanbul and Shertok was Head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem 1933-48. Later he was first Foreign Minister of Israel and second Prime Minister, 1955-56. D. 1965 in Israel. a Note 275 Born to ICRC, 17 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 28 Sept., G. 59/12/65 (G. 59/3/65- G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 459 ffi Letter Sznyi to ICRC, 12 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 18 Sept., G. 59/4/65 (G. 59/2/65) - ICRC Archives.
83 Letter Banyai to ICRC, 13 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59n/65)- ICRC Archives.
81 Letter Kahan to Schwarzenberg, via Lichtheim of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, 20 Sept. 1944, who supported Kahan's request concerning the Jews in the provinces, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59n/65)- ICRC Archives. Kahan was a leader of the Zionist organization in Hungary, who came with the 318 Jews to Switzerland.
85 Telegram Kubowitzki to Huber, received ICRC 2 Oct., by Huber on 3 Oct. - ICRC Archives. ffi Cable 146 Kubowitzki to Riegner, 25 Sept. 1944- WJC Archives. In his Address on the rescue attempts of the WJC at the emergency conference of 26 Nov. 1944, Kubowitzki again reported on the struggle to secure the status of civilian prisoners of war for the Jews confined in ghettos, labour camps and concentration camps, 'which status would entitle them to the care of the International Red Cross, and could mean their physical deliverance. We have repeatedly urged the Red Cross to at least make a public statement, proclaiming its own attitude in this respect.'
g; Letter McClelland to Lichtheim, 28 Sept. 1944-WJC Archives.
ffi Note Schwarzenberg to Bachmann, 20 Sept. 1944, G. 59112/65- ICRC Archives.
ffi Note Schwarzenberg to Ferriere and Bachmann, 27 Sept. 1944, G. 59/12/65- ICRC Archives.
ffi Letter Walther to de Haller, E 2001 (D) 1968174/6-FAB.
9. Note Schwarzenberg to Lombard, 25 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Confidential report Schirmer to ICRC, via FPD, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2165) - ICRC Archives.
ffi Note Schwarzenberg to Lombard, 25 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
CHAPTER IX
1 Confidential letter Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz, 3 Oct. 1944, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
2 Report of Swiss Legation to FPD, 3110/44, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
3 Note 9994 Schirmer to ICRC Special Assistance Division, 5 Oct. 1944, received ICRC 16 Oct., G. 59/2/13 (G. 3/26 f- G. 59/5/65)- ICRC Archives. 460
4 Plan for the transfer of Hungarian refugees to Switzerland. Weiterbeforderung der ungarischen Fhichtlinge in die Schweiz' von Mauthner, Vienna, G. 3/26 f (G. 59/5/65) - ICRC Archives.
5 Letter 'Urgent' Burckhardt to Rothmund, 16 Oct. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/5/65)- ICRC Archives.
6 Swiss Consulate in Vienna to FPD, 17110/44, E 2001 (D) 3172-FAB.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid. The Consul reported that there was a large number (about 10,000) of refugees of all types, including Jews.
9 Letter 'Urgent' Burckhardt to Rothmund, 16 Oct. 1944, G: 85 (G. 59/5/65)- ICRC Archives.
10 Note 4382 Burckhardt to delegation in Berlin, 27 Oct.1944, referring to note 9994 of 5 Aug. 1944 (The date is wrongly stated in the note; as mentioned above, Note 9994 was sent on 5 Oct. and not 5 Aug.), G. 59/2113 (G. 3/26 f- G. 59/5/65)- ICRC Archives.
11 Minutes of meeting with de Haller, 30 Oct. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
12 Swiss Legation in Berlin to FPD, 23111/44, E 2001 (D) 3 173-FAB.
13 Note from Born, 6 Oct. 1944, in reply to Note 290 of 25 Sept. 1944 from Schwarzenberg, received ICRC 31 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
14 Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 5 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2/65 - ICRC Archives.
15 Note on situation of Jews in Hungary, M. 953, Nov.1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues', no file number- ICRC Archives.
16 Letter from Hull to Wise, 2 Oct. 1944, Institute of Jewish Affairs, New York• WJC Archives.
17 USA Legation to the Division of Foreign Interests, FPD, Berne, 11110/44, E 2001 (D)3172-FAB.
18 Note Schwarzenberg to de Watteville, 4 Oct. 1944, G. 59112/65- ICRC Archives.
19 Note 5081 Ferriere to ICRC delegation in London, 11 Oct.1944, G. 59/5/65 (G. 313 b -G. 59/8165- G. 59/2/65)- ICRC Archives.
ID Telegram 423 FPD to Swiss Legation in Budapest, 12/10/44, A 20011968174/14- FAB.
a Telegram Bachmann to ICRC delegates in Budapest, 12 Oct.1944, via FPD, G. 85 (G. 59/8165 - G. 3148 e)- ICRC Archives. 461
22 Letter Guggenheim and Riegner to ICRC, II/a 42972,23 Oct. 1944, received ICRC 31 Oct., G. 59/4/65 (G. 59n/65)- ICRC Archives.
2J Letter Riegner to McClelland, 25 Oct. 1944 - WJC Archives. An extensive report on the talks and exchange ofletters with the ICRC especially Huber, is attached to the letter.
!at Cable Riegner to Goldman and Kubowitzki, 25 Oct. 1944, No. IIf42.983, G. 59n/WJC- ICRC Archives. Pehle to Riegner, Washington, 8 Nov. 1944, document 32 - WJC Archives.
2> Letter included in 'f'he Work of the ICRC for civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., pp. 57-8.
a; Letter Easterman to Huber, 11 July 1944, transmitted to ICRC 13 July by N. Burckhardt, G. 59/5/65 (G. 3/3 b)- ICRC Archives.
11 Note 4969 Schwarzenberg to ICRC delegation in London, 31 Aug. 1944, G. 59n/WJC (G. 3/3 b- G. 59/5165)- ICRC Archives.
~ See letters published by ICRC after the war in The work of the ICRC for civilian detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit., especially p. 41, Note of24 Sept. 1942 to the ICRC delegation in Berlin. See also Riegner's Minute of conversation with Burckhardt and Ferriere, 17 Nov. 1942, quoted in full in chapter II- WJC Archives.
2J Documents pertaining to the ICRC's approaches to the German Government and Red Cross in this matter, which elicited no response, are published in the report of The work of the ICRC on behalf of the civilians detainees in German concentration camps, doc. cit.
3> Note 381 Born and Schirmer to ICRC, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
:J. Summary report on the negotiations between Born and Hungarian govt, 15 Oct. -1 Nov. 1944-Annex to Note 463 Born to ICRC, 30 Oct. 1944, received ICRC 7 Nov. 1944, G. 59/4/65 (G. 59/8/65- G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e)-ICRC Archives.
32 Born's end-of-mission report, June 194'5, French version, p. 31, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
33 Ibid. m Note 381 Born and Schirmer to ICRC, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e) - ICRC Archives.
35 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 32, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
m Note 381 from Born and Schirmer to ICRC, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8 (G. 59fl/65-G. 3/48 e) - ICRC Archives. 462
:I! Schirmer's journey to Budapest, 6-28 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2165 - ICRC Archives.
