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Renato Rosaldo Talks About How notes.qxd 10/11/1999 10:14 AM Page 201 Notes Preface 1. In Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989) Renato Rosaldo talks about how linkages between academic training and personal experience force a reevaluation of the notion of truth itself as it has come to be accepted in our disciplines. 2. Larry Preston, in “Theorizing Difference: Voices from the Margins” (Amer- ican Political Science Review 89, no. 4 [December 1995]: 941–53), writes about the dif‹culties inherent in this endeavor. 3. Homi K. Bhabha, “The Commitment to Theory,” The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), 19–39. 4. In The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology That Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996) Ruth Behar writes about the dilemmas in using personal nar- rative as part of the process of social science. 5. Parts of the introduction are excerpted from an essay that appeared in Ruth Behar, ed., Puentes a Cuba / Bridges to Cuba (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 25–43. Introduction 1. A derogatory term literally translated as “worm,” gusano is a Cuban collo- quialism for “lowlife.” The term also refers to the duffel bags carried by those who ›ed Cuba in the early 1960s. 2. Years later Wayne Smith wrote in his book The Closest of Enemies: A Per- sonal and Diplomatic Account of U.S. Cuban Relations since 1957 (New York: Nor- ton, 1987) about how the release of prisoners had been worked out between both governments before the meeting with exiles. 3. For instance, the Pablo Milanes Foundation was a quasi-independent foun- dation through which exchanges with the exile community were encouraged. The Cuban government shut down the foundation in the early 1990s, thereby destroy- ing a project that had given hope to many artists and intellectuals about the prospects for staying on the island. 4. See, for example, Rodolfo de la Garza, Robert Winckle, and Jerry Polinard, “Ethnicity and Policy: The Mexican American Perspective,” in F. Chris Garcia, ed., Latinos and the Political System (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), 426–41. 201 notes.qxd 10/11/1999 10:14 AM Page 202 202 Notes to Pages xiv–27 5. Mary Louise Pratt and Charlene Aguilar, eds., “Still Looking for America: Beyond the Latino National Political Survey” (report prepared by the Public Out- reach Project, Stanford Center for Chicano Research, Stanford University, Janu- ary 1994). 6. I discuss this in more detail in “Transnational Political and Cultural Identi- ties: Crossing Theoretical Borders,” in Frank Bonilla, Edwin Melendez, Rebecca Morales, and María de los Angeles Torres, eds., Borderless Borders: Latinos in the Global Society (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), 169–82. 7. See the work of Tomás Almaguer, “Toward a Study of Chicano Colonial- ism,” in Aztlan: Chicano Journal of Social Sciences and the Arts 1, no. 2 (fall 1970): 7–21. Also see Rudy Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanos (New York: Harper and Row, 1988); and Mario Barrera, Race and Class in the Southwest (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979). 8. Rufus Browning, Dale Rogers Marshall, and David Tabb, Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle of Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984). 9. See Juan Gomez-Quiñones, “Notes on the Interpretation of the Relations between the Mexican Community in the United States and Mexico”; and Carlos Zazueta, “Mexican Political Actors in the United States and Mexico: Historical and Political Contexts of a Dialogue,” both in Carlos Vasquez and Manuel Garcia y Griego, eds., Mexican/U.S. Relations: Con›ict and Convergence (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 417–83. 10. History Task Force of El Centro de Estudios Puertoriqueños, Labor Migra- tion under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979); and Manuel Maldonado-Dennis, Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos: Emi- gracion y Colonialismo (Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1976). 11. María de los Angeles Torres, “From Exiles to Minorities: The Politics of the Cuban Community in the United States” (Ph.D. diss., Political Science Depart- ment University of Michigan, 1986). 12. A review of this research was published as “Encuentros y Encontronazos: Homeland in the Politics and Identity of the Cuban Diaspora,” in Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 2 (fall 1995): 211–38. 13. Frank Bonilla, “Brother Can You Paradigm?” (Working Paper, Inter-Uni- versity Program on Latino Research, University of Texas, Austin, 1997). Chapter 1 1. Manuel Moreno Fraginals and Jose J. Moreno Maso, Guerra, migración y muerte: el ejercito español en Cuba como vía migratoria. (Barcelona: Fundacion Archivo de Indianos, 1993), 16. 2. Douglas B. Klusmeyer, “Aliens, Immigrants, and Citizens: The Politics of Inclusion in the Federal Republic of Germany.” Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 122, no. 3 (summer 1993): 84. 