Alewife Stormwater Wetland

VOLUME 49 NUMBER 2 | ISSN 1077-3002 Summer 2015

Watershed Management and Stormwater Alewife stormwater wetland—the “gem” of Cambridge’s stormwater management program Provincetown stormwater program revitalizes downtown and improves water quality Rethinking stream crossings for humans and animals—four examples from New England Tools to assist Cape Cod communities reach sustainable nitrogen reduction goals—technologies matrix and adaptive management practices AFTER 60 YEARS, WE’RE STILL MAKING QUITE A

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WATER, WASTEWATER & STORMWATER SOLUTIONS VOLUME 49 NUMBER 2 | ISSN 1077-3002 SUMMER 2015 Contents

EditorialS President’s message...... 6 From the editor...... 8 22 Industry news ...... 16 FeatureS Alewife stormwater wetland—the “gem” of Cambridge’s stormwater management program...... 22 by Catherine Woodbury, Owen O’Riordan, Kathy Watkins, David Bedoya, Emerson Olander, William Pisano, and Dennis Carr Provincetown stormwater program revitalizes downtown and improves water quality...... 30 by Sandra Tripp, Jessica Janney, Russell Kleekamp, Richard Waldo, and Robert Roseen Rethinking stream crossings for humans and animals— four examples from New England...... 38 by Robert Sowby Tools to assist Cape Cod communities reach sustainable nitrogen reduction goals—technologies matrix and adaptive management practices...... 44 by Thomas Parece, Mark Owen, Betsy Shreve-Gibb, Paul Niedzwiecki, Kristy Senatori, Erin Perry, and Scott Horsley

THIS ISSUE NEWEA goes to Washington...... 54 STORMY awards...... 56 30 NEBRA highlights...... 60 WEF delegate report...... 64 Student posters ...... 66

Events Specialty conference proceedings...... 68 Upcoming meetings & events...... 69

INSIDE NEWEA New members...... 70 Executive committee...... 73 Membership information...... 75

On the cover: Of the more than 20 large-scale infrastructure projects completed since 1998 by the Cambridge, Mass. Department of Public Works, the Alewife 38 Stormwater Wetland is considered the “gem.” President Matthew Formica Wakefield, MA President Elect Raymond L. Willis III Franklin, MA Vice President James R. Barsanti Framingham, MA Treasurer Frank E. Occhipinti Worcester, MA Secretary Gerald C. Potamis Falmouth, MA Past President Bradley L. Moore Bangor, ME Communications Director Jennifer K. Lachmayr Wakefield, MA Meeting Management Director Margaret C. Tabacsko Chelsea, MA WEF Delegates Howard F. Carter Saco, ME Michael J. Wilson The concepts, ideas, procedures and opinions contained in the articles in this publication are those expressed by Boston, MA the various authors who submit the material for publication. The New England Water Environment Association, its Daniel P. Bisson executive committee, the editors, the executive director, and administrative staff hereby assume no responsibility Manchester, NH for any errors or omissions in the articles as presented in this publication, nor are the concepts, ideas, procedures Susan J. Sullivan and opinions in these articles necessarily recommended or endorsed as valid by NEWEA, its executive committee, Lowell, MA the editors, the executive director or staff. References to specific products or services do not constitute endorsement of those offerings by NEWEA. The Journal’s committee reserves the right to make any editorial Directors – State changes as deemed necessary for publication of submitted papers. Jay G. Sheehan Cheshire, CT Peter J. Goodwin NEWEA Journal ISSN #1077-3002 Journal Committee Chair & Editor Photography Editor York, ME Published four times annually by Helen Gordon Charles Tyler Michael Moreau New England Water Environment [email protected] [email protected] Raynham, MA Association, Inc. Frederick J. McNeil Journal Committee Photo credits: This is Volume 49 Number 2 Manchester, NH Alan Slater, Alexandra Doody Bronson Brook Periodical postage paid at Woburn, MA Michael L. Spring 01801, and at additional mailing offices Charles Tyler, Dan Coughlin (page 39) Don St. Marie, James R. Barsanti Paul Nguyen Providence, RI New England Water Environment Joseph Boccadoro, Mark French Stream Crossings Nathan W. Lavallee Association, Inc. Matthew Hross, Meredith Zona (page 40–41) Milton, VT 10 Tower Office Park, Suite 601 Michael Sullivan, Susan Landon VT Fish & Wildlife Department, Directors – Council Woburn, MA 01801-2155 White River Partnership, Priscilla J. Bloomfield Telephone: 781-939-0908 Guest Editor VT Agency of Transportation Orleans, MA Fax: 781-939-0907 Alan Slater Email: [email protected] [email protected] Bronson Brook Jonathan E. Kunay Website: newea.org Assistant Editor (page 41) Boston, MA Amy Singler) Virgil J. Lloyd Postmaster: Thomas J. Heinlein Manchester, CT Send address changes to: [email protected] D.C. Visit—People (pages 54 – 55) NEWEA Journal Graphic Designer Executive Director Peter Goodwin 10 Tower Office Park, Suite 601 Robert Randazzo Mary Barry Woburn, MA 01801-2155 [email protected] STORMY award winners (page 57) Chuck Larson, NEWWA

2 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 3

membership

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Our Association was organized eighty-six years ago in Hartford, Become a NEWEA Member today Connecticut, on April 23, 1929, with the objectives of advancing the knowledge of n Complete and mail the membership SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS design, construction, operation and management of waste treatment works and other application form on pages 75 – 76 water pollution control activities, and encouraging a friendly exchange of information n Download a membership application and experience. From 40 charter members, the membership has steadily grown to more from newea.org by clicking than 2,000 today. Membership is divided into the following classes: How Do I Join? FACTORY AUTHORIZED NEW ENGLAND SERVICE CENTER FOR: Professional Member—shall be any individual involved or interested in water quality n Join online at wef.org by clicking including any manager or other officer of a private waste treatment works; any person Become a Member engaged in the design, construction, financing, operation or supervision of pollution 2015 Rates control facilities, or in the sale or manufacture of waste treatment equipment. Professional ...... $157.00 Executive Member—shall be an upper level manager interested in water quality Executive ...... $338.00 and who is interested in receiving an expanded suite of WEF products and services. Corporate ...... $393.00 Corporate Member—shall be a sewerage board, department or commission; sanitary Academic ...... $156.00 district; or other body, corporation or organization engaged in the design, consultation, Young Professional . . . $67.00 WE REPAIR & REBUILD ALL MAKES & MODELS operation or management of water quality systems. PWO ...... $96.00 Academic Member—shall be an instructor or professor interested in subjects related Dual ...... $40.00 OF MOTORS, BLOWERS AND PUMPS to water quality. Student ...... $20.00 Young Professional Member—shall be any individual with five or fewer years of experience in the water quality industry and who is less than 35 years of age. Professional Wastewater Operations Member (PWO)—shall be any individual who is actively involved on a day-to-day basis with the operation of a wastewater collection, treatment or laboratory facility, or for facilities with a daily flow of <1 million gallons per day. Issue date for circulation data below: 08/20/2014 Membership is limited to those actually employed in treatment and collection facilities. Publication title: Extent and nature of Average No. copies circulation: no. copies of single Student Member—shall be a student enrolled for a minimum of six credit hours in an NEWEA Technical, each issue issue Journal Educational, during published accredited college or university. Environmental preceding nearest to 12 months filing date WEF Utility Partnership Program (UPP)—NEWEA participates in the WEF Utility Partner- Total number of copies 2,500 2,500 ship Program (UPP) that supports utilities to join WEF and NEWEA while creating a Legitimate Outside county 0 0 comprehensive membership package for designated employees. As a UPP a utilitiy can paid and/or paid/requested requested mail subscriptions consolidate all members within its organization onto one account and have the flexibility distribution In-county paid/ 2,200 2,000 to tailor the appropriate value packages based on the designated employees’ needs. requested mail Contact WEF for questions & enrollment (703-684-2400 x7213). subscriptions Sales through 8 8 dealers & carriers Requested copies 0 0 New England Water Environment Association | Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation distributed by Publication Title...... The NEWEA Journal other mail classes Publication...... #24559 Total paid and/or requested 2,208 2,008 circulation Issue Frequency...... Quarterly (four per year) Total nonrequested distribution 0 0 Annual Subscription Price...... $20 (included with membership dues) SERVING NEW ENGLAND SINCE 1976 Total distribution 2,208 2,008 Complete Mailing Address, Known Office of Publication, General Business Office, Editors and Owner Copies not distributed 292 492 (non profit organization)...... NEWEA, 10 Tower Office Park, Suite 601, Woburn, MA 01801 Total 2,500 2,500 WWW.AEMSERVICES.COM Contact Person/Managing Editor...... Mary Barry, Executive Director; Editor: Helen Gordon Percent paid and/or requested 100 100 185 ROWLAND ST. SPRINGFIELD, MA. 01107 413-781-4276 FAX: 413-788-4471 Tax Status ...... No change during the preceding 12 months circulation

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editorial

In conjunction President’s message with April National Water Week, NEWEA hosted he spring months for NEWEA have been filled a Legislative with many activities, outreach efforts, and Breakfast in technical events in support of our mission. D.C., featuring On behalf of the membership, I offer sincere thanks to all the volunteers and the NEWEA presentations staff for developing and executing these first- on all facets Tclass programs. It is impressive to see the results of this of water collaboration and the overwhelmingly positive response by environment our membership. Highlights of the programs and accolades issues Matt Formica to those responsible are below. (from left) Matt Formica, U.S. Representative Project Manager Michael Capuano, Jim Barsanti and Bruce Tobey AECOM [email protected] NEWEA co-hosted successful legislative outreach events with and investments. This review was done not only to associations in WEF and that we unquestionably our affiliated state associations S(A As) at all six New England assess and ensure our ability to maintain the finan- lead the industry in many areas. state capitals. The events were attended by 96 state legislators cial sustainability of NEWEA but also to determine Other successful events held last quarter included in addition to legislative staffers, state environmental protection the best methods to improve our financial health the NEWEA Young Professionals (YP) “Poo and department heads, numerous mayors, and many special interest to allow us to continue and grow the association’s Brew” event together with the YP group from the groups. In addition to the state events, more than 20 NEWEA many great initiatives. Thank you, Ray, and all who New England Water Works Association. This event representatives participated in the annual Washington D.C. Fly-In participated for a productive session. raised money for Water for People and featured a in conjunction with April National Water Week. NEWEA hosted a An Industrial Wastewater and Water Reuse tour of the Deer Island wastewater treatment facility Legislative Breakfast in D.C., featuring presentations on all facets Specialty Conference was held at the University of and libation sampling at the Mystic Brewery in of water environment issues by prominent speakers, including Hartford in late April. This event featured several Chelsea, Mass. Great work by the crew, led by Justin senators, congressmen, New England public utility executives, concurrent sessions, a vendor exhibit space, and a Skelly, NEWEA’s YP Chairman. and the EPA Region 1 director, as well as representatives of New rare tour of the UTC Aerospace Systems wastewater All these programs and more were conducted England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission (NEIWPCC), facility. Speakers, vendors, and attendees discussed over just a few short months. I look forward to the the Water Environment Federation (WEF), and NEWEA. In addi- the technical aspects, differences, and symbiotic next few months and all the programs NEWEA tion, NEWEA conducted 24 office visits with our federal senators, relationships of industrial wastewater treatment and has yet to offer. A couple of events to highlight congressmen, and associated staff. reuse. The attendance and interest in these topics include a 1-day facility tour and associated technical NEWEA believes these events are vital not only to highlight the exceeded all expectations. Many thanks to Lisa presentations at the Mattabassett District water importance and value of what we do as water quality professionals Andrews and Ed Whatley, the respective NEWEA pollution control facility in Cromwell, Conn., and but also to build relationships with the legislators and their staff so Industrial Wastewater and Water Reuse Committee the annual NEWEA Spring Meeting and Technical that they can be educated and encouraged to use NEWEA as a chairs, their committees, and their council director, Exhibit in Bretton Woods, N.H. Finally, please note resource when they are developing policy or voting on legislation Virgil Lloyd, for planning this highly successful event. that the call for abstracts is out for the (snowless, we that affects the water environment and our industry. Many thanks In April and May NEWEA’s WEF delegates and hope!) January 2016 Annual Conference in Boston. to Peter Grose, NEWEA’s Government Affairs Committee chair, his a few others attended three of this year’s WEF I encourage everyone to submit an abstract, not only committee, and each of our NEWEA state directors and their ASA Member Association Exchange (WEFMAX) events to showcase your important work but also to be a colleagues for their hard work and success in pulling together hosted around North America. Representatives of part of NEWEA’s mission of advancing knowledge these important events the 75 WEF member associations convene at these and innovation to our membership and the industry. We also held our annual planning session in early March, events to learn from each other and to gain ideas Please visit the NEWEA webpage/calendar for other organized and facilitated by NEWEA president-elect Ray Willis. to help strengthen their associations. While NEWEA upcoming events and programs over the next few This day-and-a-half workshop focused on the financial sustainability takes valuable lessons from the other associations months. of our association. While our association is in a good financial at these events, it is clear that NEWEA is one of Best wishes for a happy, healthy and safe summer position, a holistic review was warranted of our expenses, revenue, the most revered and well-respected member to you and your families.

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editorial

hazenandsawyer.com From the Editor

h! The summer is upon us. What that With sustainability in mind, the third article challenges us means to me as a New Englander all to rethink engineering approaches to our infrastructure is the seashore. Two of our three challenges. Historically when we think of stream cross- articles revolve around Cape Cod ings our focus has always been getting people and cars water resources. We all know that New across the stream while forgetting that we were potentially England has some of the oldest infra- inhibiting aquatic organism mobility to allow for a healthy structure in the nation, and it is getting ecosystem. The author presents four culvert reconstruc- Aolder every day. It is important for tion case studies presenting best prac- our profession to work with commu- tices for rethinking the design layouts. nities to identify new and sustain- Speaking of Cape Cod, when will we able ways in which to improve our see the end to the continued discussion infrastructure. The feature articles of what to do with the wastewater that present innovative ways of dealing is negatively affecting our estuaries with the water cycle. and harbors? In 1978 an Area Wide Our first article focuses on the Water Quality Management Plan city of Cambridge’s approach to (Section 208 Plan) was developed by combined sewer and stormwater the Cape Cod Planning and Economic Water | Wastewater | Wet Weather management. This paper presents Development Commission (CCPEDC). the award-winning Alewife Since then the population on the Cape Stormwater Wetland Project. The has increased more than 60 percent. In project is part of a larger sewer Helen T. Gordon 2013, the Massachusetts Department P.E., CTAM, BCEE of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) separation program in the Alewife Senior Vice President watershed. This wetland incorpo- Woodard & Curran tasked the Cape Cod Commission rates conventional and bioengi- [email protected] (formerly CCPEDC) with updating the neered solutions. The main purpose Section 208 Plan and helping the 11 was to reduce combined sewer watershed groups answer this question overflows and attenuate stormwater. An added byproduct effectively. The commission came up with a decision of the design is that it significantly improves the quality support tool for each of the watershed groups to use of stormwater discharged to the Little River. I encourage while implementing an adaptive management framework you to visit the site in Cambridge via its multi-use pathway to solve issues of nutrient loading. This technology matrix immediately adjacent to the wetlands. The pathway includes traditional and non-traditional technologies. connects the Minuteman Bikeway and the Alewife red Watching how communities implement their various line subway station. There is informational signage at the programs using this new tool will be interesting. site as well. I invite you all to share your wonderful projects with The second article fits in well with the summer issue the rest of the membership by submitting an abstract for of the Journal as it presents a famous Cape Cod seaside publication in the Journal. The upcoming fall issue will community dealing with the challenges of beach closures. focus on asset management and Annual Conference Provincetown has coupled expansion of its wastewater papers, while the winter issue will report on operations, collection system with a comprehensive multi-year storm- regulatory, and gizmos and gadgets topics. Both issues water management program to improve Provincetown will allow for a myriad of topics, so get writing! Harbor water quality. As with older communities in Thank you to guest editor Alan Slater. As some of you the Northeast the streets can be narrow, making it a know, Alan recently retired from MassDEP (an early retire- challenge to collect and treat stormwater effectively. To ment) and still volunteered to remain on the committee overcome this Provincetown reconstructed Commercial and be a guest editor. That is a demonstration of his true Street, the town’s “Main Street,” using porous pavement dedication to his profession. laid over a stone reservoir bed. The result was a reduction in beach closures. Helen Gordon, Journal Committee Chair and Editor

