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Written by John Mason and Staff of ACS Distance Education Contents Carnivore Animals WRITTEN BY JOHN MASON AND STAFF OF ACS DISTANCE EDUCATION CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CARNIVORE TAXONOMY 8 Taxonomy and conservation 8 Principles of taxonomy 9 Modern Science Has Changed Taxonomy 10 Classification of carnivores 11 Key points 12 CHAPTER 2 CARNIVORE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 13 Anatomy and feeding 13 Senses 16 Range and distribution 16 Ecology 16 Longevity 17 Behaviour 17 Altruism 17 Reproduction 17 Predation 18 Pathogens and parasites 18 Sustainable management 18 Conservation case studies of iconic carnivores 19 Tiger 19 Giant panda 19 Walrus 19 CHAPTER 3 CANINES 20 Genus: Atelocynus 21 Genus: Canis 21 Genus: Cerdocyon 24 Genus: Cerdocyon 24 Genus: Cuon 25 Genus: Lycalopex 26 Genus: Lycaon 27 Genus: Nyctereutes 28 Genus: Otocyon 28 Genus: Vulpes 29 CHAPTER 4 FELINES 31 The Big Cats (Pantherinae) 33 The Small Cats (Felinae) 39 CHAPTER 5 BEARS 48 Introduction 48 Hibernation 49 Bear species 49 CHAPTER 6 AQUATic CARNIVORES 59 Family Odobenidae (Walrus) 59 Family Phocidae (True Seals) 60 Family Otariidae (Eared Seals, Fur Seals, and Sea Lions) 61 CHAPTER 7 MUSTALIDS 63 Family Mustelidae (weasels, badgers, otters) 63 Genus: Taxidea 64 Taxidea taxus (American Badger) 64 Genus: Mellivora 65 Genus: Arctonyx 66 Arctonyx collaris (Hog badger) 66 Genus: Meles 66 Meles (Eurasian Badger, Japanese Badger, Asian Badger) 66 Genus: Eira 67 Eira barbara (Tayra) 67 Genus: Gulo 68 Gulo (Wolverine) 68 Genus: Martes (Martens) 69 Genus: Melogale 70 Genus: Galictis 70 Examples of other animal in this superfamily include: 71 The Domestic Ferret 74 American Mink 74 CHAPTER 8 OTHER CARNIVORES 76 Family Procyonidae (Raccoons, Coatis and relatives) 76 Family Ailuridae (Lesser Panda or Red Panda) 79 Family Viverridae (Civets, Genets, Linsangs) 81 Family Herpestidae (Mongooses) 81 Family Hyaenidae (Hyenas and Aardwolf) 84 CHAPTER 9 MANAGEMENT OF CAPTIVE CARNIVORES 88 Managing the Welfare of Captive Carnivores 88 Duty of Care 88 Assessing Animal Welfare 89 Preventing Disease and Injury 89 Health Checks and Observations 90 The Importance of Good Nutrition 90 The Effect of Poor Nutrition 91 Provision of Water 91 Exercise 92 Stimulation 92 Appropriate and Safe Environment 92 Controlling Pests and Diseases 93 Veterinary Prevention 93 Pet carnivores 94 Health 94 Nutrition 95 Dogs 95 Cats 96 Sociability 97 Dogs 97 Cats 97 Environmental Enrichment 98 Cats 98 Training 99 Dogs 99 Cats 99 Territory 99 Dogs 99 Cats 100 Communication 100 Dogs 100 Cats 100 Considerations for Purchasing a Pet Carnivore 100 Captive carnivores 101 Principles and Ethics of Animal Management in Zoos 101 Health 102 Monitoring health 102 Hygiene 102 Diseases 102 Nutrition 103 Nutrition for Big Cats (e.g. Lions and Tigers) 104 Seasonal Changes and Food Requirements 106 Watering 107 Behaviour 108 Behaviour Management 109 Environmental Influences on Behaviour 109 Environmental Enrichment 110 Physical Enrichment 111 Feeding Enrichment 111 Cognitive Enrichment 112 Social Enrichment 112 Sensory Enrichment 112 Working Carnivores 112 Dog Racing 113 Dog Fighting 113 Hunting dogs 114 Farm Dogs 115 CHAPTER 10 MANAGEMENT OF WILD CARNIVORES 116 Wild carnivores 116 Awareness of the Threats 117 Conservation of Wild Carnivores 117 Captive Breeding 117 Goals of Captive Breeding 118 Management of Diseases 119 Pest Animals 119 Wild Dogs and Cats 120 Domestication of Wild Dogs and Cats 120 Examples of Other Pest Animals 120 Wolves 121 Meerkats 121 Territoriality 122 Chemical Communication 122 Controlling carnivores 122 Catch and Release 122 Catch and Neuter 123 Fencing or other Barriers 123 Culling 123 APPENDIX 124 Distance learning and online courses 124 E-books by John Mason and ACS Staff 125 Printed books by John Mason 126 Useful contacts 127 ACS global partners 127 Social media 127 > BACK TO CONTENTS PAGE CREDITS © Copyright 2017 John Mason The information in this book is derived from a broad cross section of resources Written By: (research, reference materials and Staff of ACS Distance Education personal experience) from the authors and editorial assistants in the academic Photos: department of ACS Distance Education. John Mason and Stephen Mason It is, to the best of our knowledge, composed as an accurate representation Layout & Illustration: of what is accepted and appropriate Stephen Mason information about the subject, at the time of publication. Editorial Assistants/Contributors: Kara Wight B.Sc. (Bioscience and The authors fully recognise that Zoology), HND (Animal Care). knowledge is continually changing, Dr Robert Brown B.Sc., PhD. and awareness in all areas of study Sarah Partridge B.S.Chs.