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UC Berkeley Earlier Faculty Research Title Proceedings of the Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Workshop Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2x59v3c0 Authors Lipman, Timothy E. Kurani, Kenneth S. Sperling, Daniel Publication Date 1994-06-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Proceedings of the NeighborhoodElectric Vehicle Workshop Timothy E. Lipman Kenneth S. Kurani Daniel Sperling (editors) Working Paper UCTCNo. 258 TheUniversity of California Transportation Center Universityof California Berkeley,,CA 94720 The University of California Transportation Center The University of California Center activities. Researchers Transportation Center (UCTC) at other universities within the is one of ten regional units region also have opportunities mandated by Congress and to collaborate with UCfaculty established in Fall 1988 to on selected studies. support research, education, and training in surface trans- UCTC’seducational and portation. The UCCenter research programs are focused serves federal Region IX and on strategic planning for is supported by matching improving metropolitan grants from the U.S. Depart- accessibility, with emphasis ment of Transportation, the on the special conditions in California Department of Region IX. Particular attention Transportation (Caltrans), and is directed to strategies for the University. using transportation as an instrument of economic Based on the Berkeley development, whiIe also ac- Campus, UCTCdraws upon commodatingto the region’s existing capabilities and persistent expansion and resources of the Institutes of while maintaining and enhanc- Transportation Studies at ing the quality of life there. Berkeley. Davis, Irvioe, and Los Angeles; the Institute; of The Center distributes reports Urban and Regional Develop- on its research in working ment at Berkeley; and several papers, monographs, and in academic departments at I he reprints of published articles. Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, and It also publishes Access, a Los Angeles campuses. magazine presenting sum- Faculty and students on other maries of selected studies. For University of California a list of publications in print, campuses mayparticipate in write to the address below. Universityof California TransportationCenter 108 NavalArchitecture Building Berkeley, California 94720 Tel: 5 t 01643-7378 FAX:510/643-5456 Thecontents of this report reflect the viewsof the authorwho is responsible for the facts and accuracyof the data presentedherein. Thecontents do not necessarilyreflect the official viewsor policies of the State of Californiaor the U.S. Departmentof Transportation.This report doesnot constitute a standard, specification,or regulation. Proceedings of the Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Workshop Timothy E. Lipman Kenneth S. Kurani Daniel Sperling (editors) Institute of Transportation Studies University of California at Davis Davis, CA 95616 Working Paper June 1994 UCTCNoo 258 The University of California Transportation Center University of California at Berkeley PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLE WORKSHOP A Policy, Technology, and Research Conference Universii T of California, Davis June 30,1994 Sponsored by: CALSTART University of California Transportation Center Workshop Organized and Proceedings Edited by: Timothy E. Lipman Kenneth S Kurani Daniel Sperling Institute of Transportation Studies University of California, Davis Table of Contents I. Overview............................................................................................................... 1 IL Summaryof Key Topics and Discussions ....................................................... 3 mo SessionOne: Initial Questionsand Issues ................................................... 13 A, What Is a NEW? PaulMacCready ...................................................................................... 15 WilliamMacAdam ............................................................................... 21 KevinGunning ...................................................................................... 23 IV. SessionTwo: Land Use and Infrastructure for NEVs............................... 31 ke Some Thoughts on the Future of Neighborhood Vehicles in America MichaelReplogle and Timothy Lipman .......................................... 33 B. Market and Supply Failure; Champions; and Discovery WilliamGarrison. ................................................................................. 45 C. City of Palm Desert Golf Cart Transportation Program JohnWohlmuth .................................................................................... 51 Vo SessionThree: NewMarket Opportunities for NEVs.............................. 55 A. Some Thoughts on the Potential for Advanced Transportation Systems AlbertSobey ...................... ..................................................................... 57 B. Marketing NEVsto Households KennethKurani ..................................................................................... 79 C. City-E1 DemonstrationProject. WilliamWaft ......................................................................................... 89 VI. SessionFour: Regulatory Issues for NEVs................................................ 107 A. CARB’sZero-Emission Vehicle Mandate and the Role of Neighborhood Electric Vehicles ThomasEvashenk ............................................................................... 109 B. Emissions and Energy Impacts of NEVs MarkDelucehi ...................................................................................... 115 C. Vehicle Safe~ Design Concepts FrankTokarz ......................................................................................... 121 D. Liability Issues for NEVs ArmenHairapetian ............................................................................. 127 SessionFive: Panel/Openl=orum/Aetion Agenda ................................. 133 VIII. Appendix........................................................................................................... 153 A.Workshop Agenda .................................................................................... 155 B.Workshop Speakers .................................................................................. 157 C. WorkshopParticipants ............................................................................. 159 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In addition to the workshop speakers, we would like to thank Cece Martin and TomTurrentine for serving as session chairs. Wethank the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, John Chisholm, and Peter Talbert for providing vehicles for exhibifioru Wealso thank WendyHernandez and Carol Earls of ITS-Davis for their assistance in organizing and preparing materials for the workshop, and the staff of the Buehler Alumni Center. The NEVlogo on the title page was created by Sophia Pagoulatos of the City of Davis for the joint ITS-Davis/City of Davis entry into "The Electric Vehicle and the American Comanunity" design competition. The Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Workshopwas sponsored by the University of Culifornia Transportation Center and CALSTART,a public-private consortium for advanced transportation technology with funding from the U.S. Federal Transit Admknistration and the California Energy Commission. °°* 111 THE NEV LOGO The NeighborhoodElectric Vehicle logo on the cover of this report was designedby SophiaPagoulatos as part of a jointCity of Davis/ITS-Davisentry in a national competition: The Electric Vehicle and the American Community.The goal of the competition was to describe, in pictures and words, electric vehicle uses and infrastructure. She provides these comments on the logo design: ’The NeVlogo is about the rediscovery of community. Symbolically, the NeVis an integral part of the house and family. Its purpose is to take people ¯ from their homes into that nearly-lost realm of the neighborhood. The NeV takes people to places that are dose to home; the conventional vehicle often takes us somewhereelse altogether. The hand drawn character of the logo conveys simplidty. The NeVis small and quiet and plugs right into our homes and neighborhoods. It’s dean. It’s friendly. It’s a lighter wayto get around." iv L C)vt~’vk~ Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Workshor) Proceedh~s I. Overview Nei~,~hborhoodelectric vehicles (NEVs)are small, very efficient EVsthat are designed to be used for urban trips at relatively low speeds. They provide the potential for greatly reduced air pollution, energy use, petroleum imports, greenhouse gas emissions, and roadspace. Because they are very energy efficient, they are better suited to the limitations of today’s batteries than are fuU-sized EVs designed for highway travel. As supplements to a household’s group of vehicles, NEVscould be used for the vast majority of short trips. Because these trips account for a disproportionate share of emissions, NEVs pro~dde even greater per-kilometer emission reductions than full-sized EVs. The primary motivation for automakers to produce and sell EVs is the zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate issued by the California Air Resources l~ard (CARB)in 1990. This mandate requires major manufacturers produce and deliver for sale a number of ZEVsequal to 2%of their California sales in 1998. This percentage rises to 5%in 2001 and eventually reaches 10% in 2003. The northeastern states have requested permission from the U.S. EPAto adopt similar rules. ManyNEVs qualify as ZEVs. In addition to the ZEVmandate, other recent legislative acts contain provisions that