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news

| INDUSTRY NEWS |

“Treated wastewater is one of the major sources of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in the environment,” says Keen. “Wastewater treatment facilities were not designed to remove these drugs. The molecules are typically very stable and do not easily get biodegraded. Instead, most just pass through the treatment facility and into the aquatic environment.” But besides failing to remove all drugs from wastewater, sewage treatment facilities using chlorine may have the unin- Industry news tended consequence of encouraging the formation of other antibiotics in the discharged water. Keen, graduate student Nicole Kennedy, and others on her team at the University of Exposure of fish cells to coal-tar-sealant runoff damaged their North Carolina at Charlotte ran several lab experiments and DNA and impaired the ability of the cells to repair DNA damage found that exposing doxycycline, a common antibiotic, to chlorine in wastewater increased the antibiotic properties of Coal-Tar-Sealant Runoff Causes Coal-tar sealants have significantly higher levels of PAHs their samples. Toxicity and DNA Damage and related compounds compared to asphalt-based pavement “Surprisingly, we found that the products formed in the U.S. Geological Survey News Release sealants and other urban sources, including vehicle emissions, lab sample were even stronger antibiotics than doxycycline, Runoff from pavement with coal-tar-based sealant is toxic used motor oil, and tire particles. Previous studies have the parent and starting compound,” she adds. Keen has not to aquatic life, damages DNA, and impairs DNA repair, concluded that coal-tar sealants are a major source of PAHs to yet identified all the properties of these “transformation according to two studies by the U.S. Geological Survey lake sediments in commercial and residential settings, and that products,” and that research is now underway. She notes that (USGS) published in the journals Environmental Science and people living near pavement sealed with coal-tar sealant have these compounds could turn out to be previously unidenti- Technology and Science of the Total Environment. an elevated risk of cancer. fied antibiotics. The Consent Decree imposes a schedule for Lawrence to develop sewer system management programs to investigate Pavement sealant is a black liquid sprayed or painted To learn more, visit the USGS website on PAHs and sealcoat. Keen explains that the best solution may be to decrease and rehabilitate its assets, minimizing the discharge of on the asphalt pavement of parking lots, driveways, and the amount of these drugs that reach a treatment plant untreated sewage playgrounds to improve appearance and protect the under- Chlorine Use in Sewage Treatment in the first place. Currently, disposal of pharmaceuticals is lying asphalt. Pavement sealants that contain coal tar have Could Promote Antibiotic Resistance not regulated, however. So she urges a greater emphasis on permit authorization and violated conditions of its permit extremely high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons American Chemical Society News Release collecting and incinerating old pharmaceuticals, rather than controlling stormwater discharges. (PAHs). Coal tar is a known human carcinogen; several PAHs dumping them down the drain or placing them in the trash, “This settlement ensures progress will be made in control- are probable human carcinogens, and some are toxic to fish which can lead to harmful environmental exposures. ling major sources of pollution to the Merrimack River,” said and other aquatic life. In addition, this research has applications to drinking Curt Spalding, administrator of EPA’s New England region. Rainwater runoff collected as long as 3 months after water treatment systems, most of which also use chlorine “We welcome this progress toward restoring the river and look coal-tar-sealcoat application caused 100-percent mortality as a disinfectant. To purify drinking water, chlorine must forward to the day when it is safe for all kinds of recreation.” to minnows and water fleas, which are part of the base of remain in the distribution piping system for hours, which “Unlawful discharges of pollutants from cities and towns the food chain, when the test organisms were exposed to blocks microbes from growing. But this also provides ample during storm events remain among the most significant ultraviolet radiation to simulate sunlight. The full study, time for chlorine to interact with pharmaceuticals that may challenges to improving water quality in New England,” said reported in the scientific journal Environmental Science and be in the water, encouraging development of new antibiotic U.S. Attorney Carmen M. Ortiz. “By entering into this Consent Technology, is available online. compounds. Decree, the city of Lawrence has agreed to take significant Exposure of fish cells to coal-tar-sealant runoff damaged Keen acknowledges funding for this research from the steps to improve water quality and the quality of life along the their DNA and impaired the ability of the cells to repair DNA University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the National Merrimack River corridor.” damage. “The simultaneous occurrence of DNA damage and Chlorine, a disinfectant commonly used in most wastewater Science Foundation. The Consent Decree to resolve the enforcement action impairment of DNA repair has important implications for treatment plants, may be failing to eliminate pharmaceuticals ACS is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. imposes a schedule for the city to develop sewer system cell health,” said Sylvie Bony, who led the study at the Ecole from wastes. As a result, trace levels of these substances get Congress. With more than 158,000 members, ACS is the management programs to investigate and rehabilitate its Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat (ENTPE), a French discharged from the plants to the nation’s waterways. And now, world’s largest scientific society, providing access to assets, minimizing the discharge of untreated sewage. In research agency in Lyon, France. The study is reported in the scientists are reporting preliminary studies that show chlorine chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, addition, the city will institute programs to detect and scientific journal Science of the Total Environment. treatment may encourage the formation of new, unknown peer-reviewed journals, and scientific conferences. eliminate sources of wastewater contamination of its The studies address the concern that rainfall runoff occur- antibiotics that could also enter the environment, potentially stormwater system, as well as control runoff from land rede- ring within hours or days of coal-tar-based sealant applica- contributing to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Settlement Ensures that Lawrence velopment projects. Preventing sewage from contaminating tion may be toxic to fish and other organisms in streams. The The research, presented on March 22, 2015, at the 249th Addresses Wastewater and surface waters of the United States is one of EPA’s National two studies collected and tested simulated runoff at various National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Stormwater Discharges Enforcement Initiatives. Municipal wastewater presents times beginning just hours after coal-tar-sealant application. Society (ACS), suggests that a re-evaluation of wastewater EPA Region 1 News Release significant health threats to those using contaminated waters “The USGS has been studying coal-tar sealcoat as a source treatment and disinfection practices is needed. Under the terms of a Consent Decree lodged April 29, 2015, for recreational use and downstream drinking water systems. of PAHs for 10 years, and findings from these two studies are “Pharmaceuticals that get out into the environment can in federal court to address violations of the Clean Water Act, The Consent Decree, lodged in the U.S. District Court for consistent with what is known about toxicity and genotox- harm aquatic life, making them react slowly in the wild and the city of Lawrence will focus on conditions that result in the District of Massachusetts, is subject to a 30-day public icity of these chemicals,” said USGS scientist Barbara Mahler. disrupting their hormone systems,” notes Olya Keen, Ph.D. sewer overflows and contaminated stormwater. The Consent comment period and approval by the federal court. Once it is A previous publication detailed the chemical concentra- She adds that increased antibiotic exposure, even at low levels Decree is the result of a federal enforcement action brought published in the Federal Register, a copy of the consent decree tions in runoff from coal-tar-sealed pavement at a range of in the environment, can lead to development of antibiotic- by the U.S. Department of Justice, on behalf of the U.S. will be available on the Justice Department website at usdoj. times following sealant application. The results, reported in resistant microbes and a general weakening of antibiotics’ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The complaint gov/enrd/Consent_Decrees.html. the scientific journal Environmental Pollution, are available abilities to fight bacterial infections in humans. alleges that Lawrence discharged untreated sewage without online.

Interactive video and poster District rate payers and the public at-large about the work- With the help of Yorkshire Water, the team followed the the three U.S. Attorney’s offices in North Carolina, the demonstrate the water treatment ings of the municipal sewer system and its importance to the storm drain pipe network back from four of the nine polluted Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Criminal Investigations, and cycle community. A no less important benefit is how the project outlets they had identified, dipping a tampon in at each the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (SBI) made Leonard Blanchette, General Manager, Brunswick Sewer District showcases the quality of District staff and the work they do manhole to see where the sewage was entering the system. the announcement following a plea hearing at the federal each day to operate and maintain the system. They successfully isolated the sections of each network where courthouse in Greenville, N.C. today. This project was the brainchild of the District’s assistant the sewage originated, narrowing down the households that “The massive coal ash spill into North Carolina’s Dan River general manager, Robert Pontau, Jr., and is part of an would need to be inspected. A follow-up visual inspection last year was a crime, and it was the result of repeated failures employee goals program. He managed the project, giving in one area immediately revealed a house where sanitary by Duke Energy’s subsidiaries to exercise controls over coal ash staff the tools, equipment, software—and most important— discharges were connected to the storm drain system. facilities,” said Assistant Attorney General John C. Cruden of the confidence to plan the project, script the message, film “Often the only way to be sure a house is misconnected is the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources the episodes, and edit and narrate the video. The creativity of through a dye test—putting dye down a sink or toilet and Division. “The terms of these three plea agreements will help the staff soon became apparent as this group effort became seeing where the coloured water appears in the sewer,” says prevent this kind of environmental disaster from recurring in a real educational asset for the Brunswick area and the Mr. Lerner. “It’s clearly impractical for water companies to North Carolina and throughout the United States by requiring Androscoggin River. do this for all the households they supply, but by working Duke subsidiaries to follow a rigorous and independently back from where pollution is identified and narrowing it verifiable program to ensure they comply with the law.” Glow-in-the-Dark Tampons Identify down to a particular section of the network, the final step of “Duke Energy’s crimes reflect a breach of the public trust and Sewage Pollution in Rivers identifying the source then becomes feasible.” a lack of stewardship for the natural resources belonging to all University of Sheffield News Release, Sheffield, U.K. Pollutants found in domestic wastewater change the of the citizens of North Carolina,” said U.S. Attorney Thomas G. In what may be a first in the country, the Brunswick Sewer The natural, untreated cotton in tampons readily absorbs bacterial and invertebrate life in rivers, encouraging Walker for the Eastern District of North Carolina. “The massive District created an interactive poster and video of the water chemicals commonly used in toilet paper, laundry detergents, pollutant-tolerant species and leading to the build-up of release at the Dan River coal ash basin revealed criminal treatment cycle that incorporates smartphone technology. and shampoos. These chemicals, known as optical bright- “sewage fungus,” which is visible as a grey lining on the river misconduct throughout the state—conduct that will no longer A 13-minute video was filmed, edited, and narrated by staff. eners, are used to enhance whites and brighten colours, bed. Wastewater discharges can also carry pathogens such as be tolerated under the Judgment imposed by the court today.” The video begins with a typical household internal plumbing and show up under ultraviolet (UV) light, a phenomenon norovirus. Most misconnected households are unaware they On February 20, 2015, the three U.S. Attorney’s offices in system that has been animated to show potable (clean) water often seen in glowing t-shirts under certain lighting in bars are discharging their wastewater into the storm drain system North Carolina filed separate criminal bills of information in going in and wastewater going out. The viewer is then guided and clubs. Using a mixture of laboratory tests and field and, once it has been identified, immediately rectify the their respective federal courts, alleging violations of the Clean on the journey wastewater takes through the public sewer trials, the team from the University of Sheffield’s Faculty of problem. Local authorities can complete the work and charge Water Act at the following Duke facilities: the Dan River steam system on its way to, and through, the treatment plant. Engineering has shown that when tampons are suspended it back to the household, but this is rarely done. station (Rockingham County), the Cape Fear steam electric The video covers, through actual clips, various parts of the in water contaminated by even very small amounts of deter- Now that Mr. Lerner has proved his method works in the plant (Chatham County), the Asheville steam electric gener- District’s collection system, including pipes, manholes, and gents or sewage, they will pick up optical brighteners and field, he hopes to try it at a larger scale to identify all the ating plant (Buncombe County), the H.F. Lee steam electric pump stations. Once the flow reaches the treatment plant, the glow under UV light. The findings were published on March sources of sewage pollution on the Bradford Beck, the river plant (Wayne County), and the Riverbend steam station viewer is shown sequential processes the water goes through 31, 2015, in the Water and Environment Journal. which runs through the city of Bradford, U.K. (Gaston County). The alleged violations included unlawfully as it is treated at the District’s 3.85 mgd (14.6 (mld) basic Professor David Lerner, who led the study, explains: “More failing to maintain equipment at the Dan River and Cape Fear primary treatment and trickling filter secondary treatment than a million homes have their wastewater incorrectly Duke Energy Subsidiaries Plead facilities and unlawfully discharging coal ash and/or coal ash processes. Treated water then flows through to the outfall into connected into the surface water network, which means Guilty and are Sentenced for Clean wastewater from impoundments at the Dan River, Asheville, the Androscoggin River. their sewage is being discharged into a river, rather than Water Act Crimes Lee, and Riverbend facilities. More amazing than the going to a treatment plant. Unfortunately, it’s very difficult to The companies will pay a fine and conduct As part of their plea agreements, Duke Energy Business video is the interactive detect where this is happening, as the discharge is intermit- community service and wetlands mitigation Services LLC, Duke Energy Carolinas, and Duke Energy poster that staff created. tent, can’t always be seen with the naked eye, and tests are WASHINGTON—Three subsidiaries of North Carolina-based Progress will pay a $68 million criminal fine and a $24 million The poster features a QR complex and expensive. The main difficulty with detecting Duke Energy Corporation, the largest utility in the United community service payment to the National Fish and Wildlife code at each station of the sewage pollution by searching for optical brighteners is States, pleaded guilty in May 2015 to nine criminal violations Foundation for the benefit of the riparian environment and video that allows anyone finding cotton that does not already contain these chemicals. of the Clean Water Act at several of its North Carolina facili- ecosystems of North Carolina and Virginia. The companies will with a smartphone to That’s why tampons, being explicitly untreated, provide such ties and agreed to pay a $68 million criminal fine and spend also provide $10 million to an authorized wetlands mitigation scan the corresponding a neat solution. Our new method may be unconventional— $34 million on environmental projects and land conservation bank for the purchase of wetlands or riparian lands to offset code to view a short but it’s cheap and it works.” to benefit rivers and wetlands in North Carolina and Virginia. the long-term environmental impacts of its coal ash basins. (1- to 2-minute) video The study, funded through the Engineering and Physical Four of the charges are the direct result of the massive coal In addition, they will pay restitution to the federal, state, and of the featured portion Sciences Research Council, used laboratory trials to deter- ash spill from the Dan River steam station into the Dan River local governments that responded to the Dan River spill and be of the water treatment mine how much detergent would need to be in the water near Eden, N.C., in February 2014. The remaining violations placed on supervised probation for 5 years. cycle. The poster can be to be picked up by the tampon test. When a tampon was were discovered as the scope of the investigation broadened Duke’s subsidiaries operating 18 facilities in five states, provided to area schools, and mounted in public buildings dipped for just 5 seconds into a solution containing 0.01 mL based on allegations of historical violations at the companies’ including 14 in North Carolina, will also be required to develop and anywhere else convenient for public viewing. A kiosk was of detergent per liter of water—over 300 times more dilute other facilities. and implement nationwide and statewide environmental constructed by the staff at the District’s Water Street pumping than would be expected in a storm drain pipe—the optical Under the plea agreement, both Duke Energy Carolinas, compliance programs to be monitored by an independent station next to a highly used walking and biking path along brighteners could be identified immediately, and continued LLC and Duke Energy, Inc. Progress must certify that they court-appointed monitor and be regularly and independently the Androscoggin River. The pump station’s fence was to be visible for the next 30 days. The technique was then have reserved sufficient assets to meet legal obligations with audited. Results of these audits will be made available to the repositioned to provide space for the kiosk and two wooden tested in the field by suspending tampons for 3 days in 16 respect to its coal ash impoundments within North Carolina, public to ensure compliance with environmental laws and benches. This provides a quiet resting spot for walkers, surface water outlets running into streams and rivers in obligations estimated to be approximately $3.4 billion. programs. The companies’ compliance will be overseen by a joggers, and bicyclists using the popular path. Sheffield, and then testing the tampons under UV light. Nine The EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance court-appointed monitor who will report findings to the court This project was fully supported by the District’s board of of the tampons glowed, confirming the presence of optical Assurance, EPA’s Office of Inspector General, the Justice and the U.S. Probation Office as well as ensuring public access trustees as part of an ongoing program to educate and inform brighteners—and therefore sewage pollution. Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division, to the information.

