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Investigation of Innovative Structuers and Materials of the Towers Used in Wind Turbines

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SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

INVESTIGATION OF INNOVATIVE STRUCTUERS AND MATERIALS OF THE TOWERS USED IN WIND
TURBINES

Rawane Abdaoui
Suppurvised by : Abderrazzak El Boukili
May 3rd / 2018

Table of Contents

Table of Figures .......................................................................................................................... Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... Introduction ...............................................................................................................................

378

STEEPLE ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1: General Overview on Wind Turbines ...................................................................... 13

How is wind created?..................................................................................................................... 13

Types of Turbines based on the site .................................................................................................. 16

Offshore wind farms ...................................................................................................................... 16 Onshore wind farms ...................................................................................................................... 17

Types of Wind Turbines based on formalities ................................................................................... 18

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) .......................................................................................... 19 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) ............................................................................................... 19

Chapter 2: Materials and Structures of Wind Turbine Towers ................................................. 21

Materials used in Wind Turbine Tower ............................................................................................. 21

Future Component Development Trends ....................................................................................... 22

Different Types of the Towers of a Wind Turbine ............................................................................. 22

I. II. III. IV.
Tubular Steel Towers ............................................................................................................... 22 Lattice Towers ........................................................................................................................ 23 Bolted Steel Towers .............................................................................................................. 23 Steel Hybrid Towers .............................................................................................................. 23

Chapter 3: Fabrication, Installation and Industry Technologies: ..............................................25

Manufacture of wind turbine towers ................................................................................................ 25

Lamination of conical sections of towers........................................................................................ 25 Designed by the Turbine Manufacturer .......................................................................................... 26 Weight issues ................................................................................................................................ 26 Blades with banana skin ................................................................................................................. 26 Wind Speed Measurement ............................................................................................................ 27 Wind Energy Measurements .......................................................................................................... 27 Types of Tower .............................................................................................................................. 28 Data Logging .................................................................................................................................. 28

Innovations in wind technology ........................................................................................................ 28

Larger and articulated shovels ....................................................................................................... 28 Maximum efficiency with little wind .............................................................................................. 29 Magnets to increase power ........................................................................................................... 29

Chapter 4: Design and Manufacturing of small wind turbine ................................................... 31

Environmental Impact and a research on No-Tower-needed wind turbines: .................................... 31

Design parameters of the Airborne Wind turbine. .......................................................................... 35

Design Using Computer Software: .................................................................................................... 38 The project Prototype: ...................................................................................................................... 39

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Cost Characterizations.......................................................................................................................................45
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 46 References............................................................................................................................................................. 47

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Wind Energy..................................................................................................................................9 Figure 2: Importance of Wind Energy to produce power ...........................................................................12 Figure 3: Creation of Wind.........................................................................................................................14 Figure 4: Wind Turbine main Parts.............................................................................................................15 Figure 5: Wind Turbine Towers View........................................................................................................16 Figure 6: Off/Onshore Turbines..................................................................................................................18 Figure 7: Comparison Between Vertical and Horizontal axis ....................................................................18 Figure 8: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine....................................................................................................19 Figure 9: Vertical Axis Wind Turbine........................................................................................................20 Figure 10: Table of materials used..............................................................................................................21 Figure 11: Types of Towers........................................................................................................................24 Figure 12: Fabrication of the Tower ...........................................................................................................25 Figure 13: Banana Skin Method .................................................................................................................26 Figure 14: Wind Speed In Europe...............................................................................................................33 Figure 15: an Example of the Design..........................................................................................................39 Figure 16: Wheel inspired from Johnson Wheel.........................................................................................41

Figure 19: Blades fabrication......................................................................................................................42

Figure 20 : The Final Result of the prototype .............................................................................................44
45

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility to complete this report Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation my capstone supervisor Dr. Abderazzak El Boukili who has invested his amazing effort in guiding me in achieving my goal. I have to appreciate the support given from my friends and family who have been always there for me.

