Airborne Wind Energy Powerweb Webinar Lecture

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Airborne Wind Energy PowerWeb webinar lecture

Roland Schmehl 2 Presenter

• Associate Professor at Delft University of Technology • Co-founder of Kitepower BV • Coordinator of 2 H2020 projects (AWESCO & REACH) • AWE-responsible PI in Dutch NWO project NEON • Co-organizer of AWEC 2015, 2017 and 2019 • Co-editor and editor of 2 Springer textbooks on AWE 3

2013 2018 4 Outline

• Fundamental working principles • Classification of concepts • Implemented technology demonstrators • Development challenges • Research challenges • Development of the sector 5

Fundamental concepts Miles L. Loyd (1980)

Drag power: Lift power: ● Flying wing ⇝ shaft power ● Flying wing ⇝ traction force ● Shaft power ⇝ electricity (ω ↑ ) ● Traction force ⇝ shaft power (ω ↓ ) ● Electricity ⇝ conductive tether ● Shaft power ⇝ electricity 6 Key aspects + ● Consumes significantly less material ● Highly adjustable to wind resource ● Access to high altitude wind Image source: Skysails ● Increased mobility – ● More complex than turbines ● Requires reliable & robust control ● Depends on high-performance materials ● Need to revise current regulatory framework 7 Technology demonstrators

Kitepower Enerkíte Ampyx Power Kitemill Twingtec Introduction

Skysails KPS Skypull Windswept eWindSolutions

Aerospace Engineering – Open Days – 8 6 March 2020 9

AWES classification Man-lifting kite train (1930)

Elelectricity Flight operation generation Kitemill EnerKíte ~ Kitepower ~ KiteGen stem Skypull Ampyx ~ Kitenergy ~ SkySails Power ➡crosswind TwingTec KPS eWind E-Kite Kiteswarms Solutions ➡ with fixed GS ➡tether-aligned Omnidea Laddermill Guangdong HAWP Windswept Vertical take-off and ➡rotational someAWE landing (VTOL) Kitewinder Horizontal take-off and ~ X-Wind loop track landing (HTOL) AWE ➡ with moving GS ➡crosswind system ~ KiteGen carousel Multi-drone concepts Ligther-than-air concepts Makani Windlift ~ Flexible wing concepts ➡crosswind KiteKraft KiteX ➡ on flying device Altaeros Bladetips Sky WindPower ➡rotational Magenn Brainwhere

Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019. 10

AWES classification Man-lifting kite train (1930)

Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019. 11

Further reading: awesco.eu/awe-explainedMan-lifting kite train (1930) 12 Technology demonstrators

• Makani • Ampyx • Twingtec • Kitepower 13 Wing7 (30 kW) California 2013 14 M600 (600 kW) California 2017 15

Norway 2019 16 AP-2 (50 kW) Noordoostpolder 2013 17 AP-3 (250 kW) Marin 2018 18 19 20

WIND ENERGY 2.0 2019 21 22

TwingTec pilot next to turbine with same power 23 25 kW kite power system 2012 24

2012 25 System components 26 TU Delft V3 25 m2 Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2 27

TU Delft V3 25 m2 Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2

0.974 m

0.876 m

2.55 m

2.03 m 30 31

2012

Automatic pumping cycles at Maasvlakte II of Rotterdam Harbor 32

34 Launch from upside-down position

• The following three videos show the same launch attempt on 2 August 2012 • The videos are taken from three different positions – GoPro video camera on the ground next to mast – GoPro video camera taped to the leading edge – Photo camera on the ground • Weak link ruptures as result of sudden tether disengagement from mast head

38 40 m2 kite 2017 39 100 kW ground station 40 41 42 43 44 Kite park power output 45 46 Kite development: 25 – 40 – 60 m2 47 Kite development: 100 m2 48 49 Flight days 160 Actual flight days per quarter 140 Cumulative flight days 120

100 s y

a 80 D 60

0 2016 Q2 Q3 Q4 2017 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q2 Q3 Q4 Quarter R&D landscape NLR E-Kite ECN Xsens academia Aenarete Kitemill industry 2018 Ampyx Power DTU-Wind Kitepower KiteX TU Delft Fraunhofer IWES KU Leuven SkySails Power Windswept & Interesting Anurac University of Strathclyde Chalmers University Kite Power Systems University of Bonn KiteSwarms EnerKíte University of Limerick TU Berlin Grenoble INP Skypoint-e ENSTA Bretagne TU Munich Kitewinder University of Stuttgart Beyond the Sea® University of Freiburg AirSeas / Airbus ABB Corporate Research UC3 Madrid University of Applied Omnidea Sciences of Northwest Switzerland Upwind TwingTec University of Victoria ETH Zurich eWind Solutions EPFL Oregon State University Skypull Sky WindPower University of Zagreb Makani / X Politecnico Milano Stanford University University of Trento KiteGen AirLoom Energy Kitenergy UNC Charlotte TMIT WindLift Kyushu University University of Delaware Guangdong HAWP Technology Worchester Polytechnic Institute Altitude Energy Altaeros Energies UF Santa Catarina RMIT University 51 Challenges

• Reliability & Safety – None of the projects has proven more than a few days of operation – Operation in kite parks • Durability of materials – Tether and kite are critical components • Regulations – Interference with air traffic and ground use 52 VLM simulation 53 CFD analysis 54

Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019 55 56 57

CFD simulation with OpenFOAM Streamlines around the kite colored With the spanwise velocity component, 6 computed for Re=3x10 and 12° AoA

Relative flow TU Delft V3 kite measurement setup

Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019 60

Norway 2019 61 Effect of power powered

● Changes chordwise force distribution ● Powering up the wing makes wing pitch backwards depowered

Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019 62 Effect of power

● Wing flattens ● Force increase also by area increase depowered

powered

Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019 63 Aerodynamics 64 Aerodynamics 65 Aerodynamics Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation of a ram air wing section Aeroelastic bending and torsion of a half wing supported by a bridle line

Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018 Aeroelastic model of an AWT and the tensile support system connecting it to the ground

Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018 69 Kite park layout

row ro w

n n m m lu u l co o c wind wind

Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018 70 Kite park power output

2000 8 x 8 kites 1500

]

W 1000 k [

r 4 x 4 kites e w

o 500 P

1 kite -500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Time [s] Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018 71 Safety & reliability 400 m Flight zone

Operational zone Operational zone

70 m

20 m

2 m airborne wind energy airborne wind energy KITEPOWER KITEPOWER

65 m

50 m 50 m 300 m

Danger zone Danger zone Safety zone

Ground Ground station station

Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019 (C) (A)

(B)

(D)

(E)

2012/08/02 Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019 74 Kite park power output Questions?

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