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20 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 21

feature

| Cambridge’s Alewife stormwater wetland |

CAM 004 Program In the 1980s, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Boston Harbor Cleanup Program mandated that the MWRA implement a CSO control program in the Alewife Brook basin. The brook’s headwaters are in Cambridge, Belmont, Arlington, and Somerville. Within Cambridge, the CAM 004 catchment is one of Alewife stormwater wetland— the largest contributing areas to the Alewife Brook and is densely developed—420 acres (ac) [170 hectares (ha)] the “gem” of Cambridge’s stormwater with mostly residential and commercial land uses. This area has historically experienced severe flooding and management program CSOs from the regional sewer interceptors that convey flow to MWRA’s Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant. In the 1980s, the area was typified by 63 CSO Catherine Woodbury, Owen O’Riordan, Kathy Watkins, Cambridge Department of Public Works activations to the Alewife Brook each year, made up David Bedoya, Emerson Olander, William Pisano, Dennis Carr, MWH Global, Inc. of 53 million gallons (MG) [200,000 cubic meters (m3)] annually. Beyond CSOs, the impact of stormwater was Engineered surface flow channel along Palmer Street near Harvard Square significant. Comparatively small (2-year return period) storms flooded CAM 004 roadways and produced Abstract | Over the past 20 years, the city of Cambridge has taken a rigorous approach to combined objectionable sewer system overflows (SSOs) and sewer and stormwater management. In tandem with sewer separation, it is constructing drainage systems backups into basements. These impacts were amplified to relieve broad community flooding problems, address long-term operations and maintenance, and during larger (5-year) storms when flooding damage enhance water quality in local receiving waters. As a result, rivers are becoming cleaner, and in areas occurred along the Alewife Brook. The Alewife CSO Long-Term Control Plan (LTCP) where stormwater management improvements have occurred, flooding has diminished measurably. In was established in the 1990s, which called for full achieving this, Cambridge has met the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority’s (MWRA) court-ordered sewer separation of the CAM 004 catchment and start dates for the sewer separation work in the Alewife watershed area, exceeded the Massachusetts partial separation in other areas. The LTCP’s mission Department of Environmental Protection’s (MassDEP’s) expectations for removing illicit connections and was to reduce the annual number and volume of common manholes, and become a regional leader in stormwater management. The city believes it has CSO activations discharging into Alewife Brook, though it did not mitigate upstream flooding in the done this in a manner that, while at times unavoidably and extraordinarily disruptive, has been genuinely developed areas of CAM 004 and had the potential sensitive to and considerate of community needs. to exacerbate flooding in Alewife Brook with newly separated stormwater. Since 1998, more than 20 large-scale infrastructure projects with a construction value of approximately In 1998, Cambridge began detailed studies for $245 million were completed by the Cambridge Department of Public Works (CDPW) and a number of sewer separation of the CAM 004 area and developed innovative, stormwater management approaches have been successfully implemented. Of the stormwater its first hydraulic stormwater model. The software management projects executed by Cambridge, the Alewife Stormwater Wetland is the “gem.” This project allowed an integrated analysis of the watershed’s natural and piped systems. Two objectives were then has won several engineering prizes for innovation, community enhancement, and flood attenuation, Installation of bending weir in Binney Street combined sewer added to the LTCP: (1) manage flooding in the CAM and is part of a larger sewer 004 area for the 10-year storm and (2) attenuate the separation program in the peak discharge of separated stormwater to Alewife Concord Avenue, Huron Brook to not exceed existing peak flow conditions Avenue and Fresh Pond (Olander and Pisano, 2014). Parkway triangle, which is When the first phase of design for the sewer separation program started, it became clear that to tributary to the CAM 004 satisfy peak flow attenuation requirements storm- combined sewer overflow water storage of approximately 3.5 MG (13,000 m3) (CSO) outfall at the Alewife was necessary. The consequences of not providing Brook. such storage were dire and risked continued street flooding that could breach nearby Fresh Pond. The Keywords | Alewife, city developed Fresh Pond for potable water use in Cambridge, CAM 004, CSO, 1856, and it now serves as the 1,500-million-gallon private property inflow, (5.7-million-cubic-meter) terminal raw water reservoir for the city’s 24 mgd (1.05 m3/s) water treatment stormwater, sewer separation, plant constructed in 2000. wetland After exploring various options, the only possible location for such a large storage volume was a state-owned area within Alewife Reservation near Construction of stormwater retention tank in Agassiz neighborhood

the CAM 004 outfall, historically part of Sir William Brewster’s The Great Swamp. The site featured scrub/shrub wetland and bottomland hardwoods suffering from a century of urban impact. Figure 1 provides an overview of the CAM 004 catchment and its relevant features. Using state-owned land within Alewife Reservation required legislative action, which was acquired by establishing a partnership between the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), MWRA, and the city of Cambridge. As such, DCR would not approve a conventional stormwater detention basin and helped lead the design toward a more ecological and sustainable infrastructure. The solution evolved into an engineered stormwater wetland that would integrate flood protection, ecological restoration, and recreational and educational opportunities.

Phased Project Descriptions Photo 1. The Alewife Stormwater Wetland is the second major Construction of this first project was complex and Even though the main driver for the wetland Social benefits include passive recreational General view project completed as part of the CAM 004 sewer required the weaving of new sewers and drains was CSO reduction and stormwater attenuation, amenities such as interconnected trails for recre- of the Alewife separation program. The wetland, depicted in Photo 1, through 14 major utility transmission lines under the the wetland, with upstream systems such as rain ational walking, biking, and running, access for Stormwater Wetland was officially inaugurated and opened to the public four-lane parkway. gardens, deep sump catch basins equipped with bird watching, nature walks, and scenic overlooks. in October 2013. Ten years earlier, a first phase of the The third and final phase of the program consists hoods, or areas with porous pavement, is expected A multi-use pathway immediately adjacent to CAM 004 program was constructed, which separated of separating the most upstream 220 ac (89 ha) of to significantly improve the quality of stormwater the wetlands connects the Minuteman Bikeway large combined sewers along Fresh Pond Parkway. the catchment, which is densely populated with discharged to the Little River. Treatment mecha- and the Alewife red line subway station. Outdoor residences. Work has been divided into three nisms begin with sedimentation and floatables educational features include informational signage, CAM 001 CSO REGULATOR % CAM 002 AND CAM 401B CSO REGULATOR % construction contracts—Huron A, Huron B and retention in the forebay, which captures sediments a stone amphitheater, interpretive signage, engraved CAM 400 CSO REGULATOR % CAM 001 Ü Concord Avenue Sewer separation is proceeding rich in nutrients and heavy metals from the boulders, and a trail/boardwalk system, providing a ook Br e with upward of 16 simultaneous crews, and sewer upstream urban area. The main basin provides close-up view of a functioning wetland and instruc- f i CAM 400 MWRA 003 CSO REGULATOR w le separation-related infrastructure must be complete physical filtration by plant matter and removal of tion for management of urban stormwater runoff. A CAM 401A OUTFALL AND HISTORICAL CAM 004 CSO by December 2015. Presently, separation of Huron dissolved contaminants by microbial breakdown and These benefits typify what is becoming known REGULATOR % A is complete while work in Huron B and Concord plant uptake. as a multi-use infrastructure project, and are the Little River CAM 002 Wetland Avenue is ongoing. Until this upstream separation Other stormwater features of the wetland include outcome of an extensive public outreach campaign % is completed, the wetland will be fed by other sepa- an engineered oxbow to provide compensatory during planning and design. Numerous public

CONTRACT NO. 12 rated Alewife Brook catchment areas. floodplain storage and passive hydraulic devices that meetings were held where multiple stakeholders STORM WATER WETLAND CAM 004 AND CONVEYANCE PIPELINE allow the main basin to “self-water,” maintaining the such as residents, environmental groups, watershed Benefits of the Alewife Stormwater Wetland water level necessary for survival of the wetland associations, and adjacent communities provided The Alewife Stormwater Wetland incorporates plants. The city is also designing two water quality significant input and expressed their interests. This CONTRACT NO. 2 conventional and bioengineered solutions. As a stations, one upstream and one downstream, to public outreach has resulted in the community COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION CAM 004 CAM 401 A & B stormwater management asset, it holds up to measure the wetland’s water quality performance. embracing the project and the understanding that it 3.3 MG (12,650 m3) of runoff, enables upstream The Alewife Stormwater Wetland also has the will bring added social and environmental benefits sewer separation, and ultimately will reduce CSO function of ecological restoration by improving (Bedoya et al. 2015). volumes by 43.6 MG (165,000 m3) annually at program wildlife habitat within the reservation. An ecological completion. Approximately 3,000 feet (920 meters) assessment identified the DCR’s desired natural of 4-by-8-foot (1.2-by-2.4-meter) precast concrete box conditions and landforms and targeted the

Fresh Pond culvert convey upstream separated stormwater to eradication of invasive plants while re-establishing the wetland. Flows first enter a 10,000-square-foot diminished native species (more than 120,000

City of Cambridge (930-square-meter) forebay, which traps floatables, wetland and 4,000 upland plantings). The resulting Water Treatment CAM 004 Plant sediment, and debris. Runoff then enters the habitats include deep marsh, emergent marsh, high wetland’s 3.5 ac (1.4 ha) main basin via a natural marsh, broadleaf floodplain, open water, and scrub/ berm and vegetated swale that regulates and shrub and riparian woodland that provide a diverse screens the flow. An upland peninsula in the basin ecological community with food and cover for

CONTRACT NO. 8 & 9 then forces the stormwater to flow in a circuitous wildlife. Several islands provide breeding grounds, COMBINED SEWER 0 500 1,000 2,000 SEPARATION route to maximize time for natural treatment prior and the oxbow channel connected to the Little River Feet to eventual overflow to the Little River (tributary to improves spawning habitat for migratory fish such (left) The stone amphitheater in the wetland being enjoyed by children Figure 1. Brook catchments and CAM 004 design and construction areas Alewife Brook). as the endangered alewife and blueback herring. during an educational tour. (right) Bike path with interpretive signage.

SSOs during the 10-year design storms, which 109 amounted to a total flood volume of 800,000 gallons 100 (3,000 cubic meters). The city decided that this 95 89 level of SSO volume due to extreme sanitary sewer 2Y, 24H surcharge in the public right of way, aside from 80 5Y, 24H dozens of potentially flooded finished basements, 10Y, 24H could not be tolerated. The city had been separating combined and over/ 60 under pipe systems since the 1950s primarily for local street and building flooding mitigation and since the 40 1990s for regional CSO control. To facilitate private 30 28 Photo 2. Sediment accumulation in the Wheeler Street Photo 3. Construction of one of the stormwater flush inflow removal the city had been providing separate, 26 storm drain laterals terminating at the property line conduit vaults on Fresh Pond Parkway 20 17 for each home or business in an area of separation. N umber of Sanitary Manholes 13 7 Upstream Sewer Separation five locations with an average flush distance of 1,100 Responsibility for private property inflow removal 2 0 1 0 0 0 The upstream CAM 004 area separation project’s feet (335 meters). In addition to flushing regularly, was the owner’s decision, and the owner would also 0 preliminary design phase uncovered several issues the city cleans downstream stormwater grit pits be responsible for the associated costs of internal > 6 6 to 4 4 to 2.5 2.5 to 0 Flooding Ground Suface to Peak HGL (ft) that changed the technical direction and complexity semi-annually to further prevent solid deposition building separation. Several thousand storm laterals of the sewer separation program. Issues included and blockages (Pisano et al, 2014). Photo 2 shows had been constructed, but few were being used. Figure 2. Expected sanitary level of service in Huron A/B and Concord Avenue at completion of CAM 004 sewer separation management of severe sewer solids deposition the historical condition of the Wheeler Street pipe In late 2010 this approach changed as sanitary along Fresh Pond Parkway and the need to control immediately downstream of the parkway before the level of service after sewer separation could not significant private property inflow (PPI) in upstream flushing system was implemented and before being be achieved without removing sufficient private sanitary sewers to avoid SSOs after separation. cleaned, as well as construction of one of the storm- property inflow. The city adopted the approach that water vaults designed to flush the 6-foot (1.8-meter) private property inflow correction could be funded Sewer Solids Control along Fresh diameter conduit along this street (Photo 3). cost-effectively when no other mitigation solution Pond Parkway was available. Private property inflow mitigation in At the beginning of the CAM 004 program, severe Private Property Inflow Control in the CAM 004 area became the first large-scale effort. solid and grease deposits nearly blocked the dry and Huron A/B and Concord Avenue Areas The city conducted community informational meet- wet weather combined trunk sewers along Fresh Initial field engineering in the CAM 004 upper resi- ings, and the idea gained acceptance. As a result, the Pond Parkway. Pipe slopes for a ¾-mile (1.2-kilometer) dential areas in the early 2000s determined locations interior plumbing of 175 buildings within the CAM 004 stretch were nearly flat with less than 0.05 percent of illicit connections into conveyance conduits area is being modified as part of the ongoing sewer of slope. Both new sanitary and storm trunk sewers that were to remain as storm drains after sewer separation construction to direct private property with similar slopes but with much larger hydraulic separation. The work uncovered that the number of inflow into dry wells and/or into new storm laterals. capacity were required. The old conduits needed household roofs and basement sump pumps directly Private property inflow removal would minimize CSO to be replaced or restored to successfully allow connected to sanitary sewers was much larger than volumes in the downstream Alewife regional MWRA proper drainage of future upstream, separated initially anticipated. conveyance system and save the city more than $2 areas. Not doing so would mute the intended value Preliminary hydraulic modeling of the final, million over a 20-year period due to reduced inflow of the upstream sewer separation. Consequently, separated sewer system indicated that the proposed and infiltration treatment fees (Bedoya et al. 2013). new conveyance pipes along Fresh Pond Parkway network would not achieve the desired hydraulic level Sewer separation, combined with an extensive were constructed while the combined sewers of service of 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters) below ground private property inflow control program, is expected were cleaned and restored. This left a pipe system necessary to protect many residential, finished base- to provide sanitary (i.e., no sanitary sewer overflows) consisting of approximately 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) of ments from sewer backups during peak flow periods and storm flood (i.e., flood within the public right sanitary trunk sewers, ranging from 18 to 24 inches for moderate storms. Level of service was affected of way only) protection for the 10-year storm and (46 to 61 centimeters) in diameter, and 0.7 miles (1.1 mostly by limited downstream hydraulic capacity of achieve satisfactory level of service in 98.5, 90, and kilometer) of storm drains, ranging from conduits regional interceptors backing up into the municipal 76 percent of the sanitary manholes in the Huron 36 inches (91 centimeters) in diameter to 4-by-6-foot sewer system as well as by significant upstream A/B and Concord Avenue areas during the 2-, 5-, (1.2-by-1.8-meter) rectangular culverts. inflow contributions from private property, which and 10-year design events, respectively. The city To prevent future solid deposition in this new reduced the design capacity of local sewers. Since considers satisfactory sanitary level of service is trunk line system, German-engineered, automatic addressing the regional downstream conditions was attained if the peak hydraulic grade line reached sewer flushing systems for both sanitary and storm not cost-effective, the hydraulic and financial impact within a manhole remains at least 4 feet (1.2 meters) conduits were selected, designed, and constructed. of removing private inflow sources was evaluated. below ground, which would prevent sewer backups Two sanitary and five stormwater flushing vaults Detailed building inspections were then performed into building basements in most instances. Figure 2 were constructed between 1999 and 2000. In May for 994 buildings from 2005 to 2010, revealing that at depicts expected level of service brackets in sanitary 2002, performance testing of both the sanitary least 25 percent of all buildings contributed private manholes in the Huron A/B and Concord Avenue and storm flushing systems were evaluated by property inflow into sanitary sewers. areas after sewer separation and completion of the filling the vaults with a water truck and measuring Detailed hydraulic modeling of the proposed private property inflow control program. See photos downstream velocities at terminal locations. separated sanitary system, integrating results from (to right) of the ongoing private property inflow Example of private property inflow removal work being performed in Average velocities of 4 ft/s (1.25 m/s) were noted at the field campaign, revealed numerous potential removal construction program. the Huron A, Huron B, and Concord Avenue areas