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Abstract

Wind energy is considered one of the fast growing renewable energy sources due to their minimal environmental impact. To meet the growing demand, wind turbines are being scaled up both in size and power rating. This study is important for any developing in the field. So the production, distribution and the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy. Taking a close look at the existing projects, narrowing down all the technologies and industry methods to come up with the best ideal wind turbine is a must in this project. In addition to a great focus on the towers of the turbines, the structure and materials used in different towers around the world. The challenge will be the relative relationship between the type of the tower and how efficient it is for its sight and use. A homemade prototype of a small wind turbine will be designed and fabricated in order to present the general concept wind turbines and the importance of their towers

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Introduction

One of the mysterious secrets in life is Energy. Any strength or change of the actual state is a form of energy. To move a certain object, to have the right amount of nutrition in your body and to generate heat or power, energy is the key. We will have better food supply, clean water, sanitation, health, and education and communication facilities. Energy is an important factor in our daily life. The question is if the energy sources we have nowadays are relative to the continuous obligation. In addition of the lake of the natural sources, which is caused by the pollution of the lands and cities.

A lot of sources have been used to distract energy from such as wind energy, solar energy, hydrogen energy, geothermal energy, waves and tidal energy, and biomass energy. Nowadays, the most common energy supply is fossil fuel that includes oil, coal, and natural gas. Fossil fuel contains the remaining of very old living organisms that have been under high pressure and temperature for a long time. Besides the environmental impact of fossil fuel we can add the fluctuating price of fossil fuel especially oil and natural gas and the high dependency on the producing countries created a need for other sources of energy that are renewable and selfdependent. The transition towards 100% renewable energy is necessary but still there are a lot of obstacles to overcome such as the low efficiency, immature technologies and the high cost of investments in most of them. For these reasons, the shift to 100% renewables might take a century or even longer for some other countries since the conditions are variant from one country to another. One of the reasons for this shift is the fact that we reached the peak oil extraction already which means oil is getting rare or economically unfeasible. Meaning, we will need more developed technologies, higher strategic planning and the quality of the extracted oil will get lower and an added cost will be for extra refineries. Also, fossil fuel is getting more expensive to burn since many countries are taking action on limiting the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere. In additions, a lot of standards, policies, and regulations have been made in order to regulate the environmental impact of energy production activities.

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Figure 1: Wind Energy

Electricity is very dependent on energy price as well and the demand is increasing due to the global increase in population. In fact, electricity demand is increasing twice with respect to the

overall energy use, and it’s expected to increase to two-third by 2035 comparing to 2011. Also, in

2012, more than 40% of the primary energy consumption was converted into electricity.

Renewable energies mean that these technologies have the minimum environmental impact and relying on infinite sources. So that, renewable energies are clean sources of energy with lower environmental impact and environmental cost comparing to conventional energy sources. In addition, they will not run out or deplete comparing to finite energy sources. A lot of advantages come with the exploitation of renewable energies such as self-supply source, creating jobs, and low operating cost. Also, it helps investing locally, create jobs in which support the local economy instead of going overseas. This money is spent to construct, operate, and maintain facilities instead of importing energy.

One of the challenges regarding renewable energy is how to satisfy the increasing energy demand with the most efficient price. Wind energy is one of the most economical renewable energy technologies especially the ones in good sites. At high wind sites, and high efficiency wind turbine, this technology can give good performance and compete with the conventional

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energy production. However, the potential of this technology varies from one country to another but still, many countries are making considerable wind resources. The source of wind energy is the movement of air current in which harvest the kinetic energy of wind to convert it into power that could be a source of electricity. This electricity could be used for supplying homes, schools, farms, residential areas, etc. Local consumption of the produced power is preferred to avoid the losses in the transmission lines.

The driving force for wind turbine is temperature difference across earth’s surface.