:E Notice concerning a talk with Schirmer on 9 Nov. 1944 in the presence of Bachmann, written 10 Nov. 1944 by Riegner, WJC and ICRC Archives, annex to Note 5470 from Cellerier, 31 Jan. 1945, to ICRC Geneva, G. 3/3b- ICRC Archives.
3} Confidential note Schirmer to ICRC via FPD, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 85 - ICRC Archives.
4> Minute of a discussion with Mayer of 14 Oct. 1944, 17 Oct. 1944, signed Leclerc, G. 5912/65 (G. 59/8/65- G. 59n/65)- ICRC Archives.
41. Message Schirmer to ICRC via FPD, 17 Oct. 1944, transmitted by FPD on 18 Oct. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
~ Notice concerning talk with Schirmer on 9 Nov. 1944 in the presence of Bachmann, signed Riegner, annexed to Note No. 5470 from Cellerier, to ICRC, 31 Jan. 1945, G. 3/3 b- ICRC Archives.
43 Andre Durand, De Sarajevo a Hiroshima, pp. 496-500.
41 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 32, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
4'> Ibid .
.f) Confidential Note 418 Born to ICRC, 23 Oct. 1944, received ICRC 7 Nov. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/5/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
41 Ibid.
.tti Notes 411-13, 24 Oct. 1944, which Born sent the ICRC with copies of his official protest notes, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/5/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
4} Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 32, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
m Ibid.
fi Ibid.
& Message 7 Schirmer to ICRC, 25 Oct. 1944, received ICRC via FPD 30 Oct. 1944, G. 85 - ICRC Archives.
53 Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues', no file number- ICRC Archives.
5i Note 526 Born to ICRC, 7 Nov. 1944, G. 69 (G. 59/5/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 463 ffi Rev. Gabor Sztello of the Good Shepherd Committee. ffi Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version pp. 39-40, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
51 Note A/38 Born to Minister of Foreign Affairs, 26 Oct. 1944, sent to ICRC with covering Note 433, on 28 Oct., G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. ffi Note 424 Born to ICRC, 26 Oct. 1944, received ICRC 10 Nov. 1944, G. 59112/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. rn Ibid.
6) Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to 'Journal des Delegues', no file number- ICRC Archives.
1i Ibid. ffi Notice of a discussion between Gulden and Leclerc, 12 Jan. 1945, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
63 Ibid.
61 Note Schwarzenberg to Kullmann, 19 Oct. 1944, via FPD, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65)• ICRC Archives.
ffi Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues' no file number- ICRC Archives. About the role of Born: 'Born and his associates kept track of the anti-Jewish measures of the government and those officially initiated by the government and those illegally perpetrated, and appeared frequently before the leaders, especially Baron Gabor Kemeny, the Foreign Minister, to help alleviate the plight of the Jews.' It was thanks to these interventions that on 30 Oct. 1944 the government announced the recognitions of protective passes, issued by the Vatican and the foreign legations as well as the granting of exterritorial status to all institutions and buldings protected by the IRC. RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1063.
ffi Notice of discussion between Gulden and Leclerc of 12 Jan. 1945, - ICRC Archives. About the Portugal Delegation activity, see RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1093.
fJl Andre Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, p. 572.
ffi Note on an interview between Riegner and Dvorjetski on 13 July 1972- WJC Archives.
ffi Cable 857 from FPD to Swiss Legation in Washington, 21/10/44 E 20011968/74114 -FAB.
l> Cable 815 from FPD to Swiss Legation in Washington, 24110/44, E 20011968/74114 -FAB. 464
71 Letter Riegner to Burckhardt, 25 Oct. 1944, transmitting Kubowitzki' telegram 18 Oct., G. 59/8/65 (G. 5917/65- G. 59/4/65)- ICRC Archives and WJC Archives.
72 Message Schirmer to ICRC via FPD, 25 Oct. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
7J Letter Riegner to McClelland, 24 Oct. 1944- WJC Archives.
7! Message Bachmann to Born and Schirmer via FPD, 12 Oct. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
'i5 Message Siordet to Born via FPD, 17 Oct. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e) - ICRC Archives.
'ro Message Schwarzenberg to Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, via FPD, 26 Oct. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
7l Note Schwarzenberg to delegation in Budapest, via FPD, 26 Oct. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
'i8 Note Bachmann to ICRC delegations in London and Washington, via FPD, 26 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85- G. 3/3 b- G. 3/47- G. 59/8/65- G. 59/12/65)- ICRC Archives.
'i9 Letter Burckhardt to Riegner, 27 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 5917/65- G. 59/4/65)• ICRC Archives.
8) Ibid.
a In-house note Schwarzenberg to Leclerc, 30 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/5/65) - ICRC Archives.
ffi Letter Schwarzenberg to the HIJEFS, Montreux, 31 Oct. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 5917/65)- ICRC Archives.
83 Minutes 52 of a meeting, with de Haller, 30 Oct. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
81 Pehle to Kubowitzki, Washington, 30 Oct. 1944- WJC Archives.
85 Minute of telephone conversation batween de Haller and Kahany concerning the Jews in Hungary, 3/11/44, E 2001 (D) 1968174/14-FAB.
CHAPTER X
1 Note 540 Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs to Born, 11 Nov. 1944, received ICRC 27 Nov. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 2 Note 12.989/Pol.1944 from Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs to ICRC delegation in Hungary, 6 Nov. 1944 transmitted to ICRC with Note 540, 11 Nov. 1944 from Born, received ICRC 27 Nov. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives. 465
3 Note 453 from Schwarzenberg to the Berlin delegation, 20 Nov. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 3/26 f- G. 59/3/65)- ICRC Archives.
4 Notice concerning a talk with Schirmer 9 Nov. 1944, annex to Note 5470 from London delegation to ICRC, 31 Jan. 1945, G. 3/3 b- ICRC Archives.
5 Ibid.
6 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 34, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
7 Ibid. Concerning the 'Jews on Loan' and the new 'final plan' for the solution of the Jewish question in Hungary, see also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 845.
8 Note 543 Born to ICRC, 12 Nov. 1944, received ICRC 27 Nov. 1944, G. 59/12/65 (G. 3/48 e) - ICRC Archives.
9 Ibid.
10 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 33, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
11 Notice concerning a talk with Schirmer 9 Nov. 1944 in the presence of Bachmann, G. 3/3 b - ICRC Archives.
12 Notice of discussion between Gulden and Leclerc, 12 Jan. 1945, G. 59/2/65, p. 8- ICRC Archives. The numbers of those destined for deportation given here are not exact. According to a figure provided by Schirmer, the Germans demanded 50,000 men. According to Born's estimation, 40,000 were sent, but Gulden gives a figure of 60,000. Since the figure of 50,000 recurs in many of the documents in my possession, this may be regarded as correct, although the Jews were sent off in groups and not all together, and exact figures cannot be expected. Apparently no records were kept either of those starting the marches nor of those who died on the way.
13 Note Grossmann to members of the Committee of the Jewish Delegation in New York, 12 Dec. 1944-WJC Archives.
14 Press telegram (TAF) from Ueberall to Congress Weekly New York, Beyoglu 140/136141336, received 18 Dec. 1944.
15 Report entitled 'Hundreds of thousands of Jews in Hungary exterminated by pogroms and deportations', Geneva, 26 Dec. (JTA), Institute of Jewish Affairs, New York- WJC Archives.