The wetland will be fed The Outcome Conclusion The Alewife Stormwater Wetland is “an extraordinary with flows The official Grand Opening of the Alewife Many challenges were overcome during the improve- example of what can be accomplished when new from the entire Stormwater Wetland took place in October 2013, ment of the CAM 004 area. Key takeaways for other separated methods of stormwater management are undertaken with local, state, and regional authorities, and areas facing similar issues are as follows: stormwater with creative design and effective funding” system until the public attending. It was generally agreed that • Combined sewer infrastructure projects such its maximum this milestone was “an extraordinary example of as this one are best initiated by embracing – Mystic River Watershed Association capacity is what can be accomplished when new methods the concept of a multi-benefit project during reached. Then of stormwater management are undertaken with planning. Municipalities that proactively gain clean excess creative design and effective funding” (Mystic River stakeholder support will discover that perceived about the authors References stormwater Watershed Association) and that this project “brings limitations can be opportunities in disguise. • Catherine Woodbury is a project manager for the 1. Bedoya, D., Pisano, W.C., Hill, C.J., Gray, S., flows will be directed to the the wonders and beauty of what my engineers are • Detailed hydraulic modeling and creative engi- Department of Public Works in Cambridge, Mass. O’Riordan, O. (2013) “Private Property Inflow brook outlet providing for the community” (City of Cambridge). neering analysis that embraces passive and active • David Bedoya is a project technical lead and Control Makes Hydraulic and Financial Sense. Full completion of the sewer separation and private control technologies, and uses available natural supervising engineer for MWH Global based in A Case Study in Cambridge, MA,” Proceedings property inflow control programs in the Huron B resources are critical to address complex existing the Boston office. of the ASCE Pipeline Conference 2013, Fort and Concord Avenue areas is expected by December and proposed collection systems. • Emerson Olander is a project technical lead and Worth, TX. 2015. The wetland will be fed with flows from the • A realistic evaluation of private property inflow supervising engineer for MWH Global based in 2. Bedoya, D., O’Riordan, O., Pisano, W.C., entire CAM 004 separated stormwater system until contributions and the cost-benefit of its separa- the Boston office. Olander, C.E., Kovacina, S., Struzzieri, J.J., and its maximum capacity is reached. When full capacity tion can show the value of performing work on • William Pisano is a senior advisor for MWH Bitsko, D. (2015) “Completion of the Alewife is reached, clean, excess stormwater flows will be private property despite the difficulty of working Global based in the Boston office. Stormwater Wetlands Brings Many Benefits directed to the CAM 004 outlet via a bending weir with many stakeholders. • Dennis Carr is a senior project engineer for MWH to Residents and Stakeholders in Cambridge, in Wheeler Street. Completion of these projects will • Detailed field investigations should be initiated Global based in the Boston office. MA,” Proceedings of the Water Environment mark an inflection point in the water quality of the and completed before design work is started to • Owen O’Riordan is the commissioner of Public Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference Alewife Brook, as it is expected to be a major mile- verify historical/anecdotal records and identify Works for Cambridge, Mass. (WEFTEC) 2015, New Orleans, LA. stone in the regional CSO control program, reducing unknown defects and indications of surcharge in • Kathy Watkins is the assistant commissioner of 3. Olander, C.E. and Pisano W.C., (2014) “Great annual CSO volumes significantly and improving the system. engineering and city engineer for Cambridge, Swamp Controls CSOs,” Government water quality of the stormwater entering the brook. • By adopting a more holistic approach to the Mass. Engineering, January/February 2014 Issue, design of infrastructure projects, sustainable pp: 28-32. engineering will be able to take place more Acknowledgements 4. Pisano, W.C., O’Riordan, O., Olander, C.E, Bedoya, naturally and allow projects to reach their full The design and construction administration of the D., and Carr, D.H. (2014) “Tertiary Level Sewer potential in improving communities. This has Alewife Stormwater Wetland was performed by the Separation Benefits Great Swamp,” American been the mantra for Cambridge’s efforts over the engineering team of MWH Global, Kleinfelder, and Water Works Association (AWWA) Journal, last 20 years. The Alewife Stormwater Wetland Chester Engineers (formerly BioEngineering Group). Volume 106(9), pp: 103-110. project is the culmination of these efforts and has quickly become the “gem,” as it encompasses all aspects of this mantra.

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feature

MacMillan Pier Fishermen’s Wharf

Provincetown stormwater program Intermodal Center/ revitalizes downtown and improves Ryder Street Terminal water quality Commercial Commercial Street Street Sandra Tripp, P.E., BCEE; Jessica Janney; Russell Kleekamp, GHD Inc., Hyannis, MA Richard Waldo, P.E. Town of Provincetown Department of Public Works, Provincetown, MA Robert Roseen, Ph.D., P.E., D.WRE., Horsley Witten Group, Newburyport, MA Town Hall

Abstract | Provincetown, Mass., has significantly reduced beach closures alongP rovincetown Harbor through a comprehensive multi-year stormwater management program. The most recent improvements addressed organic (bacterial) and non-organic loadings from untreated stormwater runoff from Commercial Street, which serves as the town’s “Main Street” and provides primary access to the harbor and hundreds of businesses. The challenge of treating stormwater from this narrow and highly traveled corridor was solved by reconstructing the road using porous pavement laid over a stone reservoir bed. Two of the three phases of this project have been constructed (the third phase is in design). The project provides the dual benefit of improving harbor water quality and revitalizing the downtown through road reconstruction. Two summers have passed since completion of the first phase of the project, and the Commercial about 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) from the West End is the latest step toward eliminating beach closures Street serves reduction in the number of beach closures is significant. Based on the water quality testing program there rotary to its intersection with Bradford Street near along Provincetown Harbor. as the town’s were no beach closures during the summer of 2013 and three beach closures in 2014 (all at the outer the Truro town line, Commercial Street boasts a “Main Street” charming architectural and cultural environment BACKGROUND and provides edges of the project improvements), reduced from nine closures in 2012 and seven in 2011. On average, primary access more than 10 closures per season were experienced prior to 2011. combining residential, commercial, and government The first step the town took was to address impacts to the harbor establishments. History, culture, diversity, and from hundreds of antiquated septic systems and an and hundreds Keywords | Stormwater treatment, porous pavement, economics, project acceptance, Provincetown, commercial stores unique to Provincetown are all aging sewer system. This effort led to the replace- of businesses Category 4a, pathogens, beach closures found on Commercial Street, which draws hundreds ment of septic systems and construction of a new of thousands of tourists during summer. In fact, wastewater treatment plant (completed in 2003). Provincetown’s year-round population of approxi- This, combined with public education about picking mately 3,400 increases 10-fold for the summer and up pet waste, increased the safety for swimmers to more than 100,000 tourists for Carnival Week at harbor beaches1. Concurrently, the town began INTRODUCTION in August. During the peak tourist season, vehicle planning to address impacts from stormwater. Provincetown is at the tip of Cape Cod. Like many traffic on Commercial Street takes a “back seat” to In 2003, the town completed the Provincetown Cape Cod communities, the town developed in the thousands of bikers and pedestrians who travel Harbor Stormwater Mitigation Assessment project, the 19th century as a fishing town. Life revolved the road. funded through the Coastal Pollution Remediation around the waterfront, and the main “road” was As a waterfront community, Provincetown under- program administered by the Massachusetts Office the hard-packed beach, which evolved into “Town stands the importance of the harbor’s water quality. of Coastal Zone Management. This assessment Road,” a footpath that ran behind the beach In previous years as storms affected the town, identified the various discharges to Provincetown houses fronting Provincetown Harbor. As the infrastructure in the form of beach outfalls would Harbor, assessed the water quality impacts from 20th century dawned, the town began attracting carry runoff and the organic (bacterial) and non- these discharges, and recommended mitigation artists and writers as well as summer tourists. organic matter it contains directly into the harbor. measures. Watershed areas were delineated for Today, Provincetown boasts a diverse culture The resulting elevated fecal coliform and enterococci the 25 identified outfalls, and water quality was built on its early roots. Life still revolves around bacteria levels caused the town to close the beaches. measured for each discharge. The assessment 1 Pollution Reduction the waterfront. Town Road, which still serves as Regulatory agencies along with state and local resulted in a prioritized listing of recommended Efforts Paying Off “Main Street,” has become Commercial Street. officials have worked for decades to alleviate this improvements (see Figure 1). for New England’s Beaches, Robert W. Commercial Street is one of the most charming, situation. The Commercial Street stormwater The town has systematically approached Varney, U.S. EPA, yet chaotic, main streets on Cape Cod. Spanning improvement and roadway reconstruction project improvements at each outfall over the last 12 years, July 2004.

EFFECTS OF BEACH CLOSURES Provincetown Harbor is listed on the Massachusetts 2012 Integrated List of Waters Figure 2. as a “Category 4a” water body and has a total Commercial Street’s porous maximum daily load (TMDL) for pathogens. pavement design The harbor experiences heavy recreational and commercial use, particularly during the installation of a vacuum sewer system and routine (1.2-meter-wide by 0.6-meter-deep) infiltration trench busy summer. Provincetown’s location on utility repairs left the roadway in poor condition. below the centerline of the road. The roadbed also the water is not only an economic driver for For this reason, it was decided to address the incorporated an impermeable liner along the vertical the town, it provides the artistic backdrop to its unique culture. Beach closures for any water quality issues associated with this stretch of walls of the pavement sub-base to prevent potential coastal town send ripples through the tourism Commercial Street at its roots—Commercial Street’s lateral migration under sidewalks and into buildings economy through negative public perception. impervious surfaces, which directly cause storm- (see Figure 2). On average, 20 beach closures a year water to flow into the harbor. By reconstructing Geotechnical investigations were performed at 12 occurred in the downtown area prior to 2003. the roadway with porous paving material, the town locations along Commercial Street, assessing depth Figure 1. receives the benefit of both treated stormwater and to water and soil characteristics. The soils generally Prioritized beginning with the installation of treatment units beachfront. The physical constraints associated with minimal direct stormwater discharge to the harbor, consisted of fine sands with a trace of silt. The depth listing of prior to discharge for the five highest-priority this stretch of road provided challenges both for and a new roadway for this vital corridor. to groundwater ranged between 4 and 15 feet (1.2 recommended discharges. Each project improved the overall quality the design and implementation of traditional best and 4.6 meters), and was greater than the depth of improvements of the harbor, yet beach closures still occurred near management practices (BMPs) at these outfalls. POROUS PAVEMENT the proposed pavement section along the design the center of Commercial Street and along Ryder The evolution of Commercial Street from a The water quality benefits of porous asphalt pave- corridor. Hydraulic loading, groundwater table, Street Beach. footpath in the early 19th century has resulted in a ments are well documented. They greatly lessen and hydraulic mounding were evaluated for both narrow corridor identified on both sides by commer- pollutant concentration through filtration and the common 1-inch (2.5-centimeter) storm and the CHALLENGE OF COMMERCIAL STREET cial and residential buildings. The pavement varies pollutant load by reducing runoff volume through extreme 100-year storm. Potential hydraulic routing As of 2009, the town had not been able to implement from 16 to 22 feet (4.9 to 6.7 meters), with its 4-foot infiltration. Numerous studies have recognized a within pipe bedding was also considered to ensure improvements to address stormwater from the six (1.2-meter) sidewalks (when present) often set against substantial volume reduction on sites with poor soil that the bedding would not act as an avenue for outfalls discharging to the harbor near the center of the physical sides of buildings. Narrow as it is, this and nearly 100-percent recharge for sites with soil water to infiltrate basements. road remains vital to the town’s economic well-being that has even modest infiltration capacity. The porous asphalt mix design was chosen as it provides access to: Porous pavement is typically used on roadways in collaboration with the University of New • MacMillan Pier—the primary seaport destination where sheeting water is a significant safety hazard Hampshire’s Stormwater for the town and as such these open-graded surface treatments Center. The design mix was MAINTENANCE OF POROUS • MacMillan Pier Walkway and Gazebo—ferry are widely used to wick water away from highway based on its design specifica- PAVEMENTS access and accessibility to tour boats surfaces. Despite this, full-depth porous asphalt tion for porous asphalt Maintenance of porous pavement is critical to the pavement’s perfor- • Intermodal Center/Ryder Street Terminal—bus pavements are less commonly selected for roadways, pavement and infiltration mance. High traffic areas during station and park area in part due to concerns about cost and maintenance. beds, and in accordance rain events should be inspected • The highest concentration of restaurants, lodging, Provincetown felt, however, that modern materials with the National Asphalt monthly to confirm infiltration. retails stores, beaches, and nightlife venues in and mix designs would provide a porous pavement Pavement Association’s In addition, vacuum sweeping town well suited to the demands of Commercial Street. Porous Asphalt Pavements should be done twice a year at • Town Hall and the town post office Commercial Street’s porous pavement design for Stormwater Management: a minimum, with an increased frequency in busier areas. Because As noted, the town sees an influx of tens of thou- included 4 inches (10 centimeters) of porous asphalt Design, Construction and of Commercial Street’s close prox- sands of tourists in the summer, most if not all of underlain by an 18-inch (46-centimeter) minimum Maintenance Guide. A imity to the beach, Provincetown whom will walk, bike, or drive on Commercial Street. thickness reservoir bed, atop proof-rolled native PG 76−22 asphalt binder employs nightly street vacuuming Commercial Street has seen many utility installa- sands. Although many porous pavement projects modified with a styrene- during summer to contribute to the Commercial Street—July 4th tions. The storm drain system evolved over time and are constructed on soil, the coarse nature of the butadiene-styrene (SBS) long-term hydrologic functionality was not always well documented. Water distribution, sand locks well when rolled while still allowing for polymer was used and the of the porous pavement. If, in the future, the pavement is found to Commercial Street. These outfalls handle roughly wastewater collection, electric, and other utilities infiltration. pavement was placed in two, be damaged, small areas can be 60 acres (24 hectares) of impervious surface area, crowded the narrow street. This left little to no room To focus the water permeating the pavement 2-inch ( 5-centimeter) lifts. patched with traditional asphalt as it including runoff from Commercial Street, and are to place traditional water quality BMPs to treat away from abutting sidewalks and basement walls, This durable pavement is will bind with the porous asphalt. along approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) of stormwater. In addition to normal wear, the recent the roadbed included a 4-foot-wide by 2-foot-deep well-suited for high-traffic

environments. A locally available reservoir bed was swelled, and/or deteriorated, causing tripping specified as a blend of 3/8, 1/2, and 1.5 inch (1, 1.3, and 3.8 hazards and making for uncomfortable walking or centimeter) minus crushed stone, which locks better riding along the sidewalks. While understanding the than a single size of aggregate and allows for more need for diligent maintenance, the town replaced void space (up to 20 percent or more voids). the brick sidewalks along the corridor while bringing them up to current Americans with Disabilities Act DESIGN and IMPLEMENTATION (ADA) standards. This allowed the town to maintain This project relied not only on the technical aspects the historic look of the commercial corridor while of the porous pavement and the design of the improving pedestrian safety. roadway but on the town’s Also, the storm drain system was aging and under VARIOUS BENEFITS PROVIDE ability to accept its implemen- capacity in some areas. This project replaced failed, FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES tation. From the beginning, aging, or undersized storm drain features. Although The benefits from the Commercial the town understood that the implementation of porous pavement greatly Street stormwater and roadway reconstruction of Commercial reduces the hydraulic loads on the storm drain improvements project resulted in a variety of funding agencies Street would most likely be system, it was decided to incorporate a system sized supporting the project. The the most disruptive project to handle the loads without the porous pavement Massachusetts Office of Coastal it had undertaken in years. (assuming impermeable pavement). The storm drain Excavation of existing roadway Excavation and stone bed Zone Management (CZM) Unlike a repaving or mill and acts as an emergency bypass for the porous paving provided initial support by funding overlay project, the roadway and will be present if any section of the porous the 2003 stormwater assessment would be totally removed to pavement becomes clogged. through the Coastal Pollution Remediation Program. The a depth of 4 feet (1.2 meters). To minimize disruption for tourists and busi- positive impact to the economy Vehicles would not be able to nesses alike, construction of the stormwater and of the town was recognized by access the road for weeks at roadway improvements was segmented into three the MassWorks Infrastructure a time. Construction would manageable phases. Construction phasing can be Grant Program, which provided a occur sometimes up to the challenging for permeable pavements and requires public works economic develop- doors of businesses and at special considerations. This was especially true for ment grant for the design and construction of Phase I. The times storefronts were limited Provincetown, where it was necessary to schedule primary goal of cleaning up the to pedestrian access only. all work outside the busy tourist season. To accom- waterways of Massachusetts (in Construction had to dodge plish this, construction was limited to the period this case Provincetown Harbor) is both the summer’s heavy between mid-October to mid-May. Phasing the supported by the Massachusetts tourist season and the New project allowed for work to be completed within the Department of Environmental Protection, which has provided England winters. construction season and supported implementation 604(b) Water Quality Management To establish a collaborative in affordable steps. Planning Program grants for environment, the town engaged As the project would benefit the town in many Phases II and III. Additionally, in public meetings early on. Not ways, it was attractive to various funding agencies. Stone reservoir bed installation Binder course installation – Phase I the final design and construction only was the project discussed Provincetown obtained funding for the various for Phase II was assisted with at special town meetings, the phases as noted in the sidebar. funding from the U.S. EPA Clean Water Act Section 319 Nonpoint design engineer was available Source Program grant. To date, weekly to discuss the project COLLABORATIVE EFFORT Provincetown has received $2.8 with any interested party. Phase I, running approximately 2,700 feet (822 million in grant funding toward the Concerns were recorded and meters) from Johnson Street to Winthrop Street, planning, design, and construction addressed. Together, the town was ready to be constructed in the fall of 2012. This of this project. and its citizens developed a is the busiest downtown area in Provincetown, plan for the project. and the businesses along this stretch were anxious The scope was enhanced not only to accomplish about construction impacts. Although the fall, or the primary project goals of minimizing beach “shoulder season,” is not the busiest tourist season, closures and restoring the road but to further the towns on Cape Cod see a lot of autumn activity Binder course pavement installation – Phase II enhance corridor functionality. The curbing, and businesses count on this revenue to complete a which was severely compromised along most of successful year. As noted, the town held numerous TIPS FOR POROUS PAVEMENT SUCCESS the corridor due to heavy truck traffic and several public meetings and listened to the concerns of its Porous asphalt pavements are an important stormwater repaving projects, was replaced. This resulted in citizens. It dedicated a full-time representative, or management tool; however, their use requires careful a full curb reveal throughout the corridor and clerk of the works, to coordinate with the contractor planning. Successful installations generally require four critical elements: improved public safety. and the citizens to mitigate impacts to businesses as 1. Proper design including appropriate specification of Throughout the years, the sidewalks have been much as possible. In addition, the town’s Department pavement mix and sub-base construction reconstructed with brick, asphalt, concrete, and of Public Works director was visible and available to 2. Strict quality control during pavement production other materials. Most of the sidewalks in the project citizens throughout construction. 3. Proper engineering oversight during construction and corridor were brick walks, which also needed The major road base reconstruction work pavement placement replacing. Over time the bricks had cracked, heaved, including the storm drain system, stone reservoir, Surface course pavement installation – Phase II 4. Long-term operations and maintenance plans