Meaning, sunlight heats part of the air and rises its temperature in which the heated air will rise up and the cool will sink down. The change in temperature will create a change in pressure in which what we call winds. Then, winds energy is a function of solar power. There are some challenges regarding the installation of wind turbines that sometimes become an obstacle in large-scale applications. For example, wind turbine is land dependent in which a high portion of land is needed that could be costly for some cases. Also, establishing a wind turbine in a residential area might not be very favorable by the residents of the region due to the high noise and the visual impact. Also, it has an impact on the birds living in the region beside the changes on the landscape. Also, electromagnetic interference might happen due to the installation of wind turbines. Additionally, the amount of power produced by a wind turbine varies from one day to another depending on the weather conditions. In case the wind turbine is connected to a grid, then the grid has to be maintained regarding voltage stability and frequency stability. Regardless these challenges, wind turbines are still attractive technologies in which a lot of countries are investing.

In Morocco, most of the wind turbines installed is in the north in Tangier-Tetouane region in which the conditions are suitable for such projects. These projects promote the shift towards more renewable sources and more self-dependence power supply.

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STEEPLE ANALYSIS

Social Impact:

All societies around the world are in need of huge energy source to meet their needs the challenge is to find as much energy as needed with the least cost available. This study will help people to follow some steps to meet those needs.

Technological impact:
The industry sector has a lot of methods and strategies used to fabricate and make wind turbines and their towers. However, it is hard to know which one is the best to use at different sights. This project might narrow down steps of the study of any engineer who wants to install wind turbine towers.

Environmental Impact:
Wind turbine is considered as a green clean natural source of energy. There will be less pollution if we considered wind Turbines and gave importance to the research related to it. The energy transformed from wind is healthier than any

other sources because it doesn’t go through any chemical reaction before energy

is ready to be consumed.
Political Impact:
There is a great demand from governments to economically reduce the cost of energy resources consumed in a city.

Legal Impact:
In general, implementation and fabrication of wind turbine towers are not considered to be illegal in most countries, including Morocco.

Ethical Impact:

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Wind Turbines are ethically acceptable, since they do not produce air contamination and they use purely sunlight.

Figure 2: Importance of Wind Energy to produce power

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Chapter 1: General Overview on Wind Turbines

In this chapter I will be discussing an overview over wind turbines. Wind is considered as a clean source of energy. It is much recommended to use this source more often to keep our planet free of pollution and carbon emission. As efficient as it can get wind has been making a lot of task for us since thousands of years ago. There are some of the live examples such as propelling sailboats, flying kites as well as grinding grains. Nowadays, the use of wind has retained its importance in a daily life of people around the world. Wind farms, houses and industrial building are all in need to a renewable source of energy such as wind to obey the huge need of energy sources, which happens to be expensive. An engineer always looks to create the most powerful wind Turbine that will relatively generate enough electrical energy.
The power of wind is not constantly blowing in certain sites. The flow of wind does not blow in regular basis. Engineers try to tackle each obstacle at a time to make the right decisions for the most efficient wind turbine to be fabricated and installed eventually. It is cheap to install huge wind turbines in rural areas. However, the wind speed and power is not always available, which makes the calculation not very precise. The challenge then is to have the wind turbine be sensitive to those slow wind flows. The turbulent wind flow, trees and building close by makes it hard on the turbine to work in a direct interaction with air.
All of the above are reasons to emphasize on being carful while choosing the right site for a wind turbine. There are several types of wind turbines that take into consideration different factors and variables. [1]

How is wind created?

Have we ever asked ourselves what is the source of wind? In our earth surface there happens to be some different level of heating sourcing form the sun. The warmer air comes to the top with a low pressure coming from the cooler air with a higher pressure. Wind is affected by the rotation of the planet, weather changing and also topographic effects.