3. Khachig Tölölyan, “The Nation-State and Its Others: In Lieu of a Preface,” Diaspora: A Journal Transnational Studies 1, no. 1 (spring 1991): 3–7. notes.qxd 10/11/1999 10:14 AM Page 203 Notes to Pages 27–32 203 4. For an extensive study of transnational communities, see Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Pro- jects, PostColonial Predicaments and Deterritorialized Nation-States (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1994); and Jorge Duany, “Quisqueya on the Hud- son: The Transnational Identity of Dominicans in Washington Heights.” Domini- can Research Monographs, CUNY Domincan Studies Institute, 1994. 5. Frank Bonilla, “Migrants, Citizens, and Social Pacts,” in Edwin Melendez and Edgardo Melendez, Colonial Dilemma: Critical Perspectives on Contemporary Puerto Rico (Boston: South End Press, 1993), 181–88. 6. Nicos Poulantzas, in Political Power and Social Classes (London: New Left Books, 1980), distinguishes between types of states and regimes. Furthermore, the kinds of regimes that emerge, for instance, in capitalist states vary according to multiple factors, including the forms taken by class struggles within any particular time period. This last concept is further discussed in Poulantzas’s book Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (London: New Left Books, 1972). 7. Paul Murphy, World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), chap. 6. 8. Richard Barnet, Roots of War: The Men and Institutions behind U.S. Foreign Policy. (Baltimore: Penguin, 1971). 9. National Security Council–68, “How to Prepare for an Inde‹nite Period of Tension and Danger,” April 1950; reprinted in Walter Lefeber, America in the Cold War: Twenty Years of Revolution and Response, 1947–1967 (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1969), 74. 10. Richard Harris Smith, The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelli- gence Agency (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972). 11. Ibid., 362. 12. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., in J. Joseph Huthmacher and Warren Susman, The Origins of the Cold War (Waltham, MA: Ginn-Blaisdell, 1970), 41. 13. Silvia Pedraza-Bailey, Political and Economic Migrants: Cubans and Mexi- cans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 10–11. 14. Alejandro Portes and Robert Bach, Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). Also see Lourdes Casal and Andre Hernández, “Cubans in the United States: A Survey of the Literature.” Cuban Studies 5 (July 1975): 25–51. 15. For instance, see the following two volumes: Mohammed E. Ahrari, Ethnic Groups and Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Greenview Press, 1987); and Abdul Aziz Said, Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Praeger, 1981). 16. Nicos Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes (London: New Left Books, 1968). 17. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Prison Notebooks, O. Horace and G. Nouvre Smith, eds. (New York: International Publishers, 1971). 18. Bonilla et al., Borderless Borders. 19. Murphy, World War I. 20. Ibid., 27. notes.qxd 10/11/1999 10:14 AM Page 204 204 Notes to Pages 32–37 21. See Mervin Holli and Peter d’A. Jones, eds., Ethnic Chicago (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1977). 22. Yossi Shain, The Frontiers of Loyalty: Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State (Hanover, MA: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 51. 23. For a review of the complexities of the pluralist approach, see Gabriel Almond, A Discipline Divided: Schemes and Sects in Political Science (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990). 24. George Black, The Good Neighbors: How the United States Wrote the History of Central America and the Caribbean (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988). 25. Felix Padilla, “Introduction: The Sociology of Hispanic People,” in F. Padilla, ed. Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Sociology (Hous- ton: Arte Publico Press, 1994), 13. 26. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987). 27. See the work of Renato Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989). 28. Juan Gomez-Quiñones, “On Culture.” Revista Chicano-Riqueno (5, no. 2 1977): 29–46. 29. Guillermo Gomez-Peña, Warrior for Gringostroika (St. Paul, MN: Grey Wolf Press, 1993). 30. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America: Re›ections on a Multicul- tural Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992). 31. Gustavo Pérez-Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994). 32. David Rieff, The Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993). 33. Rafael Hernández, “Soñar en ingles: Comunidad Cubana, Transcultura- cion, Cultura Política” (MS, 1993). 34. Ibid., 6. 35. Marisa Alicea, “The Latino Immigration Experience: The Case of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubanos,” in Padilla, Handbook of Hispanic Cultures, 34–56. 36. Milton Esman, “The Political Fallout of International Migration,” Dias- pora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 2, no.
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