Table 1. Bathing beach closures associated with Phases I and II sampling points

Phase Beach Sampling Point 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 I Johnson St 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 I 333 Commercial St 2 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 I Ryder Beach (Middle) 0 1 1 2 2 3 0 0 I Court St 1 3 0 3 1 1 0 0 II Atlantic Ave 1 3 5 2 0 1 1 0 II Town Landing (West of Coast 3 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 Guard Station)

II West End Lot 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 2

Following Phase I, there were no beach closures in • Jessica Janney is a project engineer with GHD, in 2013 and only one in 2014 associated with the four Hyannis, Mass. Ms. Janney has 15 years of experi- water quality sampling locations representative of ence in engineering with a focus on planning, the Phase I-impacted beach. There were three beach stormwater and remediation. closings associated with the water quality sampling • Russell Kleekamp has worked successfully on locations representative of the Phase II-impacted some of the largest porous asphalt applications Figure 3. beach areas in 2012 and 2013 and two closings in 2014 on the East Coast. Commercial and porous asphalt binder course was completed business time, people along the corridor continue to at the furthest sampling point and end of the porous • Richard Waldo worked locally in Provincetown Street project by December 2012, before the winter temperatures express their satisfaction with the final product. pavement installation. for an engineering firm before leaving to start phasing in January and February limited construction. Additional benefits are seen during the intense Beach sampling is conducted by the Barnstable his own practice. In March 2012, Mr. Waldo joined Pre-existing conditions including the narrow road rainstorms that often occur on Cape Cod. Residents County Department of Health and Environment Provincetown’s Department of Public Works width required close coordination and attention to and business owners alike took notice of the special and the town of Provincetown’s Health and as deputy director before taking on the role of detail. Tying in the new road, curbing, and sidewalks properties of this new asphalt. Merchants noticed Environmental Affairs Department during the director in November 2014. to existing sidewalks, landings, stoops, and store that tourists no longer had to jump over standing summer. The indicator organism for bacteria is entero- • Robert Roseen, Ph.D., a practice leader at the entrances was a challenge. In addition, the local water to reach their establishments. Similarly, coccus and the limit for closure is 104 CFU/100ml. Horsley Witten Group, is a recognized industry asphalt plants needed to be a part of the coordina- residents commented that they no longer found leader in green infrastructure and watershed tion to meet the technical requirements of the themselves leaping away from passing vehicles to SUMMARY management, and consults nationally and locally asphalt and the timing requirements. avoid being splashed as tires went through puddles. The 18-month installation was complex, involving on stormwater management and planning. He is Communications with the businesses was critical When the final layer of the porous pavement for narrow roadways, old building foundations, dense leading one of the first-in-the-nation integrated and primarily handled through weekly “e-blasts” Phase I was placed, many pedestrians were confused placement of utilities, and a tight construction planning efforts in coastal New Hampshire. which notified all interested businesses, citizens, and as to whether or not the road was finished. The schedule. Application of the porous pavement other parties of planned activities for the coming larger open pores of the porous pavement were not focused on quality control and a plan for long-term ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS week. This, together with the ability to approach the what they were used to seeing. They questioned operations and maintenance. • Derek Ritchie, Provincetown Clerk of the Works town, allowed the businesses and residents in and whether or not the rough appearance would affect Pavement durability has shown no visible distress, • Sherry Prada, DPW Operations Manager around the project site to work around the construc- the overall durability. With average daily summer as identified by raveling or rutting, despite regular • Past and present Provincetown Board of tion and provide service to their own customers. foot traffic reaching 40,000 tourists and several heavy truck traffic supplying the businesses Selectmen, Town Manager, and Town Staff In the spring of 2013, the top layer, or porous asphalt larger delivery trucks frequenting the roadway, and routine bus traffic accessing the public pier. • Nathan C. Weeks, P.E., BCEE, GHD Inc. wearing course, was placed along the Phase I site. residents were concerned. However, after repeated Provincetown employs nightly street vacuuming • Robert B. Our Co., Inc. Phase II is to the west of Phase I and runs from exposure to sharp turning trucks and numerous during summer for trash and debris, which will • Aggregate Industries Winthrop Street to the West End Parking Lot. The parades, the durability concerns were answered. contribute to the long-term hydrologic functionality • Every business owner and residence located design was completed by the fall of 2013. Phase II The pavement has proven to be durable and has not of the porous pavement. along the Commercial Street corridor progressed as did Phase I, with final paving being shown unusual signs of wear. The town is moving forward with Phase III, performed in the spring of 2014. As for the primary project goal of improving the which is east of Phase I, as it continues to improve REFERENCE LIST water quality and health of Provincetown Harbor, Provincetown Harbor’s water quality (see Figure 3). • Pollution Reduction Efforts Paying Off for New RESULTS early indications are promising. Table 1 shows the England’s Beaches, Robert W. Varney, U.S. EPA, 2 Roseen, R., Waldo, R., Janney, J. and The Commercial Street stormwater improvement and number of beach closures for each sampling point About the authors: July 2004. Tripp, S., 2014, roadway reconstruction project had an overwhelm- within the Phase I and II areas. The orange high- • Sandra Tripp is a senior project manager with • Roseen, R., Waldo, R., Janney, J. and Tripp, S., 2014, Provincetown Porous Asphalt Keeps ingly positive response by the town’s citizens. The lighted numbers reflect the closures after the porous GHD, in Hyannis, Mass. Ms. Tripp has more than Provincetown Porous Asphalt Keeps Beaches Beaches Open. most obvious benefit noticed by residents and busi- asphalt was installed as part of the two-phased 30 years of experience in the planning, design, Open. Asphalt Pavement, September/October Asphalt Pavement, September/October ness owners was the major facelift to the town’s main project. This porous pavement installation appears and construction of municipal water, stormwater, 2014, vol. 19, no. 5. 2014, vol. 19, no. 5 economic hub. Despite the disruption during a critical to have helped reduce the number of beach closures.2 reclaimed water, and wastewater systems.

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| Rethinking stream crossings for humans and animals |

Rethinking stream crossings for humans and animals— four examples from New England

Robert Sowby, Hansen, Allen & Luce, Inc., Midvale, UT

Abstract | Culverts have been installed at countless stream crossings in the U.S. as the country’s transportation networks have expanded. Unfortunately, many crossings have become barriers to aquatic organism mobility, a function essential to healthy ecosystems. Excessive velocity, outlet drops, and insufficient water depths impede mobility and constrict or sever habitats. Opportunities to reverse this trend continue to arise as aged culverts need to be replaced. Cooperation of public and private partners has led to successful local projects, many of which overlapped with planned infrastructure improvements and community priorities. Four examples from New England demonstrate how culverts can be effectively retrofitted or redesigned to reconnect aquatic habitats while maintaining human uses at each crossing. This open-bottom arch culvert replaced a double- Keywords | Aquatic organism passage, culverts, ecology, fish, flood, rivers, streams, stream box culvert on Bronson Brook (see page 41) crossings, stream restoration, transportation TOWARD SOLUTIONS In recent years the design of culverts has expanded to include considerations for aquatic life. Some states, particularly in New England, have established INTRODUCTION new design criteria for crossings. Qualitative stream As transportation networks have crisscrossed the American landscape, crossing handbooks and more detailed technical hundreds of thousands of culverts have been installed at stream crossings. On guides are available for Connecticut, Massachusetts, one level, culverts perform well: They pass water downstream while allowing Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Sharon vehicles and people to cross above. Historically, however, little consideration Several best practices contribute to a fish-friendly Examples from was given to their impacts on fisheries and ecosystems. High flow velocities, crossing (Baker and Votapka 1990; Behlke et al. 1991; these four New outlet drops, and insufficient water depths impede the mobility of aquatic Kilgore et al. 2010; Metsker 1970; Tillinger and Stein England towns demonstrate species and constrict or sever their habitats. 1996; Watts 1974; Singler et al. 2012): Southern how culverts can Amy Singler, associate director of American Rivers’ River Restoration • Locate the culvert in a straight segment of the Vermont be effectively Program, emphasizes the importance of such crossings. “Fish and aquatic channel retrofitted or species need to move upstream and downstream to connect habitat for food, • Use bank-full width; avoid constricting the redesigned spawning, and shelter,” she says. “While most people ignore the tiny stream channel to reconnect under the bridge they’re driving across, river scientists and road managers • Minimize the total culvert length aquatic Readsboro habitats while think a lot about these structures.” • Match the culvert slope to the natural stream slope maintaining Although not all culverts need to accommodate fish passage, many that • Size the culvert appropriately to accommodate human uses should fail to do so. In Washington and Oregon, more than half of an estimated high flows and avoid high velocities 10,000 culverts are considered to be barriers to juvenile salmon passage (Kilgore • Use corrugated pipe to reduce velocity Worthington et al. 2010). In Washington alone, 1,987 crossings in fish-bearing streams were • Use open-bottomed culverts where possible, or fill Becket identified as barriers (WSDOT 2013). In Vermont, only six percent of some 1,500 the culvert bottom with natural sand and gravel Changes in fish habitat due to stream crossings: culverts inventoried were fully passable (VFWD 2010). In Massachusetts there to provide surfaces for insects and a familiar Western (a) undisturbed habitat (shaded), (b) disconnected habitats (colored) Massachusetts are an estimated 28,500 road or railroad crossings that affect streams (VC&PB environment for fish caused by ineffective culverts, (c) fragmented system and loss of first 2004). Not all of the Massachusetts crossings involve passage issues, but the • Avoid perched outlets; embed the culvert when habitat, and (d) extirpated habits (hollow) (Kilgore et al. 2010) number represents the extent and impact of such in-stream structures. possible

• Provide an outlet pool of sufficient depth • Provide downstream conditions such that adequate depth in the culvert is maintained With the country’s transportation network already well established, new stream crossings will be rare. Rather, replacements and retrofits provide the best opportunities to address the problem. Since most of the culvert infrastructure in the U.S. was installed more than 40 years ago, the design lives of many culverts are expiring, bringing opportunities for Original pipe culvert on Replacement concrete box solutions and practices that are more compatible Heartwellville Brook culvert with natural substrate with aquatic ecosystems. Various states and organizations have succeeded features a natural streambed. Subsequent moni- in raising funds, replacing impassible culverts, and toring revealed that brown trout and brook trout of restoring aquatic habitats while still preserving various sizes could successfully navigate the culvert, road and rail networks. Here are four examples that and some had even made a home in it. Original culvert at Shaker Mill Brook and McNerney Road Replacement culvert installed on Shaker Mill Brook demonstrate the ability to satisfy the human and The two Vermont projects have been effective animal needs of stream crossings. since their completion in 2007, as have several others. Bronson Brook—Worthington, MA crossing, more robust than the original, held up in “Both structures continue to function,” said Rich A double-box culvert at Dingle Road on Bronson tropical storm Irene in 2011. “It was a great example of CASE STUDIES Kirn, a fisheries biologist with the Vermont Fish & Brook near Worthington, Mass., was destroyed in 2003 the infrastructure and safety benefits of these types Broad Brook—Sharon, VT Wildlife Department. “We have many examples of when a flood eroded the banks and gouged a 3-meter of crossings,” he added. A culvert on Broad Brook is above its confluence these throughout the state.” (9.8-foot) rift between the culvert and the road. Partners included Massachusetts Division of with the White River near Sharon, Vt. Despite the Brian Graber, senior director of American Rivers’ Ecological Restoration, Massachusetts Division of original inclusion of wooden fish baffles, the culvert Shaker Mill Brook—Becket, MA River Restoration Program, explained the problem Fisheries and Wildlife, the town of Worthington, Wild was undersized and ultimately developed a 1-foot When a routine inspection in 2007 revealed that a in a news release. “Even before the road failure, the & Scenic Westfield River Committee, Westfield River (0.3-meter) perch, hindering the passage of brook culvert on Shaker Mill Brook at McNerney Road near previous culvert was harmful to fish and wildlife. It Watershed Association, Connecticut River Watershed trout, rainbow trout, and a variety of nongame fish. Becket, Mass., was structurally unsafe, the road was was suspended above the brook on the downstream Council, The Nature Conservancy, American Rivers, closed immediately. end, and the inside of the culvert had less than 1 inch Inter-Fluve Inc., and federal agencies. “The culvert was in bad shape,” said Carrie (2.5 centimeters) of water depth.” Banks of the Massachusetts Division of Ecological After the collection of $380,000 from government CONCLUSIONS Restoration, “with cracked headwalls and evidence of grants and local donations, the crossing was recon- Mobility of aquatic organisms is essential to healthy piping around the structure.” structed with a 39-foot (12-meter) wide open-bottom ecosystems. These four examples demonstrate how The Massachusetts Department of Transportation arch culvert. culverts can be retrofitted or redesigned to allow this selected a prefabricated concrete culvert to accel- “The project team installed a new fish-friendly mobility. Successful projects involved public, private, erate reconstruction of the critical highway. David G. culvert that is wider than the brook and is bottomless, and community partners with a desire to reconnect Roach & Sons, TEC, National Park Service, and U.S. allowing fish and wildlife to move through the site aquatic habitats while maintaining human uses at Army Corps of Engineers also contributed. as if the road were not even there,” Graber said in the each crossing. Culvert with perched outlet on Rock sill constructed to raise The new structure, completed ahead of schedule news release. Banks is pleased with how stream crossings are Broad Brook outlet pool on Broad Brook in 2009, allows bank-full width and a natural stream “The Bronson Brook project has performed really earning more attention. “In regards to progress on bottom, partial rock dams, and plunge pools. Trout, well since it was installed,” Singler said. The new stream crossings, in the last 10 years, there has been Several groups—White River Partnership, U.S. turtles, wood ducks, and otter can now pass freely. a substantial increase in aware- Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, Trout In a test of flood resilience less than two years ness of how our road and stream Unlimited, Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department, after its installation, the new crossing withstood networks intersect,” says Banks. Vermont Department of Environmental tropical storm Irene in 2011, a flow that likely While culverts represent a Conservation, and the town of Sharon—cooperated exceeded the 100-year event. problem for many fisheries, to retrofit the culvert by building a rock sill down- “The stream was able to move water, sediment, opportunities to reverse this stream to submerge the outlet. Constructed like a and debris, including several large trees, through the trend continue to arise as aged natural stream feature, the culvert now permits fish crossing during the flood,” Banks reported. “Post- culverts need to be replaced. to pass at a variety of flows. flood, the crossing was stable and maintained fish This can be accomplished and vehicular passage.” through targeted local Heartwellville Brook—Readsboro, VT In 2013, Banks’ agency sponsored six statewide projects or with planned At a crossing of Heartwellville Brook near Readsboro, workshops to educate 400 highway staff, municipal infrastructure improvements Vt., an original corrugated metal pipe culvert was officials, transportation planners, engineers, and for transportation or flood undersized, constricting the flow and producing high others on how to design “fish-friendly and flood- control. Each crossing is unique barrel velocities that prevented passage. resilient” crossings. They are also working with other and requires the cooperation The Vermont Agency of Transportation replaced groups to “replace undersized culverts with struc- of both technical experts and the crossing with a larger concrete box culvert. tures that will improve habitat, river connectivity, Double-box culvert on Bronson Brook was replaced community stakeholders for The new culvert accommodates higher flows and and flood resilience,” Banks says. with open-bottom arch culvert (see photo page 39) the best solution.