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Figure 3: Creation of Wind

This project is going to be a study about each of the fabrication, structure and the material used in ideal wind turbine in Morocco. A sight on the different structures, materials and

Wind turbines are classified into two general types: horizontal axis and vertical axis. Regardless of the design of the wind turbine, they share some components such as:

1. Anemometer: a tool that is used for measuring the speed of wind

2. Blades: the main parts of the wind turbine that will be in contact with air in which they rotate once wind passes. Due to this interaction, electricity will be produced eventually.

3. Brake: the function of the break is to stop the wind turbine for maintenance or for emergency cases. Also, the break has different types in which could be electrical, mechanical, or hybrid break.
4. Controller: the part of the wind turbine that is functionally linked to wind speed in which turbines start and stop. Usually, when the wind hits 8 mph or 3.6 m/s, it starts the machine and stops it when wind speed reaches 55 mph or 24.6 m/s. It is an important component since it prevents the blades from damage during high wind conditions.
5. Generator: the part of wind turbine that is responsible for producing electricity at
60 cycles usually.
6. Shaft: the part of the wind turbine that signals the generator for conducting electricity. 7. Tower: the place where the turbines are hold for a certain height to get more wind.

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Figure 4: Wind Turbine main Parts

The tower of a wind turbine is made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of the turbine. Wind turbines generate more energy when the height of the towers

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  • 2014 – Orléans, France

    2014 – Orléans, France

    Book of abstracts Sponsors The 10th EAWE PhD Seminar on Wind Energy in Europe takes place in Orléans, on the University Campus, from the 28th to 31st of October, 2014. The local organizers, Boris Conan and Sandrine Aubrun, are very pleased to welcome all of you and they hope that you will spend a very pleasant and fruitful stay in Orléans. This seminar provides an opportunity for PhD students and their supervisors from all over Europe to exchange information and experience on research in wind energy, to meet new people and create networks. It is organized and partially funded by the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE). The first day of the seminar (28th of October) will be devoted to an introductory day of lectures provided by 'senior' PhD students and/or young Doctors. The goal will be to provide general information to new PhD and to master students on a broad panel of topics related to wind energy. This day will be an occasion for young students to get familiar with the various problematics of wind energy and for the presenters to have a first experience as a lecturer. The last three days (29-31 of October) will be devoted to the conventional PhD seminar. PhD students will present their activities during 20min slots. Some specific sessions will be also devoted to poster exhibitions. The main topics covered by the seminar are: - Materials and structures - Wind, Turbulence - Aerodynamics - Control and System Identification - Electricity conversion - Reliability and uncertainty modelling - Design methods - Hydrodynamics, soil characteristics,
  • Design of Airborne Wind Energy Airfoils

    Design of Airborne Wind Energy Airfoils

    Design of Airborne Wind Energy Airfoils MSc. Candidate: Erik Kroon Supervisor: Gael de Oliveira Andrade Over forty years ago Loyd proposed to harvest wind energy using crosswind airborne devices. Currently more than a combined total of 50 research groups and companies are developing Airborne Wind Energy systems. There are many varieties among the Airborne Wind Energy systems but most of these are converging towards using tethered aircraft that either generate electricity on board the aircraft by means of a turbine or on the ground by converting the mechanical power into electricity. Figure 1:Tethered aircraft with on the ground and onboard power generation [1] The research groups and companies currently use existing airfoils from the flight and conventional wind energy industries. These airfoils are however not optimal for Airborne Wind Energy. This is due to the fact that the airfoils are designed with different goals in mind than those that Airborne Wind Energy requires. A quick example is that airfoils for wind turbine and aircraft are not designed for tethered flight where the tether is a major drag contribution. As such the objective of this MSc. Thesis is to investigate what the driving requirements are behind Airborne Wind Energy and translating these into objective functions which can be used by an advanced airfoil optimization framework to generate a collection of candidate airfoils. References: [1] Cherubini, A., Papini, A., Vertechy, R., and Fontana, M., “Airborne Wind Energy Systems: A review of the technologies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. .