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Operation Murambatsvina by the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe

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Operation Murambatsvina by the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina by the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe Mrs. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka Acknowledgements In May 2005 the Government of Zimbabwe launched a clean-up operation of its cities known as “Murambatsvina”. It was described as a programme to enforce bylaws to stop all forms of alleged “illegal activities in areas such as vending, illegal structures, illegal cultivation” among others in its cities. Concerned by the adverse impact of the Operation on the lives of the urban poor, the Secretary- General of the United Nations appointed a Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues to assess the situation and present recommendations on how the conditions of those affected may be addressed. This report provides the findings and recommendations of the Special Envoy for her mission undertaken between 26 June and 8 July, 2005, in Zimbabwe. A number of people assisted the Special Envoy on her assignment. First, the Special Envoy would like to acknowledge the warm welcome extended by H. E. President Robert Mugabe, who gave free access and full support to the mission. She would also like to acknowledge the assistance provided to her by several Members of Cabinet in the Government ’s Inter-Ministerial Task Force responsible for coordinating “Operation Garikai”, especially its Chairperson, Minister of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development, Dr. Ignatius Chombo. The Special Envoy would like to thank the Governors of the Provinces of Matebeleland, Midlands, Manicaland and the Mayors of the cities and towns she visited, especially those of Harare, Headlands, Rusape, Mutare, Gweru, Bulawayo, Hwange and Victoria Falls, for facilitating her tour around the affected areas. The Special Envoy gratefully recognizes the many interviews and submissions made by Parliamentarians, political parties, civil society organizations, women groups, the private sector, professional associations, religious leaders, faith-based organizations, as well as non-governmental and community-based organizations. Most of all, the Special Envoy would like to thank the many individuals, especially those in the camps and those sleeping out at night, for their patience in providing personal testimonies under the most trying conditions. The briefings provided by members of the international and diplomatic community both within Zimbabwe and outside were much appreciated. A mission of this nature would not have been successful without the support provided by the UN Country Team under the able leadership of Mr. Agostinho Zacarias, the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator for Zimbabwe. The Special Envoy would like to acknowledge the team that accompanied her to Zimbabwe for their hard work in preparing and finalizing the report. The team consisted of the following: Ms. Mari Yamashita, from the UN Department of Political Affairs; Mr. Alf Ivar Blikberg, from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; and, from UN-HABITAT, Mr. Alioune Badiane, Ms. Sandra Baffoe-Bonnie, Ms. Nelly Kang’ethe, Mr. Sharad Shankardass and Mr. Nicholas You. She would also like to thank all staff at UN-HABITAT who assisted her in finalizing the document and braving a night shift to make sure this report reaches the Secretary-General in time, especially Mr. Roman Rollnick, Mr. Francisco Vasquez, Ms. Rhoda Kalaule and Ms. Margaret Mburu. Mr Haile Menkerios of the Department of Political Affairs and the staff at the UN-HABITAT New York Office, Ms. Axumite Gebre-Egziabher , Ms. Yamina Djacta Mr. Christopher Hutton, Mr. Angel Gómez and Ms. Anne Kuria – all gave invaluable editorial support and logistics. Finally, the Special Envoy would like to thank the UN Secretary-General, Mr. Kofi Annan, for his confidence in her to undertake this challenging assignment. She hopes that the findings and recommendations will be helpful to the Government of Zimbabwe and useful in mobilizing international assistance for the victims of Operation Murambatsvina and the people of Zimbabwe. Anna Tibaijuka 18 July, 2005. 2 List of Abbreviations AU African Union CAP Consolidated Appeals Process DPA Department of Political Affairs ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Period HCC Harare City Council IDPs Internally Displaced People IOM International Organization for Migration MDC Movement for Democratic Change NGO Non-governmental Organizations OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs SADC Southern African Development Community SESG Special Envoy of the Secretary-General UN United Nations UNAIDS The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDP United Nations Development Programme WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front ZIMCORD Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction and Development ZRP Zimbabwe Republican Force 3 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................... 7 SECTION A SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF “OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA” (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) ................................................................ 11 1 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CONTEXT OF “OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA” (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) ................................................................ 12 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 OPERATION MURAMBATSVINA (OPERATION RESTORE ORDER) .................................................. 12 1.3 SCOPE OF THE FACT-FINDING MISSION ........................................................................................ 13 1.4 HISTORICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT................................................................................... 14 1.4.1 The Historical Context............................................................................................................ 14 1.4.2 The Economic Crisis............................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3 Rise of the Informal Economy................................................................................................. 17 1.5 THE POLITICAL CONTEXT............................................................................................................ 17 1.6 THE MOTIVATIONS BEHIND THE OPERATION............................................................................... 20 2 THE URBANIZATION, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE CRISIS IN ZIMBABWE 22 2.1 RAPID URBANIZATION, THE IMPOVERISHMENT OF CITIES AND POOR POLICY RESPONSES .......... 22 2.2 THE RISE OF THE INFORMAL URBAN ECONOMY, CONFLICTS AND CRISIS IN URBAN GOVERNANCE 23 2.3 UNREALISTIC HOUSING STANDARDS ........................................................................................... 24 2.4 INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 24 2.5 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................................................... 27 SECTION B SCOPE, EXTENT AND IMPACT OF THE OPERATION AND CAPACITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWE AND THE HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY TO RESPOND 30 3. SCOPE, EXTENT AND IMPACT OF THE OPERATION.......................................................... 31 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 31 3.2 SCOPE AND EXTENT OF THE OPERATION...................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Methodological considerations............................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Population directly affected by Operation Restore Order.......................................................... 32 3.2.3 Indirectly affected population................................................................................................. 33 3.3 IMPACT ON POPULATION AND CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS ............................................................... 34 3.4 IMPACT ON LIVELIHOODS AND THE ECONOMY ............................................................................. 35 3.5 HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES OF THE OPERATION.................................................................. 36 3.6 ANALYSIS OF IMPACT BY SECTOR ................................................................................................ 36 3.6.1 Shelter and non-food items ..................................................................................................... 36 3.6.2 Water and Sanitation .............................................................................................................. 37 3.6.3 Food and Nutrition ................................................................................................................. 38 3.6.4 Basic Health Services ............................................................................................................
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