40 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 41 | Rethinking stream crossings for humans and animals |

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Engineering Technical Report 7700-5. U.S. • Rollin H. Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service • Betsy Colburn, Harvard University • Singler, A. (2014a) “Why Did the Fish Cross • Rich Kirn, Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department the Road?” American Rivers. The River • Brian Graber and Amy Singler, American Rivers Blog, Oct. 15. americanrivers.org/blog/ • Carrie Banks, Massachusetts Division of why-did-the-fish-cross-the-road Ecological Restoration • Singler, A. (2014b) Personal communication, Dec. 18 • Singler, A.; Graber, B.; Banks, C. (eds.) (2012) REFERENCES “Massachusetts Stream Crossings Handbook.” • Baker, C. O.; Votapka, F. E. (1990) Fish Passage 2nd ed. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, through Culverts. Technology and Development Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Affairs, Department of Fish and Game, Division Forest Service of Ecological Restoration • Banks, C. (2015) Personal communication, Jan. 5. • Tillinger, T. N.; Stein, O. R. (1996) “Fish Passage • Behlke, C. E.; Douglas, K. L.; McLean R. F.; Travis, Through Culverts in Montana: A Preliminary M.D. (1991) “Fundamentals of Culvert Design for Investigation.” Final report to the Montana Passage of Weak-Swimming Fish.” Final report to Department of Transportation and U.S. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Facilities Administration • Connecticut Department of Environmental • Trombulak, S. C.; Frissell, C. A. (2000) “Review of Protection (2008) “Stream Crossing Guidelines.” Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Inland Fisheries Division, Habitat Conservation Aquatic Communities.” Conservation Biology 14 and Enhancement Program (1): 18–30 • Forman, R. T. T. (2000) “Estimate of the Area • University of New Hampshire (2009) “New Affected Ecologically by the Road System in the Hampshire Stream Crossing Guidelines” United States.” Conservation Biology 14 (1): 31–35 • VC&PB (Venner Consulting and Parsons • Forman, R. T. T.; Deblinger, R. D. (2000) “The Brinkerhoff) (2004) Section 3.5, “Culverts and Ecological Road-Effect Zone of a Massachusetts Fish Passage,” in Environmental Stewardship (U.S.A.) Suburban Highway.” Conservation Biology Practices, Procedures, and Policies for Highway 14 (1): 36–46 Construction and Maintenance. Final Report • Foster, H. R; Keller, T. A. (2011) “Flow in Culverts as for National Cooperative Highways Research a Potential Mechanism of Stream Fragmentation Program Project 25-25, Task 4, Transportation Delivering Sustainable for Native and Nonindigenous Crayfish Species.” Research Board Journal of the North American Benthological • VFWD (Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department) Infrastructure Solutions Society 30 (4): 1129–1137 (2010) “Vermont Stream Crossing Handbook.” • Graber, B. (2008) “State and Non-Profit Partners • Watts, F. J. (1974) “Design of Culvert Fishways.” Complete Restoration of Bronson Brook in Water Resources Research Institute, University of Worthington, MA.” American Rivers. Press release, Idaho Dec. 29 • WSDOT (Washington State Department of • Graber, B. (2014) Personal communication, Dec. 18 Transportation). 2013. Fish Passage Barrier • Jessen, K. (2011) “Conservation Award for Inventory: Progress Performance Report, July 2013 MassDOT Bridge Project.” MassDOT Blog, Nov 17. “New England’s Choice for Quality blog.mass.gov/transportation/massdot-highway/ ABOUT THE AUTHOR Utility Construction Since 1923” massdot-highway-district-honored • Robert Sowby is a project engineer at Hansen, • Kilgore, R. T.; Bergendahl, B. S.; Hotchkiss, R. H. Allen & Luce, Inc., in Salt Lake City, Utah, and a ACEC MA Engineering (2010) “Culvert Design for Aquatic Organism former researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Excellence Technology in Cambridge, Mass. Passage.” Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 26, Wastewater Treatment Award Winner first edition. U.S. Department of Transportation, Facility Upgrade, Smithfield RI Federal Highway Administration • Kirn, R. (2014) Personal communication, Dec. 10. • Maine Department of Transportation (2004) “Fish Passage Policy and Design Guide: Design Guide for Fish Passage through Culverts” • Metsker, H. E. (1970) “Fish versus Culverts: 41 Central Street - Auburn, MA 01501 Some Considerations for Resource Managers” 3 Johnson Road - Bow, NH 03304 WATER | WASTEWATER | INFRASTRUCTURE 800-922-8182 Serving clients throughout the Northeast www.rhwhite.com 888.621.8156 | www.wright-pierce.com

42 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 43

feature

| Tools to Assist Cape Cod Communities Reach Sustainable Nitrogen Reduction Goals |

Tools to assist Cape Cod communities reach sustainable nitrogen reduction goals—technologies matrix and adaptive management practices

Thomas Parece, P.E.; Mark Owen, PG; and Betsy Shreve-Gibb, AICP, AECOM Paul Niedzwiecki; Kristy Senatori; and Erin Perry, Cape Cod Commission Scott Horsley, Consultant

Abstract | As the population of Cape Cod has increased, so has the volume of nutrients entering coastal waters and freshwater ponds. The population has increased by about 60 percent since the completion of the Area Wide Water Quality Management Plan, developed in 1978 under Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act by the Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commission (CCPEDC), the predecessor to the Cape Cod Commission. This population increase led to an increase in wastewater flows, applications of fertilizers, and stormwater runoff with corresponding increases in nitrogen and phosphorus entering coastal and fresh waters in the region. About 85 percent of the wastewater generated on Cape Cod is treated by on-site Title 5 septic systems that do not adequately remove nutrients, discharging them directly to the groundwater that feeds estuaries, lakes, and ponds.

Figure 1. Cape Cod was divided into 11 watershed In 2013, the Massachusetts Departmental of Environmental Protection (MassDEP) tasked the Cape Cod groups to better review, evaluate, and identify Commission with updating Section 208 of the Clean Water Act that requires “…areas with substantial alternatives to manage nitrogen loading to estuaries water problems develop a water management plan to control pollution on a regional or ‘area-wide’ basis.” To help communities address water quality impairment cost-effectively, and in an environmentally sound and sustainable way, a water quality Technologies Matrix was developed, consisting of a range of 45 technologies that can reduce nitrogen.

Keywords | Regional planning, nutrient removal, traditional and non-traditional wastewater management technologies, adaptive management, and technology resource guide Background A decade of discussions about water Cape Cod background The Area Wide Water Quality Management Plan quality problems in the estuarine and problem summary developed in 1978 identified increasing residential systems produced divergent perspec- BACKGROUND • 105 Watersheds densities and a threefold summer population influx tives on potential solutions. The back- • 57 Embayment Watersheds as the cause of isolated water quality and wastewater ground of Cape Cod and the specific • 994 Ponds management problems. It anticipated that future problems are illustrated to the right. In • Sole Source Aquifer growth, primarily in more inland areas where most addition, Cape Cod communities would • Development over Time public water supply wells are located and along the like to explore the use of non-traditional • Increased Nutrient Loads shores of the Cape’s many inland ponds, threatened technologies and approaches for water • MEP Studies and TMDLs • Section 208 Update to cause more serious groundwater contamination quality restoration due primarily to PROBLEM and increased eutrophication in surface waters. As cost considerations. To update the 1978 • Estuaries Nitrogen Sensitive part of the update to the plan, Cape Cod was divided plan an effort was made to identify all • Ponds Phosphorus Sensitive into 11 watershed groups to better review, evaluate, available technologies that communi- • Eutrophication and identify alternatives to manage nitrogen loading ties could consider. As a result, the • Economic Impacts (Tourism) to estuaries (see Figure 1). Technologies Matrix was developed. • Cost of Nutrient Removal

44 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 45 | Tools to Assist Cape Cod Communities Reach Sustainable Nitrogen Reduction Goals | | Tools to Assist Cape Cod Communities Reach Sustainable Nitrogen Reduction Goals | 3 Sample Cape Cod Subwatershed Figure 3. Sample Cape Cod subwatershed To provide an unbiased starting point, the The adaptive management process optimizes this TOWN OF YARMOUTH MASSACHUSETTS MAP 3: TOTAL COLLECTION AREA NECESSARY TO MEET: broadest range of traditional and non-traditional combination of technologies. In some watersheds Current Nitrogen Removal Needs + Additional Future Nitrogen Removal Needs technologies and policies are considered for Cape a traditional sewering plan may be identified for - Low Barrier Technologies Cod watersheds. Not every technology is suitable for construction during the first phase of implementa- every watershed. The Technologies Matrix of options tion to address significant Title 5 compliance issues NITROGEN CALCULATOR represents the best information available for each and/or identified growth zones. Future expansion 1 Current N Removal Needs (TMDL) +37,400 KG/YR +93.5% potential nutrient intervention, including existing of this core collection system will be planned and 2 Additional N Removal Needs +2,600 KG/YR +6.5%

cost, performance, sustainability criteria, and permit- will serve as the backup plan for future phases of Failed Title 5 Systems +600 KG/YR +1.5% ting analysis. the watershed plan if the non-traditional practices Anticipated Growth Areas +2000 KG/YR +5% do not perform as anticipated. See Figures 2, 3, and 3 Low Barrier Technologies -10,000 KG/YR -25% Adaptive Management 4 for an example of the adaptive management Fertilizer Management -5,000 KG/YR -12.5% Stormwater BMPs -5,000 KG/YR -12.5% The proposed adaptive management framework approach. 4 Watershed Alternative Technologies

enables a thorough vetting of new technologies while This adaptive management framework is in 5-year Const. Wetlands - GW

maintaining a secure foundation of proven tradi- increments. This period allows 2 years for the design, Const. Wetlands - SW tional technologies. The plan provides a thoughtful permitting, and construction of technologies and Phytobuffer process for integrating emerging and non-traditional a minimum 3-year testing period. After each 5-year Perm. React. Barrier technologies with traditional practices. Applying this period, the performance of deployed technologies is Fertigation Wells Shellfish Aquaculture

approach, each watershed will develop a targeted evaluated. This evaluation will include the nutrient Inlet Widening

adaptive management plan that encompasses removal achieved, cost-effectiveness of the tech- 5 On-Site Alternative Technologies

carefully planned practices that meet the specific nology, and any associated benefits identified. I/A Title 5 Systems nutrient management targets for the watershed as Technologies that meet the identified objectives Alt. Toilet Systems cost-effectively and beneficially as possible. can continue to be used and additional installations 6 Collection/Sewer -30,000 KG/YR -75% Each watershed plan will include a set of tradi- may be implemented in the watershed. In instances Remaining Nitrogen to Meet Goal 0 KG/YR 0% tional and non-traditional practices to meet identi- of partial success, potential adjustments and

fied nutrient reduction targets, or total maximum improvements may be evaluated and, if appropriate, Indicator Bar 75% 25% daily loads (TMDLs), and desired water quality goals. that technology may continue to be applied. When Collection Low Barrier 3225 Main Street - Barnstable, MA 02630 DATE Ultimately, a combination of these practices may be poor performance is realized, further application of (508) 362-3828 - www.capecodcommission.org 02.04.14 N SHEET NUMBER Draft Watershed Concept Maps the optimal situation. that technology will be discontinued or modified. 5 Sample CapeSC-3 Cod 1 Sample Cape Cod Subwatershed Subwatershed Figure 4. Sample Cape Cod subwatershed TOWN OF YARMOUTH MASSACHUSETTS

Figures 2. Sample Cape Cod subwatershed TOWN OF YARMOUTH MASSACHUSETTS MAP 5: TOTAL COLLECTION AREA NECESSARY TO MEET: Current Nitrogen Removal Needs MAP 1: TOTAL COLLECTION AREA NECESSARY TO MEET: + Additional Future Nitrogen Removal Needs Current Nitrogen Removal Needs - Low Barrier Technologies - Watershed Alternative Technologies -On-Site Alternative Technologies

NITROGEN CALCULATOR

NITROGEN CALCULATOR 1 Current N Removal Needs (TMDL) +37,400 KG/YR +93.5%

1 Current N Removal Needs (TMDL) +37,400 KG/YR +100% 2 Additional N Removal Needs +2,600 KG/YR +6.5%

2 Additional N Removal Needs Failed Title 5 Systems +600 KG/YR +1.5%

Failed Title 5 Systems Anticipated Growth Areas +2000 KG/YR +5%

Anticipated Growth Areas 3 Low Barrier Technologies -10,000 KG/YR -25%

3 Low Barrier Technologies Fertilizer Management -5,000 KG/YR -12.5%

Fertilizer Management Stormwater BMPs -5,000 KG/YR -12.5%

Stormwater BMPs 4 Watershed Alternative Technologies -22,100 KG/YR -55.25%

4 Watershed Alternative Technologies Const. Wetlands - GW -3,000 KG/YR -7.5%

Const. Wetlands - GW Const. Wetlands - SW -4,000 KG/YR -10%

Const. Wetlands - SW Phytobuffer -100 KG/YR -.25%

Phytobuffer Perm.Fertigation React. WellsBarrier -600 KG/YR -1.5%

Perm. React. Barrier ShellfishFertigation Aquaculture Wells -10,000 KG/YR -25%

Fertigation Wells ShellfishPerm. React. Aquaculture Barrier -3,900 KG/YR -9.75%

Shellfish Aquaculture Inlet Widening -500 KG/YR -1.25%

Inlet Widening 5 On-Site Alternative Technologies -2,800 KG/YR -7%

5 On-Site Alternative Technologies I/A Title 5 Systems -0 KG/YR -0%

I/A Title 5 Systems Alt. Toilet Systems -2,800 KG/YR -7%

Alt. Toilet Systems 6 Collection/Sewer -5,100 KG/YR -12.75%

6 Collection/Sewer -37,400 KG/YR -100%

Remaining Nitrogen to Meet Goal 0 KG/YR 0%

Indicator Bar

12.75% 25% 55.25% 7% Indicator Bar Collection Low Barrier Watershed Alternative On-site 100% 3225 Main Street - Barnstable, MA 02630 DATE Collection (508) 362-3828 - www.capecodcommission.org 02.04.14 N DATE 3225 Main Street - Barnstable, MA 02630 SHEET NUMBER (508) 362-3828 - www.capecodcommission.org 02.04.14 N Draft Watershed Concept Maps SC-5 SHEET NUMBER Draft Watershed Concept Maps SC-1

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Overall water quality improvements at the neighborhood, watershed, and Cape-wide. An over- established sentinel monitoring stations are also view of the technologies by scale and their means of evaluated. This information will be integrated with addressing nutrients are presented in Figure 6. the technology performance to determine next steps The Technologies Matrix has been developed in the implementation of the watershed plan. using input from the Cape Cod Commission’s Panel To recognize the complexity of implementing a on Technologies, the Cape Cod Water Protection monitoring and adaptive management plan, the Collaborative’s Technical Advisory Committee, following is recommended for locally developed various federal, Massachusetts, and local regulatory adaptive management plans and should be incorpo- agencies, special interest groups, and the public. rated into regulatory approvals and permits: The Technologies Matrix summarizes in one • A technical review panel to meet regularly place information that can serve as a starting point and comprising local, regional, and state to help Cape Cod communities evaluate various representatives nutrient mitigation alternatives through adaptive • Pilot project design, development, and management to address their water quality issues. It monitoring should be used as an educational tool to understand • Targeted watershed project funding, design, the benefits, design requirements, and regulatory construction, and permit compliance considerations of the nutrient mitigation technolo- • Compliance monitoring including baseline water gies, along with their order-of-magnitude costs, quality and habitat monitoring for estuaries which must be adjusted based on local/site-specific conditions. Decision Support Tools The matrix is used to estimate the net nitrogen Several decision support tools to facilitate the load addressed by technology presented while the creation of watershed scenarios were developed. Watershed Calculator estimates the net nitrogen These tools make complex data sets easier to under- load addressed from the watershed and compares it stand and increase informed deliberation locally to the required nitrogen removal target. Figure 6. and regionally. This will expedite the selection and Table 1 summarizes the technologies in the An overview of implementation of watershed solutions. See Figure 5 Technologies Matrix while Table 2 summarizes the the technologies for a tools overview. components in the matrix. by scale and their means Technologies Matrix User Information for the Technologies of addressing The technologies and approaches included in the Matrix nutrients Technologies Matrix address nutrients by means The Technologies Matrix is a primary source of infor- of reduction, remediation, and restoration, and mation that should be updated based on continued are implementable in scales ranging from on-site, research and development of water technologies and Table 1. Summary of technologies Table 2. Summary of technologies NON-TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES TREATMENT matrix components Figure 5. Decision Support Tools • Aquaculture • Advanced Treatment • Technology/Strategy • Chemical Treatment of Ponds • Cluster Treatment • Coastal Habitat Restoration System—Single-stage • Description WatershedMVP Watershed Tracker Site Screening GIS Viewer for • Compact and Open Space Development • Cluster Treatment System—Two-stage • Influent Source and Concentration (Multi-Variant Planner) A companion tool to WatershedMVP, Non-Traditional Technologies • Constructed Wetlands • Conventional Treatment • Pollutant Treated/Reason for Use A dynamic web-based, geospatial the Watershed Tracker tracks A GIS-based analysis of non-traditional • Turf and/or Bog Fertigation • Innovative/Alternative (I/A) Systems scenario planning tool developed parcel-specific nutrient loads to technologies and approaches to • Fertilizer Management • Innovative/Alternative (I/A) Enhanced • Potential Permitting Agencies by the Cape Cod Commission that subembayments within a watershed. weigh potential nitrogen attenuation • Floating Constructed Wetlands Systems • Siting Requirements allows technical experts and the enhancements, improvements to • Satellite Treatment • Hydroponic Treatment • Flow and Nutrient Influent Load public to compare various traditional green infrastructure networks, and • Inlet/Culvert Widening • Satellite Treatment - Enhanced and non-traditional options across conditions necessary to maximize • Title 5 • Nutrient Reduction Watershed Calculator • Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) neighborhood, watershed, and effectiveness. • Phytoirrigation EFFLUENT DISPOSAL • Impact on Surface Water Quality subregional levels. A tool used in the adaptive management framework to track • Phytoremediation • Drip Irrigation • Nutrient Removed per Year • Pond and Estuary Circulators • InfiltrationB asin cumulative nitrogen reductions • Unit Metric through the layered application of Barnstable County Cost Report • Pond and Estuary Dredging • Injection Well Financial Model technologies in specific watersheds to Update (BCCR) • Remediation of Existing Development • Ocean Outfall • Reduction per Planning Period Estimates the total cost to build, meet reduction targets. An update to the 2010 Barnstable • Select Stormwater BMPs • Soil Absorption System (SAS) • Construction, Project and O&M Costs • Surface Water Remediation Wetlands • Wick Well finance, and operate a proposed set County Wastewater Cost Task Force • System Considerations of wastewater solutions and determine report on Cape-wide collection, • Transfer of Development Rights BIOSOLIDS if it is affordable to households and treatment, and disposal costs to aid • Waste Reduction Toilets • Commercial Disposal • Average Life Cycle Cost Technologies Matrix within the financial capacity of towns with financial decisions in the update COLLECTION SYSTEMS • Composting • Cost per Kg of Nutrient Reduction A flexible, dynamic, and continually affected, and evaluates potential to the §208 WQM Plan. • Gravity Sewers • Dewater and Haul to Landfill • Advantages/Disadvantages revenue sources to pay for the updated source of information on • Low Pressure Sewers • Digestion scenario proposed. available technologies for collection, • Septic Tank Effluent Gravity (STEG) • Drying and Gasification • Eco Services: Habitat, Green Space, treatment, disposal, and solids • Septic Tank Effluent Pumping (STEP) • Incineration Energy Savings processing, and their applicability to • Vacuum Sewers • Lime Stabilization • Monitoring Cape Cod. • Septage Disposal • References • Thermal Drying

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modeling. Adaptive nutrient management planning narrative overview for the reader of a few elemental are expected to be reduced through additional cluster treatment system—two-stage, advanced therefore depends on a regional monitoring program characteristics of each technology. Each section pilot project testing. treatment, and satellite treatment—enhanced that provides performance monitoring, policies discusses how the technology works; how the tech- • The nitrogen reduction percent is used to facilities are based on the same cost curve and compliance monitoring, and measurement of nology performs, expressed as a range of nitrogen estimate the cost per pound or kilogram of plus a 20-percent factor for the higher level of the collective effectiveness of permitted watershed removal percentages; potential performance nitrogen reduced. In other words, the cost per treatment. nutrient mitigation strategies. challenges, including siting constraints; examples pound or kilogram of nitrogen removed is: the • The construction and O&M costs for constructed When selecting technologies watershed site- of applications of the technology, including where present value of estimated project cost and wetlands (surface flow and horizontal subsurface specific conditions must be considered and evalu- they may have been implemented on Cape Cod; and annual operation and maintenance costs divided flow) are based on the cost curve in Appendix E ated. As an example, the unit costs for decentralized the costs of implementation, operations, and main- by the influent load specified minus the effluent of the BCCR Update (2014). options that involve on-site or local disposal must tenance. When a technology provides meaningful nitrogen load. The net reduction from a specific • The construction and O&M costs for permeable be combined with an estimate of the additional co-benefits not otherwise quantified, these are technology would be the specified influent reactive barriers (PRBs) (both trench and injec- nitrogen removal required by in-watershed disposal. discussed briefly. Additional information, including nitrogen load minus the effluent nitrogen load tion well methods) are based on the cost curve in Although cost and performance are important, more specific siting characteristics, regulatory resulting from installing and properly operating a Appendix F of the BCCR Update (2014). Specific the ability to permit and implement that option is considerations, and references, can be found in the selected technology. inputs include: (a) length of the PRB; and (b) important and site specific. In addition, selection of matrix as well. Over time the Technologies Matrix (or • The Technologies Matrix assumes a baseline influent nitrogen concentration. a watershed solution depends on the type, amount, the tool or reference document that succeeds it) will input of 26.25 milligrams per liter (mg/L) from • Adjustment factors are included for some and accuracy of the information available. be the best source of current data, removal rates, and Title 5 septic systems. This input is based on technologies to anticipate pilot testing that may Redundancy and reliability standards are typi- references. the Massachusetts Estuaries Project (MEP) be necessary for refinement of the performance cally incorporated into traditional technology assumptions. This 26.25 mg/L of nitrogen assumes and cost data presented. Each adjustment factor reviews by regulators. Redundancy and reliability General Notes and Assumptions nitrogen reduction of approximately 30 percent increases or decreases the project and O&M of non-traditional technologies will be based on The following summarizes information and assump- from both the Title 5 septic system and treatment costs by 10 percent to account for the relative technology-specific considerations and, therefore, tions in the Technologies Matrix: in the subsurface soils between the septic system complexity of the technology, local oversight, must be reviewed with the regulatory agencies to • The Technologies Matrix and other nitrogen discharge and the water table. extensive permitting, pilot testing to satisfy fully understand the technology requirements, and reduction tools should be applied by a profes- • The net nitrogen reduction from a specific regulatory compliance, and compliance (long- associated project and operation and maintenance sional with an understanding of the technologies, technology is the decrease in nitrogen from the term) monitoring, etc. (O&M) costs. permitting, and goals of the town(s)/watershed Title 5 septic system baseline of 26.25 mg/L and • There are many potential impacts of climate Although the Technologies Matrix has a contin- group(s). the additional reduction achieved by installing change. The primary impacts examined in this gency incorporated into the project costs, the user • Various references, notes, and assumptions used and operating the technology. plan, characterized as “system resilience,” consist should consider adjusting the contingency when to develop the information for each technology. • Quantities/unit costs are based on the following: of the impact on the technology during sea level developing options, incorporating site-specific infor- • Pollutant removal ranges for nitrogen and phos- (a) Pricing as of March 2014 (no escalation rise and flooding conditions (i.e. nitrogen release, mation, and identifying the risks for the options. phorous based upon actual case studies. was included); (b) Construction costs include pathogen release, timely ability to replace/begin Some of the technologies in the Technologies Matrix • The general requirements that need to be consid- contractor’s overhead, profit, general condition operation). Other potential impacts considered may not work as a single solution but are required ered when siting the technology. The user must costs, etc. (estimated at 20 percent); (c) Project include increased air and ocean temperatures, but to be coupled with other technologies and, therefore, understand that the siting requirements will be cost equals the construction cost plus 40 percent these will have little effect on system resiliency may or may not be able to be compared directly to site-specific, requiring additional engineering for engineering (design and construction of the technologies considered. It is possible that other technologies that are self-standing. to determine if a technology is applicable to a engineering), municipal administrative, legal costs over time increased air and ocean temperatures For example, the user must assemble various costs specific location. and contingency; (d) Pricing does not include will improve performance of biological communi- (collection, treatment, and disposal, for example) to • The annual average household wastewater flow considerations for site-specific conditions or ties through lengthened growing seasons. Higher make a fair comparison between approaches that on Cape Cod of 160 gallons (600 liters)/household/ items such as hazardous materials; (e) Accuracy is water table conditions may also enhance the require collection and off-site disposal versus those day, which is based on water use records. This assumed to be plus or minus 15 percent; and (f) In performance of constructed wetlands (that are that involve on-site treatment and disposal. The flow was used throughout the matrix. providing these estimated costs, it is understood built in water table conditions) and permeable Technologies Matrix summarizes the infrastructure • Assumptions about various nitrogen input that the developers of the Technologies Matrix reactive barriers (by increasing the effective to consider when designing and pricing various concentrations, based on influent source flow. have no control over costs of labor, materials, saturated thickness that is captured). technologies and approaches. The nitrogen input concentration will vary based equipment, or services furnished by others or • Eco-services are considered ecological and social In general, the Technologies Matrix does not on the wastewater generation location versus over market conditions or contractors’ methods co-benefits of a technology and are referenced express cost savings realized through economies wastewater effluent that has been released into of determining prices, and that any evaluation in the matrix. A cost offset of a benefit is not of scale. However, economy of scale is factored in the environment. The effluent nitrogen from the of alternatives to be constructed or work to be included in the technology cost analysis, but with some technologies, as a cost curve is used for technology depends on the technology applied. performed is speculative. Accordingly, there is no the environmental and social eco-services that a construction costs. These include both traditional The total nitrogen reduction for the technology guarantee that proposals, bids, or actual costs will technology provides should be considered when technologies and non-traditional technologies, such is: specified input concentration minus the not vary from cost information provided herein. selecting a technology. Elements of eco-services as centralized treatment, satellite treatment, perme- effluent nitrogen concentration. • The land cost is based on the Barnstable County include total nitrogen and phosphorus, carbon able reactive barriers, and constructed wetlands. • Nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorous) percent Cost Report (BCCR) Update (2014) estimate of sequestration, sediment accretion, water filtra- removal is the estimated low to high range $250,000 per acre ($617,500 per hectare). tion, habitat restoration, bioturbation, bioreme- Technology Descriptions considering actual operating facilities/tech- • The construction and O&M costs for cluster diation, and biodiversity. A brief description of each technology is included nologies, and pilot testing and research for the treatment systems—single-stage, conventional • Monitoring of a technology will generally occur in the Technologies Matrix, based on the informa- technology. Important—the closer the range of treatment, and satellite treatment facilities are over the life of the system. Monitoring of most of tion available at the time of this §208 Plan Update percent removals, the higher the predictability of based on the cost curve in the BCCR Update the traditional and non-traditional technologies submission. These descriptions are intended as a the technology to reduce nutrients. These ranges (2014). The construction and O&M costs for will be required to confirm nitrogen removal

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Today’s Engineering Challenges...

capacities of each technology. The length of Acknowledgements this monitoring period is estimated. Annual • Beacon Strategies Group Bringing Integrated and Sustainable Solutions to Life! monitoring costs are included in the annual O&M • Cape Cod Water Protection Collaborative cost estimates. • Consensus Building Institute • The O&M costs for non-traditional technologies • Creative Strategies & Communications include both pilot test (short-term) monitoring • Mark Fahey Website Design and compliance (long-term) monitoring. Pilot • New England Waste Systems test monitoring generally represents 2 to 3 years • Offshoots, Inc. of site-specific monitoring. This may involve • Regina Villa Associates, Inc. frequent monitoring and/or monitoring in • The Abrahams Group multiple locations, depending on the technology. • Water Resources Associates Pilot test monitoring helps establish nitrogen • Watershed Working Groups load reduction as well as the efficiency with which the non-traditional technology works. About the Authors Require a Partner with Solutions! Compliance monitoring is generally used to • Thomas Parece, P.E., is an associate vice president Superior local knowledge establish progress in meeting water quality at AECOM and is responsible for the planning, backed by the deep resources and Providing a broad range of civil and environmental goals in the receiving water body. Compliance design and construction of wastewater collection engineering services encompassing: monitoring, with respect to specific technologies, and treatment systems in addition to being stability of a national firm n Water is used to monitor the long-term effects of the an active member of NEWEA’s Water Reuse n Wastewater technology. Based on compliance monitoring Committee and member of various MassDEP A national firm with a local presence n Stormwater n Peter Garvey, PE Traffic & Transportation results (if technology performance drops or technical advisory committees. n Environmental including LSP Services 617.531.0760 n increases over time), adjustments can be made to • Mark Owen, PG, is a project hydrogeologist and Civil including Geotechnical www.envpartners.com [email protected] n GIS Development and Mapping the technology or reliance on a new technology project manager at AECOM and is responsible can be established if necessary. for groundwater resource investigations, groundwater discharge (effluent disposal of treated ARCHITECTS ENGINEERS CONSULTANTS Conclusions www.dewberry.com wastewater) evaluations, and groundwater EP_NEWEA Journal Ad_2_15.indd 1 2/6/15 12:31 PM To help communities address water quality impair- contamination studies throughout New England. ment cost-effectively and in an environmentally • Betsy Shreve-Gibb, AICP, is a vice president at sound and sustainable manner, a Technologies AECOM and manages and directs environmental Matrix was developed. The Technologies Matrix quality and water resources programs for provides information on nitrogen mitigation tech- communities in the northeastern U.S., including DAVID F. SULLIVAN & BLAKE nologies that include traditional and non-traditional managing regulatory compliance for controver- EQUIPMENT Solutions for Peak Performance The Blake Group technologies. sial water and wastewater infrastructure projects. ASSOCIATES, INC. The Technologies Matrix is a single source of • Paul Niedzwiecki, is the executive director of information that can be used by town officials, stake- the Cape Cod Commission (Barnstable, Mass.) Lead Time Too Long? holders, and citizens within the watersheds affected. and leads the agency in fulfilling its mission, The Technologies Matrix will be updated annually as “Keeping a special place special” by protecting the Manufacturers’ Representatives HOMA delivers in additional information becomes available through natural environment, enabling economic growth, 2 weeks or less!* national research, international research, and direct increasing transparency, and encouraging for Water & Wastewater HOMA offers a comprehensive application of these technologies as pilot projects on community engagement. Applications line of dewatering, effluent and Cape Cod. • Kristy Senatori is a deputy director at the Cape solids handling wastewater pumps A proposed use of the Technologies Matrix is Cod Commission (Barnstable, Mass.) and leads • Wet Pit or Dry Pit to assist in adaptive management, a strategy that the commission’s Strategic Information Office • 10 GPM to 15,000+ GPM encourages the pilot testing of non-traditional and the information, innovation and geo-design ME, EASTERN MA, NH, VT • 1/2 HP to 650 HP technologies, monitoring the efficiency of the new departments as well as leading regionalization Phone: 603-474-2484 • Mulitple Voltages/ technologies, and over time modifying the nitrogen efforts and smarter government initiatives. • Field Changeable E-mail: info@ davidfsullivan.com reduction plan through application of both non- • Erin Perry is a special projects coordinator in the *HOMA ships 85% traditional and proven traditional technologies. Water Resources Department of the Cape Cod of all orders in Applying this approach, communities in each Cape Commission (Barnstable, Mass.) and leads the CT, RI, WESTERN MA TWO WEEKS or less. Cod watershed can develop an adaptive management commission’s development of the §208 WQM Plan plan that meets the specific nutrient management Update to Section 208 of the Federal Clean Water Phone: 203-373-9261 targets for the watershed. Act. E-mail: [email protected] • Scott Horsley is a consulting hydrologist and serves as a consultant to the Cape Cod BLAKE Commission through AECOM. He is also a EQUIPMENT 800-353-1100 partner in the consulting firm Horsley Witten The Blake Group Group, Inc., and serves as adjunct faculty at Tufts www.davidfsullivan.com University and Harvard Extension School.

