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Investigation of Innovative Structuers and Materials of the Towers Used in Wind Turbines

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Investigation of Innovative Structuers and Materials of the Towers Used in Wind Turbines SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF INNOVATIVE STRUCTUERS AND MATERIALS OF THE TOWERS USED IN WIND TURBINES Rawane Abdaoui Suppurvised by : Abderrazzak El Boukili May 3rd / 2018 Table of Contents Table of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 8 STEEPLE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: General Overview on Wind Turbines ...................................................................... 13 How is wind created?..................................................................................................................... 13 Types of Turbines based on the site .................................................................................................. 16 Offshore wind farms ...................................................................................................................... 16 Onshore wind farms ...................................................................................................................... 17 Types of Wind Turbines based on formalities ................................................................................... 18 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) .......................................................................................... 19 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) ............................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Materials and Structures of Wind Turbine Towers ................................................. 21 Materials used in Wind Turbine Tower ............................................................................................. 21 Future Component Development Trends ....................................................................................... 22 Different Types of the Towers of a Wind Turbine ............................................................................. 22 I. Tubular Steel Towers ............................................................................................................... 22 II. Lattice Towers ........................................................................................................................ 23 III. Bolted Steel Towers .............................................................................................................. 23 IV. Steel Hybrid Towers .............................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3: Fabrication, Installation and Industry Technologies: .............................................. 25 Manufacture of wind turbine towers ................................................................................................ 25 Lamination of conical sections of towers........................................................................................ 25 Designed by the Turbine Manufacturer .......................................................................................... 26 Weight issues ................................................................................................................................ 26 Blades with banana skin ................................................................................................................. 26 Wind Speed Measurement ............................................................................................................ 27 Wind Energy Measurements .......................................................................................................... 27 Types of Tower .............................................................................................................................. 28 Data Logging .................................................................................................................................. 28 Innovations in wind technology ........................................................................................................ 28 Larger and articulated shovels ....................................................................................................... 28 Maximum efficiency with little wind .............................................................................................. 29 Magnets to increase power ........................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4: Design and Manufacturing of small wind turbine ................................................... 31 Environmental Impact and a research on No-Tower-needed wind turbines: .................................... 31 Design parameters of the Airborne Wind turbine. .......................................................................... 35 Design Using Computer Software: .................................................................................................... 38 The project Prototype: ...................................................................................................................... 39 2 Cost Characterizations ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 46 References ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 Table of Figures Figure 1: Wind Energy .................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: Importance of Wind Energy to produce power ........................................................................... 12 Figure 3: Creation of Wind ......................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4: Wind Turbine main Parts............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 5: Wind Turbine Towers View ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 6: Off/Onshore Turbines .................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7: Comparison Between Vertical and Horizontal axis .................................................................... 18 Figure 8: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine .................................................................................................... 19 Figure 9: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ........................................................................................................ 20 Figure 10: Table of materials used .............................................................................................................. 21 Figure 11: Types of Towers ........................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 12: Fabrication of the Tower ........................................................................................................... 25 Figure 13: Banana Skin Method ................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 14: Wind Speed In Europe............................................................................................................... 33 Figure 15: an Example of the Design .......................................................................................................... 39 Figure 16: Wheel inspired from Johnson Wheel......................................................................................... 41 Figure 17: Dynamo used with the wheel Figure 18: Dynamo Used ..................................... 41 Figure 19: Blades fabrication ...................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 20 : The Final Result of the prototype ............................................................................................. 44 4 5 Acknowledgement I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation my capstone supervisor Dr. Abderazzak El Boukili who has invested his amazing effort in guiding me in achieving my goal. I have to appreciate the support given from my friends and family who have been always there for me. 6 Abstract Wind energy is considered one of the fast growing renewable energy sources due to their minimal environmental impact. To meet the growing demand, wind turbines are being scaled up both in size and power rating. This study is important for any developing in the field. So the production, distribution and the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy. Taking a close look at the existing projects, narrowing down
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