(Zoology). is constantly evolving. As such, we John Mason Dip.Hort.Sc. encourage the reader to recognise Peta Jinnath Abdul B.Sc., Grad.Dip. that nothing they read should ever Ed., M.Creative Writing. be considered to be set in stone. They should always strive to broaden Published by: their perspective and deepen their ACS Distance Education understanding of a subject, and before acting upon any information or advice, P.O. Box 2092, Nerang MDC, should always seek to confirm the Queensland, Australia, 4211 currency of that information, and the [email protected] appropriateness to the situation in which www.acsbookshop.com they find themselves. P O Box 4171, Stourbridge, DY8 2WZ, As such, the publisher and author do not United Kingdom accept any liability for actions taken by [email protected] the reader based upon their reading of www.acsebooks.com this book. ISBN: 978-0-9954356-4-3 page 7 > BACK TO CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CARNIVORE TAXONOMY In general, carnivores are animals that eat other animals; though there are plenty of exceptions to that fact. The Order Carnivora consists of at least 286 living species. The Order Carnivora evolved about 60 million years ago, from an ancestor that was a 1kg arboreal mammal that likely ate insects and smaller mammals. Fox - belongs to the Canidae family TAXONOMY AND or authorities may use different CONSERVATION nomenclature; this does not mean that they are inaccurate. It is important to When meaningfully discussing any recognise the Linneaus ranking system subject, it is important that it is clearly is still the most accurate and widely defined. As you study carnivores you used way of identifying different types may sometimes encounter conflicting of animals. Above all, it provides an information concerning nomenclature, extremely useful tool for understanding, or their common and scientific names studying, managing and protecting the and therefore identity. As you study diversity of animal life on earth. carnivores you may sometimes encounter conflicting information Advanced conservation plans consider concerning nomenclature. Books the continuance of genetic variation page 8 > BACK TO CONTENTS PAGE within a species as the primary goal. Each species had a binomial name Conservation measures require consisting of its Generic (genera) understanding of the genetic status of name with a capital and specific a species i.e. how genetically distinct a (species) name i.e. the domestic cat population is as an evolutionary distinct is Felis (Generic name) catus (specific unit (EDU). That includes genetically name – Cat). Note: Scientific names distinct populations (GDPs), often are preferably italicised, but may not morphologically distinguishable, be underlined. and behaviourally distinct populations (BDPs) such as those that have Linneaus system of classification did learned to access food sources not assume evolutionary theory or behaviourally. An example of a BDP is genetics, as these sciences were still not vultures dropping bones from height founded. However, the ranks were highly to extract marrow. GDPs, if visually suggestive of a progressive development distinguishable would once have been of species from a common ancestor. referred to as sub-species or varieties. The Linneaus system of classifying was based on observations of organism’s similarities in morphology, such as hair, Principles of taxonomy scales, feathers, wings, legs, feet, fins, bone structure, and somewhat on habitat. In the 18th century, scientist Carl Linnaeus began a revolution in the way New scientific knowledge placed further we name living organisms, dividing demands on taxonomy to reconcile the everything into three Kingdoms: nature of species. This knowledge was animals, plants and minerals. partly developed through palaeontology showing that organisms in the fossil ● The Linneaus system also organised record showed increasing complexity living organisms into a series of (as the age of fossils became more different levels of classification, recent). This observation, combined which he called ranks. The result with the observation that organisms was a tree like structure with the produce far more progeny than needed Kingdom at the base then diverging to maintain populations, consolidated through the different ranks: into evolutionary theory as published by Charles Darwin’s 1859 book On the ● The Kingdom of animals was divided Origin of Species. into Classes such a fish, mammals or birds. Around the same time, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) a Christian monk, ● Classes were divided into Orders established the principles of heredity. His work was not discovered until ● Orders into Families the early 20th Century and created the science of modern genetics. This ● Families into Genera eventually resulted (between the 1930-50’s) in a broad consensus in ● Genera into Species which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. page 9 > BACK TO CONTENTS
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