16 Notice concerning talk with Schirmer 9 Nov. 1944 in the presence of Bachmann, annex to Note 5470 of 31 Jan. 1945 from ICRC delegation in London to ICRC, G. 3/3 b• ICRC Archives.
17 Walther to Pilet-Golaz, 4 Nov. 1944 and also letter of 6 Nov. 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968/74114-FAB. 466
18 Notice of a discussion between Gulden and Leclerc, 12 Jan. 1945, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives.
19 Ibid.
al Ibid.
21 Note 645 Born to the DAS, 24 Nov. 1944, received ICRC 13 Dec. 1944, G. 59/4/65- ICRC Archives see Annexe 3.
22 Note Walther to ICRC, 28 Nov. 1944, received ICRC 1 Dec. 1945, G. 59/4/65 (G. 85 -G. 59/5/65- G. 59/3/65)- ICRC Archives.
23 Letter Schwarzenberg to Riegner, 15 Dec. 1944- WJC Archives.
21 Message Peter to Kubowitzki, Washington, 28 Oct. - 2 Nov. 1944 - WJC Archives.
25 Letter Kubowitzki to Peter, 10 Nov.1944- WJC Archives.
a> I was unable to establish what was done by the ICRC delegation in this field, not having obtained access to the files of the ICRC relevant to the general negotiations held by the ICRC delegation in Germany.
'11 Letter Stucki to Guggenheim, 10/11/44, E 2001 (G) 33/172- FAB.
28 'The situation in Hungary', Israelitisches Wochenblatt, Zurich, 3 Nov. 1944.
29 'Four million Jews have been annihilated in Europe', Der Bund, No. 534, 13 Nov. 1944.
:D Letter Kilchmann to Swiss Dept of Foreign Affairs, Berne 4/12/1944, E 2001 (D) 3 172-FAB.
3. Telegram 16 Born to ICRC via FPD, 1 Dec. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
32 Telegram Pilloud to Born via FPD, 7 Dec. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
33 Letter Lombard to Marti, 10 Nov. 1944, G. 3/26 f- ICRC Archives.
31 Notice concerning talk with Schirmer 9 Nov. 1944 in the presence of Bachmann, annex to Note 5460,31 Jan. 1945 from Cellerier, to ICRC, G. 3/3 b- ICRC Archives.
:n Report Riegner to Goldman, 10 Nov. 1944- WJC New York.
33 Letter Riegner to McClelland, 10 Nov. 1944-WJC Archives.
if! Pehle to Kubowitzki, 15 Nov. 1944- WJC Archives. 467
33 Letter Riegner to Schirmer, Eschenz, (private address), 16 Nov. 1944- WJC Archives.
3) Note to HeadofFPD, 21 Nov.1944, E 2001 (D)1968/74-12 -FAB.
40 Billitz was a director of the Weiss Manfred Works which SS Colonel Becher had acquired in May 1944. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 1017, fn. 108.
41 Letter Kettlitz to Mayer, 27 Nov.1944, E 2001 (D) 3172 -FAB.
42 In his letter to Mayer, Kettlitz said that he had instructions immediately to transmit Mayer's answer to Budapest by cable. See also Bauer, Holocaust, p. 208.
43 According to Bauer, Mayer did not know until the beginning of 1945 that Rimmler himself was the power that stood behind Becher and guided him in the negotiations. Rimmler found a pretext to conceal the aim of the negotiations: he presented them to Hitler and Ribbentrop as a deal which would bring into Germany the material it so urgently needed, in exchange for the liberation of a few Jews. Bauer, Holocaust, p. 144.
4i Telephone call Mayer to Bachmann, 7 Dec. 1944, G. 59/7- ICRC Archives. See also Bauer Holocaust, 'It was definitely declared by the ICRC that IRC could in no account associate with people who would use illegal means for the salvaging of Jews'.
45 Schmidt, Aha Report 21/4/1950, p. 15, AJDC- Saly Mayer's files, New York.
.£ Telegram 15 Schwarzenberg to ICRC, via FPD, 31 Oct. 1944, (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 b)- ICRC Archives.
tfl Telegram Born to ICRC, via FPD, 25 Nov. 1944, in reply to telegram 15 from the Committee, received ICRC 28 Nov. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 69/65- G. 72- G. 85- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
~ Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 35, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
4l Note 891 Born to ICRC, 19 Dec. 1944, received ICRC 25 Jan. 1945, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e- G. 59/12/65)- ICRC Archives.
ID Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 36, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
1i Report on events in three hospitals, Budapest, 12 Nov. 1944, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
52 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version pp. 36-41, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
53 Swiss Legation, Budapest to Bonna, FPD, 13/11144 E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB. 468
51 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p 53, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
ffi Telegram 253 Kolb to ICRC, 2 Nov. 1944, G. 59/8/65- ICRC Archives.
53 Note from Revillod, FPD, to ICRC concerning Rumanian minorities in Hungary, transmitting Born's message of 4 Dec., 5 Dec. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives. See also Vago, Yad Vashem Studies, vol. VI, 1967.
51 Note from Gallopin to the delegation in Budapest via FPD, 14 Dec. 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
1B Concerning the action undertaken by the ICRC delegation in Rumania for the Jews of Transylvania, I was unable to follow up this matter as I did not have access to the relevant flies of the ICRC.
fB Tennenbaum, Race and Reich, pp. 333-334.
ID Note Schwarzenberg to Revillod, 27 Nov. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85- G. 3/48 e)• ICRC Archives.
a In-house note signed Schwarzenberg, 29 Nov. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e) - ICRC Archives.
62 Note Born to ICRC, via FPD, 17 July 1944, G. 85- ICRC Archives.
63 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version pp. 41-4, G. 3/48/e• ICRC Archives.
61 Note Born to ICRC via FPD, 15 Nov. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48/e)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Note Pictet to Born via FPD, 21 Nov. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 51, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
61 The following sources were consulted for this matter: Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version pp. 50-1, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives; Report of Brunschweiler, 29 Dec. 1944 to ICRC, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives; Brunschweiler visited the German Embassy, Veesenmayer report 29 Dec. 1944- no file number• AA Bonn.
EB Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version p. 54, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
CHAPTER XI
1 Minutes of Bureau meeting, 13 Dec. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives. 469
2 Note 357 Pictet to Born, 1 Dec. 1944, G. 72 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
3 Note 364 Pictet to Born, 13 Dec.1944, G. 72 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
4 Minutes of Bureau meeting, 20 Dec. 1944, proces-verbaux - ICRC Archives.
5 Ibid.
6 Note 369 ICRC to Born, 21 Dec. 1944. Signature illegible, G. 72 (G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
7 Note A 63 Born to Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 8 Nov. 1944, received ICRC 27 Nov., G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
8 Note 361 Lombard to Born, 7 Dec. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 85)- ICRC Archives.
9 Note Pilloud to Born, via FPD, 29 Nov. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e)-ICRC Archives.
10 Minutes of a conversation between Mayer and Weyermann, 4 Dec. 1944. Letter 6 Dec. 1944 from Mayer to Weyermann via Leclerc, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/8/65- G. 69/65)• ICRC Archives. ll Weyermann's report of Aug. 1945 on his activity 6 Dec. 1944-1 July 1945, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
12 Communique published in Magyar Ertisito, 10 Dec. 1944, reproduced in Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
13 Note Born to Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 10 Dec., copy sent to ICRC on 11 Dec. with Note 774, received ICRC 22 Jan. 1945, G. 3/48 e-ICRC Archives.
