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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS This page intentionally left blank ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS Edited by Natalie Ferry and Angharad M.R. Gatehouse School of Biology Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability Newcastle University UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: + 44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: + 1 617 395 4056 Fax: + 44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: + 1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©CAB International 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental impact of genetically modified crops/edited by Natalie Ferry and Angharad M.R. Gatehouse. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-409-5 (alk. paper) 1. Transgenic plants--Environmental aspects. 2. Food--Safety measures. 3. Agricultural biotechnology. I. Ferry, Natalie. II. Gatehouse, A. M. R. III. Title. SB123.57.E584 2009 577.5'5--dc22 2008028686 ISBN: 978 1 84593 409 5 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group. The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certified. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents Contributors vii Preface xi I Genetically Modifi ed Crops: Three Chapters, Three Views 1 Transgenic Crops and Their Applications for 3 Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security P. Christou and T. Capell 2 Environmental Benefi ts of Genetically 23 Modifi ed Crops M.G. Edwards and G.M. Poppy 3 Developing a 21st Century View of Agriculture 42 and the Environment D. Pimentel and M.G. Paoletti II Agricultural Biotechnology: Risks, Benefi ts and Potential Ecological Impact 4 Environmental Risk Assessment 61 F.G. Tencalla, T.E. Nickson and M. Garcia-Alonso 5 Insect Resistance to Genetically Modifi ed Crops 74 B.E. Tabashnik and Y. Carrière 6 Resistance Management of Transgenic 101 Insect-resistant Crops: Ecological Factors B. Raymond and D.J. Wright v vi Contents 7 Herbicide-tolerant Genetically Modifi ed Crops: 115 Resistance Management M.D.K. Owen 8 Impact of Insect-resistant Transgenic Crops on 165 Above-ground Non-target Arthropods J. Romeis, M. Meissle, A. Raybould and R.L. Hellmich 9 Impact of Genetically Modifi ed Crops on Pollinators 199 L.A. Malone and E.P.J. Burgess 10 Impact of Genetically Modifi ed Crops on Soil 225 and Water Ecology R. Wheatley 11 Biodiversity and Genetically Modifi ed Crops 240 Professor K. Ammann 12 Potential Wider Impact: Farmland Birds 265 M.J. Whittingham 13 Safety for Human Consumption 278 R.H. Phipps 14 Biofuels: Jatropha curcas as a Novel, Non-edible 296 Oilseed Plant for Biodiesel A. Kohli, M. Raorane, S. Popluechai, U. Kannan, J.K. Syers and A.G. O’Donnell III Global Perspectives 15 European Commercial Genetically Modifi ed 327 Plantings and Field Trials F. Ortego, X. Pons, R. Albajes and P. Castañera 16 Monitoring Bt Resistance in the Field: 344 China as a Case Study K. He, Z. Wang and Y. Zhang 17 Current Status of Crop Biotechnology in Africa 360 D. George IV The Future of Agriculture 18 Agriculture, Innovation and Environment 383 N. Ferry and A.M.R. Gatehouse Index 411 Contributors Professor Ramón Albajes, Centre UdL-IRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Em Professor Klaus Ammann, Delft University of Technology, Juliana- laan, NL-2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands; E-mail: Klaus.ammann@ ips.unibe.ch Elisabeth P.J. Burgess, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Teresa Capell, Univeritat de Lleida, Department de Produccio Vegetal i Ciencia Forestal, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Yves Carrière, Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Pedro Castañera, Departamento de Biología de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Paul Christou, ICREA and Univeritat de Lleida, Department de Produccio Vegetal i Ciencia Forestal, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Martin G. Edwards, School of Biology, Institute for Research on En- vironment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Natalie Ferry, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Monica Garcia-Alonso, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK; E-mail: monica.garcia-alonso@ syngenta.com vii viii Contributors Professor Angharad M. R. Gatehouse, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, New- castle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Mr Derick George, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environ- ment and Sustainability, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: derick.george @ncl.ac.uk; Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Research, PO Box 0033, Gaborone, Botswana; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Kanglai He, The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Dis- ease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Richard L. Hellmich, USDA–ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit and Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Genetics Laboratory c/o Insectary, Ames, Iowa 50011-3140, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Ms Udhaya Kannan, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environ- ment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Ajay Kohli, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected]; Plant Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Phillipines. Dr Louise A. Malone, Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; E-mail: [email protected] Mr Michael Meissle, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstr, 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; E-mail: michael. [email protected] Dr Thomas E. Nickson, Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd, St Louis, MO 63141, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Tony G. O’Donnell, Dean, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Félix Ortego, Departamento de Biología de Plantas, Centro de Investig- aciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Micheal D.K. Owen, Associate Department Chair, Professor of Agronomy and Extension Weed Science, 2104 Agronomy Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Maurizio G. Paoletti, Dipartimento di Biologia, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Richard H. Phipps, Deputy Director Centre for Dairy Research and Professor of Animal Science and Applied Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Contributors ix Professor David Pimentel, Department of Entomology, Systematics and Ecology, Cornell University, 5126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2601, USA; E-mail: [email protected] Professor Xavier Pons, Centre UdL-IRTA, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain; E-mail: [email protected] Siam Popluechai, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected]; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Professor Guy M. Poppy, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK; E-mail: g.m.poppy@soton. ac.uk Manish Raorane, School of Biology, Institute for Research on Environ- ment and Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Dr Alan Raybould, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK; E-mail: alan.raybould@syngenta. com Dr Ben Raymond, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: benjamin.raymond@zoo. ox.ac.uk Dr Jörg Romeis, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland; E-mail: