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Latin As a Threatened Language in the Linguistic World of Early

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Latin As a Threatened Language in the Linguistic World of Early View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UC Research Repository Latin as a Threatened Language in the Linguistic World of Early Fifteenth Century Florence A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Classical Studies in the University of Canterbury by Cara Siobhan O’Rourke University of Canterbury 200 2 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. 3 Chapter I Introduction: Relationship between modern theory of language recovery for minority languages and the situation of Latin in 15th century Italy………………………………………………………………………. 4 Modern Theories of Reversing Language Shift………………………….. 4 The Linguistic Situation of Early Quattrocento Italy……………………. 8 RLS and the Linguistic Situation of Latin in Early Fifteenth Century Italy.. 10 The Unique Linguistic Situation of Trecento and Quattrocento Florence: A Context for Chapters II-IV……………………………………………….. 13 Chapter II: The Dialogus ad Petrum Histrum and Reversing Language Shift 23 Salutati’s speech and the influence of the chreian…………………………. 26 The Dialogus ad Petrum Histrum Viewed through RLS theory……………… 29 Niccolö Niccoli’s First Speech……………………………………………….. 36 Coluccio Salutati’s Response…………………………………………………. 39 Niccolö Niccoli’s Second Speech…………………………………………….. 40 Part II of the Dialogus ad Petrum Histrum………………………………….. 43 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………... 50 Chapter III: The Debate on the Latin Language of 1435: Did the Romans Actually Speak Latin?………………………………………………………… 52 Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 52 Reconstructing the Original Debate………………………………………….. 57 Flavio Biondo’s New Arguments……………………………………………. 61 Leonardo Bruni………………………………………………………………. 71 Poggio Bracciolini: the Historiae Convivalis……………………………….. 77 Leon Battista Alberti: Preface to Book III: On Good Management……….… 83 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………... 89 Chapter IV: Bruni’s Vita di Dante and the Question of Bruni’s Attitude to Language Choice………………………………………………………………. 95 Bruni and the Figure of Dante………………………………………………... 95 Bruni’s Vita di Dante…………………………………………………………. 96 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………… 107 Some Final Conclusions………………………………………………………. 111 Reference List…………………………………………………………………. 113 3 Abstract This thesis examines the situation of the Latin language in the unique linguistic environment of early fifteenth century Florence. Florence, at this time, offers an interesting study because of the vernacular language’s growing status in the wake of the literary success of vernacular authors Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, and the humanist study of Greek language. Joshua Fishman’s theories on threatened languages and Reversing Language Shift are used to examine Latin’s position in this environment. Chapter I describes Fishman’s theories and applies them to the special situation of Florence, giving a context for the following three chapters. Chapter II offers an original interpretation of Leonardo Bruni’s Dialogus ad Petrum Histrum, emphasising the significance of the speaker, Coluccio Salutati, and his apparent message in favour of reviving spoken Latin. Chapter III describes a debate that began in 1435, after the papal Curia moved to Florence and Bruni was drawn into the discussions of the papal humanists. The debate examined whether the Ancient Romans actually spoke Latin in their daily lives, or whether Latin was primarily a written, literary language, and there was a separate, spoken language for domestic environments, as in Florence in the fifteenth century. A number of humanists commented in response to this question. I examine Flavio Biondo’s treatise dedicated to Leonardo Bruni, Bruni’s letter in response to Biondo, Poggio Bracciolini in the the Tertiae Convivialis Historiae Disceptatio, and finally, Leon Battista Alberti’s comment in the preface to the third book of the Della Famiglia. In Chapter IV, Bruni’s vernacular writing, the Vita di Dante,is used to establish Bruni’s own attitude to language choice as flexible and dependant on the subject matter, genre and intended audience for the work. 4 Chapter I Introduction: Relationship between modern theory of language recovery for minority languages and the situation of Latin in 15th century Italy This thesis examines the particular situation of Florence in the Quattrocento with regards to issues of language competition and language choice. I examine Florentine attempts to revive the Latin language in the fifteenth century, in light of modern theories of Reversing Language Shift (hereafter RLS). Peter Burke touched RLS theory,1 but limited himself to a general comment on Fishman’s theories on how language shift spreads if it is perceived to spread. I propose to use modern theory on how to preserve and revive threatened minority languages to examine the actions of the humanists and the specific problem of Renaissance Latin. The RLS model helps to bring into relief specific aspects of the revival of Latin, even without fitting completely into the model. In this sense, I take as a starting point the uniqueness of Florence at that time because of the creation of a vernacular literature in the Tuscan dialect and the fact that Florence was a centre for the revival of Greek and Latin eloquence. I begin my discussion with a summary of the crucial points of RLS theory, which I then apply these to fifteenth century Italy. After this I discuss the unique linguistic position of Florence at this time, and outline a context for each of the subsequent chapters. My chapters each offer a snapshot of attitudes to language choice and to Latin, by examining specific written contributions by humanists, with particular attention to Leonardo Bruni. Modern Theories of Reversing Language Shift Latin became increasing threatened as a language-in-use during the period under examination. It is, therefore, desirable to scrutinise it in the context of modern theories on language shift in threatened, or minority languages. The seminal works in this area are Joshua Fishman’s “Reversing Language Shift,” published in 1991 and a revised book, entitled “Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective” in 2001. Fishman is credited with founding the field of study into the process of reversing the shift away from the use of minority threatened languages; Fishman’s theories are consistent between the two books published a decade apart. 1 Peter Burke, “Heu Domine, Adsunt Turcae”: a Sketch for a Social History of Post-Medieval Latin” in The Art of Conversation (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press 1993) 34-65, reference to Fishman 64. 5 Fishman establishes the terminology for this area of study. His phrase, “Reversing Language Shift” is abbreviated to RLS; and one who practises RLS, or is pro-RLS, is termed an RLSer.2 RLS efforts are social policies aimed at intervening in the existing course of events surrounding a language, whether these are implemented by government or the local community.3 According to Fishman, the purpose of RLS analysis is “to understand, limit, and rectify the societal loss of functionality in the weaker language when two languages interact and compete for the same functions.”4 People who speak a minority language in an example scenario are termed Xmen or Xians, and the non-specific language they speak is termed Xish.5 The dominant language is Yish, and its speakers are Ymen or Yians. In addition, it is possible to identify as belonging to the group of Xmen, or to be Xian, without speaking Xish, just as it is possible, for instance, to consider yourself a Maori without being able to speak Maori (Te Reo). RLS is difficult because the process of language loss is the result of a much wider process of ongoing departures from traditional culture, creating an Xmen-via-Yish possibility.6 RLS is about cultural reconstruction and is, therefore, an inherent criticism of society as it exists.7 RLS activities involve an element of what is known as language planning. Language planning can involve “status planning” measures, which foster greater use of the language in various societal functions; and “corpus-planning”, which involves coining or adopting new terms required for normal language functions, as well as adjusting and monitoring spelling.8 Language planning is part of the organisation required to effectively revive a threatened language. The term diglossia is applied to the situation of bilingualism where Xish and Yish have their own domains. These domains are spaces and functions in which languages are expected to be spoken, and these spaces and functions overlap minimally.9 For a minority language, a situation of diglossia is both necessary and desirable.10 The minority language must establish 2 Joshua Fishman, Reversing Language Shift (Great Britain: Multilingual Matters Ltd.,1991) 2, 11 3 Fishman (1991) 81-82 4 Joshua Fishman, Can threatened languages be saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective (Great Britain: Multilingual Matters, 2001) 2 5 Xish and Xmen are terms introduced in Fishman (1991) 11, Xians and Yians appear at Fishman (2001) 451 6 Fishman (2001) 21 7 Fishman (1991) 17,19 8 Fishman (1991) 81, 337, 346-352 9 Fishman (1991) 84-85, (2001) 9-13 10 Fishman (2001) 453 6 boundaries for its use.11 Language revival is never about the language alone, but encompasses wider cultural goals. The language may be a necessary vehicle for cultural activities, and the clearer the separate functions each language is appropriate or necessary for, the clearer the
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