14 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 37, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
15 Weyermann's report Aug. 1945 on his activity 6 Dec.1944- 1 July 1945, G 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
16 Report on a visit to the ghetto and a discussion with the Jewish Council on 18 Dec., morning, annex to Note 89119 Dec. 1944 Born to ICRC, received ICRC 28 Jan. 1945, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e _....G. 59/12165)- ICRC Archives.
17 Minutes of meeting at 5 p.m. 18 Dec. on the childrep under delegation's protection in the ghetto. Annex to Note 89119 Dec. 1944 Born to ICRC, received ICRC 28 Jan. 1945,proces-verbaux- ICRC Archives.
18 Swiss Legation, Budapest to FPD, Berne, 4112144, E 2300 Budapest 4-6, FAB.
19 Swiss Legation, Budapest to FPD, Berne, 8112144, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
ID Kilchmann's forecast was not accurate. The Germans did not withdraw their forces from Budapest. The report was written one day before Kilchmann left Budapest, 470
and his opinion may have been influenced by the incessant Russian shelling and bombing.
a Swiss Legation, Budapest to FPD, Berne, 21112/44, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- F AB.
22 Ibid.
23 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 8, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives. Warning by the party, published in Osszetatas, the official party newspaper.
2i Swiss Legation, Budapest to FPD, Berne, 21/12/44, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
25 Ibid.
a> Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p.7, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
'11 Swiss Legation, Budapest, 21112/44, p. 2, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- F AB.
~ Minutes of meeting 5 p.m. 18 Dec. on children under delegation's protection in the ghetto. Annex to Note 891 19 Dec. 1944, Born to ICRC, received ICRC 28 Jan. 1945, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e- G. 59112'65)- ICRC Archives.
2} Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, p. 9, G. 3/48 e- ICRC Archives.
:D Minutes of meeting 5 p.m 18 Dec. on the children under the delegation's protection in the ghetto. Annex to Note 89119 Dec. 1944, Born to ICRC, received ICRC 28 Jan. 1945, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e- G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives.
a Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives.
~ Report by Section A on the incident in home 27/29 on 6 Dec., annexed to Note 891 19 Dec. 1944 Born to ICRC- G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e- G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives.
33 Report by Section A, 12 Dec., annexed to Note 891 19 Dec. 1944 from Born, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65- G. 3/48 e- G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives.
3.l Komoly was murdered by Arrow Cross members on 1 Jan. 1945.
3'i Report by Section A, 12 Dec.1944, annexed to Note 89119 Dec.1944 from Born, G. 59/3/65 (G. 3/48 e-G. 59. 12/65)- ICRC Archives.
:D Report by Section A on an investigation by the State Police at the 'Weiss Alice' hospital, 12 Dec., annexed to Note 89119 Dec.1944 Born to ICRC, G 59/3/65 (G. 59/2/65 -G. 3/48 e- G. 59112/65)- ICRC Archives. 471
:rl Report on transfer to ghetto of children under ICRC protection, 14 Dec., afternoon, annexed to Note 89119 Dec. 1944 Born to ICRC- G. 59/3165 (G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e- G. 59112165)- ICRC Archives.
::B Report on transfer to ghetto of children under ICRC protection, 15 Dec., morning, annexed to Note 891, Ibid.
ffi Report on transfer to ghetto of children under ICRC protection, 16 Dec., annexed to Note 891, Ibid.
4> Note on the activity of the ICRC in favour of the Jews in Hungary, Dec. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues', No file number- ICRC Archives.
4l Ibid.
42 Minutes of the meeting 18 Dec. at 17.00 h. concerning children in ghetto under ICRC protection, annexed to Born's Note 891, 19 Dec. 1944, G. 59/3/65 (G. 69/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
43 Ibid. Note 891, Born to ICRC, 19 Dec. 1944, mentioned above, G. 59/3/65 (G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e-G. 59/12165)- ICRC Archives
41 Minutes of the meeting at the premisses of the delegation to Hungary 18 Dec. 1944 17.00 h. concerning the children under the protection of the delegation in the ghetto, doc. cit. - ICRC Archives
4> Note A/133 from ICRC delegate to Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 19 Dec.1944, annexed to Note 917,19 Dec.1944 Born to ICRC; received ICRC 24 Jan.1945, G. 69/65 (G. 72- G. 59/3/65- G. 59/2165- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
43 Report on transfer to ghetto of children under ICRC protection, 13 Dec. 1944, annexed to Note 891 Born to ICRC, G. 59/3165- ICRC Archives. tfl Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, German version p. 36, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
4S Account of visit to ghetto and discussion with Jewish Council, 18 Dec. Annexed to Born's Note 891 -G. 59/3/65 (G. 69/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
4} Swiss Legation, Budapest to FPD, Berne, 21112144, E 2300 Budapest 4-6- FAB.
ID Account of visit to ghetto and discussion with Jewish Council, 18 Dec. Annexed to Born's Note 891 -G. 59/3165 (G. 69/65- G. 3/48 e)- ICRC Archives.
& Note on activity ofiCRC in favour of Jews in Hungary, Dec. 1944, annexed to the 'Journal des Delegues', no file number- ICRC Archives.
12 McClelland to Riegner, 1 Dec.1944- WJC Archives.
53 Riegner to McClelland, 5 Dec. 1944-WJC Archives. 472
51 Cable 208 Tartakower to Riegner, 19 Dec.1944- WJC Archives.
ffi Radiotelegram WJC to Huber, 19 Dec. 1944, G. 59/4/65 (G. 59/7/65)- ICRC Archives.
ffi Aide-Memoire, handed to Burckhardt by Riegner, 20 Dec. 1944, G. 59/2/65- ICRC Archives. The reader is also referred to the minutes of a discussion with Gulden, 12 Jan. 1945, G. 59/2/65,- ICRC Archives.
f5l Letter Riegner to McClelland, 21 Dec. 1944- WJC Archives.
ffi Note Leclerc to Odier and Ferriere, 20 Dec. 1944, on creating children's homes in Budapest, G. 69/65 - ICRC Archives.
f'9 Identical letters sent by Schwarzenberg to IUCW and McClelland on 21 Dec. 1944, G. 59/5/65 (G. 85- G. 59/2/85)- ICRC Archives.
ID Note 1425 Schwarzenberg to ICRC delegation in Washington, 16 Dec. 1944, G. 59/2/85 - ICRC Archives.
a. In-house note signed Riegner, 19 Dec. 1942- WJC Archives.
(2 Minutes of an interview between Riegner and Dworzecki, 16 July 1972- WJC Archives.
ffi See also 'Selected Kubowitzki Documents' - 'A conversation between Dr Kubowitzki and Dr Zelmanowits with Mr Cellerier.' ICRC, London, 12 Jan. 1945. WJC publication.
6l I have been unable to confirm this information in the files made available to me at ICRC headquarters, and I have no knowledge of the follow-up to the requests made.
65 Telegram 2248 to Wise and Goldman, WJC, New York, 22 Jan. 1945, G. 59/7/WJC (G. 59/4/65) - ICRC Archives.
ffi Cablegram 21758 Wise and Goldman to ICRC, received ICRC 5 Feb. 1945, G. 59/4/65 (G. 5917/WJC)- ICRC Archives.
6l Telegram 9013 to WJC, New York, 2 F~b.1945, G. 59/7/65- ICRC Archives.
ffi Letter 11/a 43 968, Riegner to Burckhardt, 14 Feb. 1945, received ICRC 28 Feb. 1945, G. 59/7/WJC- ICRC Archives.
ffi The original telegram 582 Kolb to ICRC is dated 9 Feb. 1945, and the typed copy carries a note written by ICRC 'Received 1 February', G. 5912/65 (G. 5917/65- G. 85)• ICRC Archives. The text of this telegram was transmitted by Riegner to Goldman via McClelland on 13 Feb.1945- WJC Archives.
'iU Radiogram 1751173 13 1353 Ueberall to Congress Weekly, 14 Feb. 1945- WJC Archives. 473
71 Report 115 Thudicum to ICRC, 12 Feb. 1945, received ICRC 28 March 1945- ICRC Archives.
72 Ibid.
7J Ibid.
'74 Born's end-of-mission report, June 1945, French version, pp. 22-4, G. 3/48 e• ICRC Archives.
'i5 Weyermann's report, Aug. 1945, on his activity 6 Dec. 1944-July 1945, G. 3/48 e - ICRC Archives. l> Note on conversation between Kubowitzki, Riegner and Burckhardt, Geneva, 20 Feb. 1945, WJC Archives. Riegner comments that on their initiative, a meeting took place on 26 Feb. 1945, in Kopecky's office, of the delegates of the Red Cross Societies of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Greece, Yugoslavia, Rumania, Holland, Italy, Norway, Belgium, the representative of the WRB (USA), and the WJC (Kubowitzki and himselO at which it was decided that all national Red Cross delegates would simultaneously but individually address a note to the President of the ICRC asking him to make a supreme effort for the liberation of the civilian detainees in Germany and in all occupied territories, to transmit copies to McClelland in order that the USA should support this demarche, to transmit copies to the British Minister in Bern with the same aim and to ask all diplomatic representatives of all countries represented to make similar representations to the Swiss Political Department in Bern. The note was remitted to ICRC simultaneously on 28 Feb., between 9 and 10 a.m. (Private letter from Riegner to the author.)
11 Telegram 566, Swiss Legation, Budapest, 9 Dec. 1944, E 2001 (D) 1968fi4/6- FAB.
'iS Note of conversation with McClelland, 20 Feb. 1945, signed Riegner- WJC Archives.
';9 Note of conversation with Burckhardt, 3 March 1945, confidential, signed Kubowitzki - WJC Archives.
8> Ibid.
8. Accounts of Burckhardt's negotiations with the German authorities can be found in the following works: Durand, From Sarajevo to Hiroshima; Arsenijevic, Voluntary Hostages of the SS.
& Der Bund, No. 574, 6 Dec. 1944, Press cuttings- FAB. 475
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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G. 3/48 e III Mission en Hongrie du 1er fevrier 1945 au 28 fevrier 1946
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*G. 3/26 Delegation du CICR en Allemagne
*G. 3/26 g Sous-delegation du CICR a Vienne
*G. 3/40 a Delegation du CICR a Ankara
*G. 8/47 Delegation du CICR aux Etats-Unis
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Jaggi, Arnold, Bedrohte Schweiz, Bern, 1978
Joseph, Gilbert, Mission sans retour, Paris, 1982
Kallay, Nicholas, Hungarian Premier, London, 1954
Karoly, Mihali, Gegen eine ganze Welt, Miinchen, 1924
Kastner, Rezso, Der Kastner Bericht, Miinchen, 1961
Katzburg, Nathaniel, Hungary and the Jews, 1920-1943, Ramat-Gan, 1981
Antishemiut be Hungaria, 1867-1914, [Antisemitism in Hungary, 1867 -1914], Tel-Aviv, 1969 483
Kende Peter, Dokumenty Wegry, Paris, 1960
Kulka, Erich, Escape from Auschwitz, South Hadley, 1986
Laqueur, Walter Zeev, The Terrible Secret, Boston, 1980
La situation economique des Juifs dans le monde, Paris, 1938
Levai, Jeno, The Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry, Zurich, 1948
Eichmann en Hongrie, Budapest, 1961
Ludwig, Carl, La politique pratiquee par la Suisse a l'egard des refugies, 1933-1945,Berne,1957
Manuel de la Croix-Rouge internationale, Geneve, 1971
Moreillon, Jacques, Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge et la protection des detenus politiques, Lausanne, 1973
Morse, Arthur, While Six Million Died, New York, 1967
Peri, Yizchak, Perakim beToldot Hayehudim be Transylvania beet Hahadasha (Chapters from the History of the Jews of Transylvania in Modern Times, History of the Jews in Marosvasarhely], Tel-Aviv, 1977
Riegner, Gerhart, A Warning to the World: The Efforts of the WJC to Mobilize the Christian Churches Against the Final Solution, Cincinnati, 1983
Rings, Werner, Advokaten des Feindes, Wien Dusseldorf, 1966
Schweiz im Krieg 1933-1945, Zurich, 1971
Rosenfeld, Shalom, Tik Plili mispar 124 [Criminal File No 124 -The Grinwald• Kastner Trial], Tel-Aviv, 1957
Rothkirchen, Livia, Hanhagat Yehudey Hungaria beMivchan Hashoa [The Leadership of Hungarian Jewry in the ordeal of the Holocaust], Jerusalem, 1976
Siordet, Frederic, Inter Arma Caritas, Geneva, 1973. First edition in French, 1947
Teleki, Pal, Die Weltpolitische und Weltwirtschaftliche Lage Ungarns, Berlin, 1926
Tennenbaum, Josef, Race and Reich: the Story of an Epoch, New York, 1956 484
Tersen, Emil, Histoire de la Hongrie, Paris, 1955
Unity in dispersion, New York, 1948
Vrba, Rudolf, and Bestic, Alan, Ich kann nicht vergeben, Miinchen, 1964
Vogelsanger, Peter, Max Huber, Recht, Politik Humanittit und Glauben, Frauenfeld und Stuttgart, 1967
Wasserstein, Bernard, Britain and the Jews ofEurope 1939-1945, London, 1979
Wyman, DavidS., The Abandonment of the Jews 1941-1945, New York,1984
ARTICLES
Bauer, Yehuda, 'Schlichuto shel Yoel Brandt' [the mission of Joel Brandt], Moreshet, No. 26, November 1978
'The Negotiations Between Saly Mayer and the Representatives of the SS in 1944 - 1945', Second Historical Conference Yad Vashem, April1977
"'Onkel Saly"'. Die Verhandlungen des Saly Mayer zur Ret tung der Juden 1944 - 1945", Vierteljahreshefte fr Zeitgeschichte, Bd 25, Heft No.2, April1977
Benshalom, Rafi, 'Pirkey Hungaria 1944' (Chapters about Hungary 1944), Moreshet, No.2, May 1964.
Biederman, Moshe, 'Pirkey Hanoar Hatzioni beHungaria' The Zionist - Hanoar Hatzioni Youth- Chapters in Hungary), Massuah, No. 1, 1973.
Biss, Andreas, 'Geschafte mit dem Henker - Die EndlOsung in Ungarn', Der Monat, No. 12, Heft 143, 1959.
Boissier, Leopold, 'Max Huber', Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, fevrier 1960.
Braham, Randolph L., 'The Treatment of Hungarian Jews in German-occupied Europe', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. XII, 1977
'The Kamenets Podolsk and Delvidek Massacres: Prelude to the Holocaust in Hungary, Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. IX, 1973
'The Role of the Jewish Council in Hungary, A Tentative Assessment', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. X, 1974 485
Broszat, Martin, 'Hitler and the Genesis of the Final Solution: An Assessment of David Irving's Thesis', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. XIII, 1979
Burckhardt, Carl-J., 'L'activite du Comite International pendant la guerre', Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Geneve, aout 1943
Cohen, Arthur, 'Hatzlav Ha'adom Habeynleumi yadah al Mediniut Hahashmadah - veShatak' (The International Red Cross was aware of the policy of extermination and kept silent), Haaretz, October 9,1968.
Cohen, Asher, 'He-Halutz Underground in Hungary : March-August 1944' (Based on Testimony of Survivors), Yad Vashem Studies, vol. XIV, 1981
'Ledemutah shel Va'adat Haezrah veHahatzalah beBudapest beReyshit Darkah' [On the character of the Assistance and Rescue Committee in Budapest at its beginning], Moreshet, No. 29, May 1980
Conway, J.S., 'Between Apprehension and Indifference -Allied Attitude to the Destruction of Hungarian Jewry', The Wiener Library Bulletin, Vol. XXVII, 197ln3
Durand, Andre, 'Le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge', Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, tire-a-part, Geneve, 1981
Dvorjetski, Meir, 'The International Red Cross and its Policy vis-a-vis the Jews in Ghettos and Concentration Camps in Nazi-occupied Europe', Second Yad Vashem Historical Conference, Jerusalem, 1976
Eck, Nathan, 'The rescue of Jews with the aid of Passports and citizenship papers of Latin American States', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.I, 1957
'The March of Death from Serbia to Hungary (September 1944) and the Slaughter of Cservenka', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. II, 1958
Hungary, Haencyclopedia Haywrith [Hebrew Encyclopedia], ch. III, Jerusalem, 1977
Eppler, Elizabeth, 'Rescue Activities of the World Jewish Congress at the Period of the Nazi Rule', Second Historical Yad Vashem Conference, April1974
Erez, Zvi, 'The Jews of Budapest and the Plans of Admiral Horthy - August-October 1944', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. XVI, 1984 486
'Shoat Yehudey Hungaria beAspaklariah Hungarit Demokratit Amamit' [The Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry in the mirror of the Hungarian Peoples Democracy], Moreshet, No. 14, April1972
'Shisha Yamim be Yuli 1944 beHungaria' [Six days in July 1944 in Hungary], Moreshet, No. 20, XII 1975
'Sefer al Redifat Hayehudim beHungaria 1936' [A book about the persecution of the Jews in Hungary 1936], Moreshet, No. 7,July1967
Favez, J.C., 'La ferveur du patriote et la volonte d'etre un bon citoyen du monde, Du bon usage de la neutralite', Gesellschaft und Gesellschaften: Festschrift zum 65 Geburtstag von Prof. Dr Ulrich Imhof - Historisches Institut der Universitat Bern, Berne, 1982
Feingold, Henry, 'The Roosevelt Administration and the Effort to Save the Jews of Hungary', Hungarian Jewish Studies, Vol. II, New York, 1969
Friedlaender, Saul, 'From Antisemitism to Extermination - An Historio• graphical Study of Nazi Policies Towards the Jews, and an Essay in Interpretation', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. XVI, 1984
Gilbert, Martin, 'The Discussions and Reactions Regarding the Request for the Bombing of Auschwitz', Yad Vashem Fourth Historical Conference January 1980, Jerusalem, 1984
Gonda, Moshe Eliahu, 'Hanoar Hatzioni beHungaria beTkufa, Hashoah', [The Zionist youth movement in Hungary at the time of the Shoah] Massuah, No.2, 1974
Grossmann, Kurt, 'An Unfullfilled Testament', Congress Weekly Vol. X, No 31, 12.11.1943
Horowits, Arieh, 'Shlichuto shel Bader beKushta', [Mission to Constantinople ofMenachem Bader], Moreshet, No. 35, April1983
Huber, Max, Das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, seine Aufgabe, seine Schwierigkeiten und Moglichkeiten', Kultur-und Staatswissenschaftliche Schriften, Heft 42, Zurich 1944
Katzburg, Nathaniel, 'Zionist Reaction to Hungarian Anti-Jewish Legislation 1939 -1942', Yad Vashem Studies, vol. XVI, 1984, 162-2.
Komoly, Nathan Otto, 'Yoman Budapest 1944' [Budapest Diary 19441, Moreshet, No. 37, June 1984 487
Kubovy, Miriam, 'Ultimate Rescue Efforts in the Year 1944' (The A. Leon Kubowitzki Collection), Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem, 1982
Kulka, Erich, 'Escapes of Jewish Prisoners from Auschwitz-Birkenau and their Attempts to Stop Mass Extermination', Yad Vashem Fourth Historical Conference January 1980, Jerusalem, 1984
Laqueur, Walter Zeev, 'Hata'alumah shel 'mivrak Riegner" [The mystery about Riegner's telegram], Ma'ariv, 31.3.80, 4.4.80, 6.4.80
Levai, Jeno, 'The Hungarian Deportations in the Light of the Eichmann Trial', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. V, 1963
Margalith, David, 'Mivtzaey Hatzala beHungaria' [Rescue actions in Hungary], Massuah, No.2, September 1974
'Mission du Comite international de la Croix-Rouge dans les pays danubiens', Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, juillet 1943
Ofer, Dalia, 'Peulot Ezra Wehazala shel Hamischlachat Haeretzisrelit beKushta' [Action on the Eretz-Israeli-Rescue mission in Istanbul], Moreshet, No. 15, November 1971
Penkover, Monty Noam,'The WJC confronts IRC during the Holocaust', Jewish Social Studies, Vol. XLI, Summer-Fall1979, No 3-4
Piper, Franciszek, 'Zagada Zydow Wegierskich be KL Auschwitz' [The annihilation of the Hungarian Jews in the KL Auschwitz], Information Bulletin of the International Auschwitz Committee, No.6 (231), Warsaw, June 1980
Plaut, Alec, 'Wie ist das "Grosse Schweigen" zu erklaren? - Fragen nach "Holocaust"', Jiidische Rundschau, April16, 1979
Roth, Stephen J., 'Zichronoth mimey Hashoah vehamachteret beHungaria' [Memories of the days of the holocaust and the underground in Hungary], Massuah, No. 11,1983
Rothkirchen, Livia, 'Hungary, an Asylum for the Refugees of Europe', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. VII, 1968
'The Final Solution in its Last Stages, Rescue Efforts with the Assistance of International Organizations', Documents from the Archives of Dr A. Silberschein (L.R.), Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. VIII, 1970
'Hitpatchut Haantishemiut veRedifot Hayehudim beHungaria beyn 1920 - 1945' [The Advancement of the Antisemitism and the Persecution of the Jewish Hungary 488
Between 1920 - 1945. A Preface to the Book by Moshe Sandberg (a year without end)], Moreshet, No.7, 1967
Stern, Samuel, 'Zichronoth shel Yiir Hamo'atzah Hayehudit beHungaria' [Memories of the Chairman of the Jewish Council in Hungary], Moreshet, No.16, April1973, No. 17, February 1974
Szenes, Katherine, 'On The Threshold of Liberation - Reminiscences, 1970', Yad Vashem Studies, vol. VIII, 1970
Tartakower, Arieh, 'Where the ICRC Failed', Congress Weekly XIII, 1946
Vago, Bela, 'Political and Diplomatic Activities for the Rescue of the Jews of Northern Transylvania', Yad Vashem Studies, vol. VI, 1007
'Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944 - Otto Komoly's Diary', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. VIII, 1970
'The Intelligence Aspects of the Joel Brand Mission', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. X, 1974
Yahil, Leni, 'Raoul Wallenberg, his Mission and his Activities in Hungary', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. XV, 1983
'The Holocaust in Jewish Historiography', Yad Vashem Studies, Vol. VII, 1968
Yitzhaki, Shlomo, 'Perakim al Yahadut Hungaria' [chapters on Hungarian Jewry], Moreshet, No. 15, November 1972
'Yehudim beMahapeychot Hungaria' [Jews in Hungarian revolutions], Moreshet, No. 11, November 1969
'Yehudim beMahapeychot Hungaria' [Jews in Hungarian revolutions], Moreshet, No. 12, July 1970
Zimand, David, 'Beshlichut Hatzala' [On a mission of rescue], Massuah, April1976 489
INDEX
Abbot Kelemen of Pannonhalma 304, 252, 253, 262, 263, 266, 267, 276, 332 278--293, 295, 299-302, 304, 305, Ador, President Gustave 37 307, 309, 313, 321-327, 329-344, Archbishop of Canterbury 158 349-353, 357-361, 365-369, 373, Archbishop of Gyon 304 376,377,388 Arnothy 216 Borsinger 112, 114 Bothmer, Baron von 225-228,236, 237 Bachmann, Hans 62, 63, 112, 126, Bouczos, Miklos 211 139, 172, 173, 225-228, 230, 234, Brunner, Emile 172 239, 252, 267' 279, 282, 295, 320, Brunschweiler, Benedikt 333 363 Burckhardt, Carl-J. 61, 76-82, 87, Bajcsy-Zsillinszky 100 111, 113, 132, 130, 172, 173, Bakach-Bessenyey 311 188--191, 194, 196, 200, 201, 225, Baky, Laszlo 129, 205, 256 226, 239, 257, 258, 260, 270, 271, Banyai, Michel148, 160, 220, 221, 251 294, 296, 297, 338, 363, 371, 378, Barbey-Ador, Frederic 61, 70, 71, 87, 378--382 126,238 Burckhardt, Nicolas 152, 180, 191, 219 Barou, N. 108 Burnier 31 Barth, Karl 172 Bavier, Jean de 91-137, 139, 141, Carl, Prince of Sweden 71 167-170,287,331,386,387,389 Celler, Emanuel 54f 55 Becher, Kurt 317-320 Cellerier 368 Benes, Eduard 108 Chapuisat, Edouard 88-91,93, 136 Berber, Minister 225, 230 Cheneviere, Jacques 61, 78, 113, 176, Berezty, General 346 238,239,335,338 Bernardini, Mgr Philippe 75 Crowley, Leo T. 18 Bethlen, Graf Bela 156 Csotay 277 Billitz, Dr 317 Bonna, Minister 245 Daranyi, Prime Minister 21 Bordier, Renee 137 Dobrzansky, Mary 69-71 Born, Friedrich 115, 120, 139-170, Duchosal, Jean 62, 71, 87 184, 185, 187, 191-193, 203, 204, Duft, Swiss National Councillor 225 218, 225-229, 235, 238, 242, 250, Dunand, Georges 64 490
Dunant, Henri 26, 27, 32, 43, 45, 54 Haccius, Rodolphe 29-31, 11R Durand, Andre 282, 293, 338 Haller, de 71, 146, 147, 149, 151, 160, Dworzecki, Dr 137, 367 173-175, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 194, 197, 202, 252, 253, 261, 297, Easterman, A.L. 83, 84, 108, 191, 274, 309 275 Hamburger 20 Ebner, Karl 257, 258, 260, 319, 375 Harrison, Leland 76, 77, 116, 142, Edelstein 81 146-148, 161, 191 Eden, Sir Anthony 243 Hartmann40 Ehrenburg, llya 209 Hatz, Colonel Otto 328 Eichmann, Adolf 106, 107, 129, 202, Rein, Peter 129 214,215,248 Rimmler, Heinrich 129, 320, 279-382 Ekmart, Swedish Consul 348 Hirschmann 209 Endre, Laszlo 129, 205, 256 Hitler 10, 11, 22, 74, 76, 77, 80, Etter, Philippe 136, 137, 388 100-106,112,116,206,380,387 Horthy, Admiral Miklos 9, 11, 16, 18, Farkasz, General 255 29, 31, 98, 100-107, 11, 114, 129, Favez, J.C. 133 130, 156, 157, 162, 163, 171, Feller, Legation Secretary 345, 350 175-177, 179, 180, 182-193, Ferenczy, General 129, 214, 247, 248, 201-207, 212-214, 227, 244, 256, 277 275,276,278,283,284 Ferriere, Suzanne 62, 70, 71, 74, 78, Horthy (Son) 98, 99 79, 87, 88, 90, 218, 225, 226, 239, Huber, Max 61, 70, 71, 83, 87, 89, 90, 240,252,266,297 112, 113, 115-117, 126, 127, Fontana 156, 157 131-137, 142-150, 152, 154, 167, Freudenberg 17 6 168, 171, 173-176, 179, 180, Frick-Cramer, Rose-Marie 78, 91, 182-193, 201, 204-206, 225-227, 104,338 230, 233, 235-238, 240, 267-270, Frolicher 187 273,274,372,374,378,387,388 Hull, Cordell 44, 54, 163, 264 Gallopin, Roger 62, 91, 106, 154, 372 Geschke, Hans 129 Imredy, Bela 211 Goebbels 350 Isserland 176 Goemboes, Gyula 10 Golay 115, 139 Jaeger, Minister 94, 98, 103, 179, 185, Goldin 250 187,188,211-213 Goldman, Nachum 81, 178, 179, 191, Jagow, German Ambassador 170 200, 264, 269, 316, 363, 369, 370, Jaross,A. 128,205,211,214 373--374 J eanmond 197 Grell, Dr 277, 281, 283-286 Junghert-Arnothy, Michel 117 Gribowsky, Chief Inspector 228, 229 Junod, Marcel87, 88 Grossmann, Kurt R. 43, 44, 52, 53, 243,305 Kahan, Nison 251 Guggenheim, Professor Paul 76, 81, Kahany 216 178, 200, 231, 234, 235, 268, 269, Kallay 91, 95, 96, 99-101, 170, 386 311,388 Kaltenbrunner 129 Gulden, Jules 292, 304, 305, 307, 308 Kastner, Dr 95, 317 Gustav XII, King of Sweden 163, 166, Katzburg, Nathaniel13 177,188,193,220 Karoly, Mihali 8, 29 491
Kelley (or Kelly) 210, 211 295, 316, 317, 362, 365-367, 374, Kemeny, Minister of Foreign Affairs 380,381 278,279 Mettler 188 Kende, Peter 10, 12 Micheli, Jacques Barthelemy 238 Kethly, Anna 100 Mordovicz, Czeslaw 159, 163 Kettlitz 317-320 Moreillon, Jacques 31, 37 Kilchmann, Swiss Minister 312, 345 Mussolini 10 Koechlin, Pastor A. 171-174, 176, 182-193 Nahlik, Stanislaw 198 Kolb 330, 374 Neumann, Dr Oskar 159 Koloman-Kanya, Minister of Foreign Novak 20 Affairs 255 Komoly, Otto 324, 354 Odier, Lucie 78, 137 Krasniansky, Oskar 159 Oppenheim-Lauterpacht 49 Krauss, Moshe 90, 160, 161, 250, 289 Krcyrsik, Dr 29 Pazner see Posner, Dr Krumey, Obersturmbannfiihrer 375, Pehle 316 376 Peter, Marc 46, 48, 53-57, 310, 378 Kubowitzki, Leon A. 48, 52, 55, 57, Peter, Sandor 373, 374 217, 220, 246, 251, 269, 295, 299, Petitpierre, Max 132 310,362,367,368,378-382 Pictet, Jean 62, 63, 87, 113, 114, 116, Kuhne 126 136, 146, 149, 173, 185, 239, 335, Kullmann 124, 152, 250, 291 336,343 Kun, Bela 8, 18, 29, 30, 32, 33, 118 Pilar 82 Kunder 211 PiletrGolaz 103, 142, 173, 175, Kundt 79 185-187,189,205,211,255 Pilloud, Claude 61, 186, 188, 313 Lakatos, Geza 214, 256, 276, 284, 333 Pius XII, Pope 99, 100, 108, 166, 188, Laqueur, Walter 137 193 Leclerc 242, 282, 293, 297, 304, 366 Polgar 123, 124 Lichtheim 75 Posner,Dr(Pazner)160, 161 Loewenherz, Dr (Lowenherz) 315, 319, 375,376 Reagan, Daniel J. 109 Lombard, Albert 253, 254, 388 Rettmann, Kurt 356 Lossier 91 Ribbentrop 100, 102, 128-131, 331 Lukas, Charlotte 332 Riegner, Gerhart 42, 74, 75, 78, 82, 87, Lulay 277 107, 108, 137, 149, 161, 178, 179, Lutz 321, 388 191, 200, 203, 217, 218, 231, 232, 234, 235, 246, 247, 251, 268-271, Mantello, Georges 161 273, 279, 282, 294-297, 299, 300, Marti, Roland 184, 228, 315 304, 309, 313, 316, 362, 363, Martilotti, Mgr Mario 159, 163 365-367,371,372,374,378,388 Mauthner, Hans von 256-262, 319, Roosevelt, President 163, 188, 193, 375 265 Mayer, Saly 89, 94, 96, 97, 140, 141, Rosenberg, Walter (RudolfVrba) 159 152, 179, 192, 203, 241-243, 263, Rosenheim, Jacob 227 282,293,297,316-324,340 Rosin, Arnold 159, 163 McClelland 124, 161, 178, 179, 199, Rothmund 260, 261 202, 226, 227, 232, 233, 251, 269, Rotta, Apostolic Nuncio Angelo 312 492
Rouge, B. de 70 Tahy, de 188-190, 194, 196, 197, 225, Rubenstein, B. 180 226 Tait, George 230 Schirmer, Dr Robert 184-188, Tartakower, Arieh 45, 48, 52-54, 363 191-193, 204, 221-224, 238, 242, Teleki, Prime Minister 11, 16 253, 257-260, 267, 276, 278-281, Thierry, Baron 210, 211 283, 287, 292, 295, 299-301, 304, Thadden, von 228 307, 310, 313, 315-317, 319, 339, Thudicum, Dr 235, 374-376 340,368,369,388 Tito, General 108 Schlachta, Magrit 100 Traz,de90,91,93, 106,218 Schmidlin 112, 115, 139, 153 Tuchmann 375, 376 Schwarzenberg, Jean 63, 86, 87, 91, 96-98, 103, 104, 106, 109, 117, Ueberall, Ehud 306 124-126, 140, 141, 146, 147, 151, IDlmann 81, 176 152, 154, 172, 178, 182, 188, 192, Utassy, Colonel95, 99 202, 203, 218, 220, 221, 225-227, 230, 235-242, 251-254, 257, 261, Vajna, Minister ofinterior 301 263, 266, 274, 275, 282, 291, 293, Veesenmayer, Edmund 101, 106, 296, 297, 300, 309, 321, 331, 367, 128--131, 156, 164, 166, 193, 202, 374,388 248,249, Seredi, Cardinal Jusztinius 98 283,331,333 Shertok (Sharett), Moshe 250 Vischer, Dr Julius 225, 226, 297 Silverman, Sidney 108 Visser 't Hooft, Pastor Professor 171, Simon, E. de 95, 125, 167-170, 332 172 Simond, Gilbert 64, 209, 210 Voros, General 328 Siordet, Frederic 114, 121, 134, 239 Vogelsanger, Peter 134 Smertenko, Johann 180, 191, 198 Vogt, Dr Paul 172 Solymossy, Chief of Police 355-357 Vornle, Jean 211 Speter, Armin 373, 374 Vrba, Rudolf see Rosenberg, Walter Squire, Paul 76, 107 Stauffenberg, Colonel199 Wallenberg, Raoul 294, 388 Steiger, Walter de 87 Walther 252, 253, 309 Steiner, Erwin 159 Watteville, Hans de 61 Stern, Samuel 95-98, 153, 192, 221 Weiss, Edith 90, 94-97, 99 Stockier, Ludwig 350, 359, 361 Weiss family 261 Stucki 311 Wetzler, Alfred 159 Suendennann 51 Weyermann 335, 339-344, 377, 378 Szalasi 256, 275, 277, 280, 281, 291, Wilhelm, Georg 326 306,312,323,329,333,349,358 Winkelmann 129 Szapary, Count 170 Wise, Stephen 107, 264, 363, 369, 370, Szasz 211 372,373 Sztehlo, Protestant Pastor G. 326, 351, 352 Zimand, David 373 Sztojay, Dome 107, 117, 128, 130, 164, Zollinger 180, 198, 220, 378 165,204,205,212,215,285 Szyling, Janos 156