52 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 53 Government Affairs

NEWEA Goes to Washington by Peter Grose, Chair, NEWEA Government Affairs Committee

NEWEA members traveled to Washington, D.C., during National Water Week to make a pitch to our senators and congressmen for support of clean water in New England and our nation. We had three objectives on this trip: • Explain to our federal legislators what is important to us as water quality professionals • Learn more about the status of clean water legislation “ask” was that Congress fully fund the Clean Water April 13, which helped expand our knowledge and • build relationships State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) at $1.45 billion, which reinforce the talking points we had developed in has been the budget amount for several years now advance. We also heard from author and American he signature event was our 2015 personal respect and communications with others. (despite growing needs), rather than the significantly Enterprise Institute scholar Norm Ornstein at this Congressional Clean Water Briefing, Curt Spalding, Environmental Protection Agency reduced CWSRF request from EPA of $1.12 billion. briefing, whose often-humorous observations about held in the Rayburn House Office (EPA) Region I administrator, told us about the the current state of Congress were notably critical. Building on April 15. Our speakers significance of iconic waterways in New England and NEWEA’s annual trip to NEWEA members also included legislators, regulators, utilities, Washington during National Water attended the NACWA/WEF and water organizations. Massachusetts A specific “ask” was that Week provides an important link Congressional Reception on T6th District Representative Seth Moulton spoke as Congress fully fund the Clean April 14, which included three between the work that we do to a new congressman about his hopes for bipartisan Water State Revolving Fund protect and preserve our water representatives from key support for infrastructure investments, while (CWSRF) at $1.45 billion congressional committees as Representative resources and the national level speakers. We also discussed James McGovern the importance of revitalization of our communities. policy makers water quality and govern- (Massachusetts 3rd We heard from Susan Sullivan, deputy director of ment affairs issues with our District, and our event the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Other funding-related requests include $25 million counterparts from other sponsor) provided a Commission (NEIWPCC), about the differing roles for the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation states and regions at this more experienced and of NEIWPCC and NEWEA, and some important Act (WIFIA) and $13 million for integrated planning. reception. cautious view of the water issues facing us today. NEWEA President (NEWEA recently signed on with WEF, the National NEWEA’s annual trip to political landscape at Matt Formica summarized NEWEA’s state legislative Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), and Washington during National the Capitol. Senator events and other NEWEA initiatives, and Rick many other state and regional organizations in a Water Week provides an Sheldon Whitehouse Warner, vice president of the Water Environment letter to congressional leaders urging support for important link between the (Rhode Island) attended Federation (WEF), provided insights from WEF and these three budget items.) work that we do to protect the breakfast and spoke his water utility in drought-stricken Nevada, as well While at these meetings we offered, as NEWEA and preserve our water Mass. 6th District briefly in support of as his appreciation for NEWEA’s activities as one of members, to serve as “boots on the ground” for resources and the national Representative Seth Moulton clean water, but with the premier WEF member associations. providing information and insights to our federal level policy makers who set concern for the chal- Our other major activity for getting our message elected officials and their aides. the overall course and budgets for the water environ- lenges in congress. Sid out and strengthening relationships with our legisla- The NEWEA Congressional Briefing was ment. This national level interaction dovetails with Holbrook, executive tors were the meetings we had on Capitol Hill. Our coordinated with the National Water Policy Fly-in events each spring in all six New England states with Representative James McGovern director of the Greater NEWEA contingent was busy April 14 and 15, meeting again this year. This event was sponsored by the NEWEA-affiliated state associations and our Mass. 3rd District, and our event sponsor New Haven Water with 25 senators, representatives, and their aides. We WEF, NACWA, the Water Environment Research state legislators. These events focus on the particular Pollution Control had a set of NEWEA talking points so that we were Foundation (WERF), and WateReuse, which brought water issues faced by each state. By working together Authority, provided his perspectives as a former relaying consistent messages to Congress. Our major in visitors from across the country to engage we can make our opinions known, learn from the Connecticut state representative and Department of point was the importance of investing in water and Congress with activities similar to our own. Four of wider legislative, regulatory, and advocacy communi- Environmental Protection commissioner, and now wastewater infrastructure to protect water quality, us from NEWEA attended an informative legislative ties, and build stronger relationships between these regional utility leader, including the importance of support economic vitality, and create jobs. A specific issues briefing conducted by WEF and NACWA on segments and within NEWEA itself.

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Awards

| STORMY Awards |

Two award-winning New England Stormwater municipal programs Lexington, Massachusetts Collaborative presents inaugural Volunteers expand monitoring of illicit discharges The town of Lexington, Mass. Department of Public Works—Engineering Division won a STORMY Award for increasing efficiency by using university student volunteers awards to improve illicit discharge detection and elimination (IDDE). In the fall of 2011, Lexington’s Engineering and Conservation divisions piloted a volunteer water quality New England Stormwater Collaborative Co-Chairs: Zach Henderson, Rob Robinson, and Ginny Roach program to assist the town with identifying illicit discharges and improving the area’s stream health. Building on the success of the volunteer program, the Engineering Division On April 1, 2015, the New England Stormwater Collaborative presented its inaugural developed a municipal partnership with the University of Award Winners (from left): Mark Austin, City of Bristol; Danielle STORMY awards, which recognize communities and utilities for their best stormwater ideas Massachusetts (UMass) Lowell. Lexington engineering staff Mucciarone, Northern Middlesex Stormwater Collaborative; that increase efficiency, funding, or political support. Of 14 submissions, the collaborative worked directly with UMass professor Edward Hajduk, Dan Albrecht, Chittenden County Regional Planning Comission; recognized five organizations. The judges looked at the simplicity and resourcefulness of who helped connect the town with student volunteers and Benn Sherman, Central Massachusetts Regional Stormwater Coalition; and John Livsey and David Pavlik, Town of Lexington programs as well as their relevance and transferability to other communities. ensured that program content met the needs of the student intern curriculum. Town staff met with the student interns to discuss what their objective would be, why it was impor- Three award-winning regional Why the STORMY Awards Future Engagement tant, and how they could accomplish tasks safely. In 2013, members of NEWEA, the New England Water The New England Stormwater Collaborative’s 2014 The outfall-monitoring program consisted of four collaborative efforts Works Association, and the New England chapter of survey also indicated that additional work is needed trainings and 20 days of fieldwork. The town provided Three entities received STORMY awards for their regional the American Public Works Association formed the to increase political support and funding for storm- student volunteers with field kits, and they inventoried and collaborative efforts to improve stormwater program efficiency. New England Stormwater Collaborative. A year later, water management programs. Among respondents, 63 monitored 80 outfalls over a 2-year period, which included In New England, a town is the basic unit of local government this newly formed collaborative surveyed municipal percent said funding was their primary obstacle—44 141 samples collected for laboratory analysis and 47 samples and there is a well-established home rule form of governance, managers, consultants, and staff to understand their percent had no specific budget to address stormwater screened for ammonia concentration using field test kits. which provides municipalities with maximum authority to stormwater management needs and issues. Of the management, and 37 percent had annual budgets of This program added 244 person-hours to Lexington’s govern themselves. Municipalities are often small—between 408 respondents from across New England, 56 percent less than $100,000. These responses indicate that New IDDE program with little cost to the town. The students 2 and 10 mi2 (5 to 52 km2)—but are still the primary regulated noted that stormwater runoff and drainage manage- England may be far behind its Mid-Atlantic peers gained valuable field experience as well as mentoring from entity under the MS4 general permit program. In New England, ment was of “very high concern.” The most important in which funding studies show average non-capital engineering professionals. The program’s success resulted around 440 individual municipalities are regulated under the issue to respondents was source water protection (20 stormwater spending is $35 per capita. Additionally, from solid training and written health and safety protocols, MS4 permit program. This creates obvious redundancies and percent), followed by Municipal Separate Storm Sewer 61 percent of respondents had not considered and it has led to an ongoing internship program with the unique challenges for effective regional initiatives. System (MS4) permit requirements (17 percent). implementation of a dedicated fund and entity for university. The program provides valuable data used by the Given the concern for stormwater issues and lack delivery of stormwater management services. The town of Lexington for IDDE and permit compliance. The Northern Middlesex Stormwater Collaborative of political support, attention, and dedicated funding, survey ranked general awareness of stormwater program also is providing a research opportunity to compare Joining forces improves program efficiency members of the collaborative recognized the need to issues second as a barrier to executing an effective the results of ammonia test strips and ammonia lab testing. The Northern Middlesex Council of Governments established increase awareness of successful stormwater ideas. stormwater management program. the Northern Middlesex Stormwater Collaborative in 2013. The Through the STORMY awards, the collaborative The collaborative aims to become a platform Bristol, Connecticut collaborative comprises 13 regional communities (Billerica, is drawing attention to case studies that highlight for the dissemination of great, simple ideas that City trust ensures long-term maintenance of stormwater Chelmsford, Dracut, Dunstable, Lowell, Pepperell, Tewksbury, effective and affordable steps communities can take improve a community’s stormwater management controls Tyngsborough, Westford, Burlington, Carlisle, Littleton and to address stormwater management challenges. level of service with the ultimate goal of increasing The city of Bristol, Conn., received a STORMY Award for its Wilmington). Its regional approach to meeting MS4 require- The awards also advance the collaborative’s municipal leadership’s understanding of the need for proactive strategy to ensure and fund long-term mainte- ments is a more effective, watershed-based model. Additionally, threefold objective of: increasing the understanding sound stormwater management and a willingness to nance of stormwater controls. it enables the collaborative to enhance the quality of service of stormwater issues by providing a forum for infor- invest in successful practices. With significant development increases in the 1980s, the provided to residents while minimizing costs through resource mation and exchange; educating the sector about The STORMY awards are one way to increase city needed to increase maintenance of its stormwater sharing among local governments. ongoing efforts adopted by other communities to stormwater awareness by public and elected officials. control structures. It created a fiscal entity called the Storm By establishing common programs, each community has address stormwater issues; and advocating for action Despite limited political support and funding, Water Control Trust, which requires organizations that reduced its responsibility for creating, implementing, main- on sound stormwater management practices. STORMY Award winners created resourceful propose stormwater control structures to specify a long-term taining, and managing separate but similar programs. In the “The group’s goal is to highlight the importance of solutions that increased their efficiency and ownership and maintenance plan. The proposers have three past 2 years, the collaborative implemented a common public collaboration and advocate for solutions that reach effectiveness at meeting permit requirements. These options: turn the structure over to the city with a monetary outreach and education program, regionalized stormwater- beyond city and state boundaries while promoting communities show that investing in stormwater deposit for long-term maintenance; create a homeowner’s mapping activities, developed workshops and training sessions local ideas,” says Mary Barry, NEWEA executive services can produce smart and sustainable association that would coordinate maintenance; or relinquish for municipal staff, boards, and officials, and is coordinating director. “The STORMY awards put a spotlight on programs that increase public engagement and ownership and maintenance responsibility to another entity. regional procurement for contracted stormwater services. New England stormwater success stories with best improve water quality. With additional resources, Since its inception, homeowner associations have assumed It was established using funds from two Community ideas for improving program management that can these and other stormwater programs could create responsibility for the long-term maintenance of five storm Innovative Challenge grants, administered by the Massachusetts be duplicated here and throughout the country.” an even bigger positive impact. (continued on next page) Executive Office for Administration and Finance.

56 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 57 | STORMY Awards | NEWEA 2016 Annual Conference & Exhibit Chittenden County Regional Planning Commission Creating public awareness through one message Visit www.newea.org, click Submit an Abstract, In the northwestern part of Vermont—with the support of Announcing and complete the on-line abstract submittal form the Chittenden County Regional Planning Commission—12 the call for All abstracts must be submitted using the on-line form. MS4s (Bolton, Buells Gore, Burlington, Charlotte, Colchester, Authors and presenters will be notified of the acceptance of their Essex, Essex Junction, Hinesburg, Huntington, Jericho, presentations Milton, Richmond, St. George, Shelburne, South Burlington, papers on or before November 2, 2015. Final papers are due by Underhill, Westford, Williston, and Winooski) have pooled and papers January 4, 2016. resources since 2003 to engage the public in a one message, Selected papers and presenters will be eligible for publication in one outreach effort. They first conducted a public opinion the Journal of the New England Water Environment Association. survey to benchmark current public understanding to Abstract submissions are required for presentations, even if create measurable public outreach improvement goals. Join us at the a paper will not be prepared. Session presentations may be They then hired a social marketing firm to implement a limited to 20 minutes, with 10 minutes allowed for discussion. combination of television, radio, and online advertisements NEWEA 2016 Annual to encourage residents to visit the program’s website. Conference & Exhibit For more information contact: Online, visitors can engage with messages linked to specific NEWEA Program Committee Chair, Jessica Cajigas stormwater problems, such as pet waste, car washing, January 24 – 27, 2016 Phone: 508-281-5179 and excessive runoff. More recently, the MS4s also have Boston Marriott Hotel, Email: [email protected] contracted with a regional Natural Resources Conservation District to engage the public in hands-on projects, including Copley Place, Boston, MA Abstract submission deadline July 17, 2015 rain barrel workshops and rain garden planting. These cooperative efforts, known as the Chittenden County Regional Stormwater Education Program and Chittenden County Stream Team, fulfill the MS4’s public education and outreach, and public participation and involvement permit responsibilities affordably and effi- ciently. More important, these programs have established regional public awareness of the need for individual action on stormwater problems.

Central Massachusetts Regional A revolutionary new program bringing the industry The Chittenden County Regional Stormwater Education Stormwater Coalition Program and Chittenden County Stream Team have established Cooperation increases staff training and resources water technology innovations regional public awareness of the need for individual action on stormwater problems Formed in November 2011, the Central Massachusetts Regional Stormwater Coalition is a group of 28 communi- faster than ever before ties (Auburn, Boylston, Charlton, Dudley, Grafton, Hardwick, (Bristol, Conn. continued) Holden, Hopkinton, Leicester, Millbury, Northbridge, water control systems, and three remain in private Northborough, Oxford, Palmer, Paxton, Rutland, Shrewsbury, LIFT is a WERF/WEF initiative that brings together the best minds ownership. The trust has accepted 22 systems, and at the Southbridge, Spencer, Sterling, Sturbridge, Upton, Uxbridge, in the industry to identify, screen, and evaluate new and emerging time of the award, three systems were pending deposit or Ware, Webster, West Boylston, Westborough, and Wilbraham). technologies – and in turn get working solutions into the field as construction. The coalition addresses common priorities related to quickly as possible. The program draws utilities, equipment suppliers, After construction and once the municipal trust takes municipal stormwater management and shares solutions ownership of a stormwater control, the developer is no with other groups and organizations. researchers, and consultants together to collaborate on advancing longer liable for that system, and the city monitors it. The Also using funding from the state’s competitive technology in a low-risk environment by sharing costs, resources, trust keeps a detailed inventory of properties and inspects Community Innovation Challenge grant program, the and insights. the systems three times a year. The trust also is the fiscal coalition has created many products and purchased tools entity that receives funds, controls expenditures for the that enable its members to meet MS4 requirements. sole purpose of maintaining or repairing the systems, and Coalition programs and educational materials include oversees the investment portfolio to grow its endowment. staff training on inspection practices for stormwater Visit www.werf.org/lift to find out how you can get involved. With an annual inspection and maintenance program, the infrastructure, development of a Stormwater Pollution stormwater control systems remain viable, and the program Prevention Plan template and training modules, and controls post-construction runoff effectively, one of the training on the use of salt calibration tools and water- minimum control measures of the city’s MS4 permit. quality field test kits and meters. The coalition also has developed educational materials focusing on several target audiences, and an online mapping and inspection platform enabling members to see infrastructure in adjacent communities.

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nebra

| NEBRA HIGHLIGHTS |

has been overwhelmed for several Molybdenum standards Thanks to the sponsors of NEBRA collaborated with a variety of years with Environmental Protection nebiosolids.org stakeholders to create a workshop Agency (EPA) negotiations on the Agresource • CDM Smith in June in the Boston area regarding Lake Champlain Total Maximum molybdenum (Mo) in biosolids. This Daily Load (TMDL). The wastewater NEFCO • Stantec “MA Mo Workshop” reviewed the treatment profession has been active Northern Tilth • Lystek science and risk assessment for Mo in in these negotiations and is being Casella Organics • Synagro NEBRA Highlights biosolids compared to current regula- heard. EPA has been threatening Resource Management Inc. tory standards and to encourage severely low phosphorus limits (0.2 WeCare Organics adoption of a more current, science- mg/l or even 0.1 mg/l) for wastewater based standard in Massachusetts. treatment facility permits in the watershed, all of which are up for renewal. • Best management practices “We support the education of both New Hampshire’s biosolids The wastewater treatment profession (BMPs) to avoid agricultural runoff farmers and the public on the benefits of has emphasized that because the and reduce nutrient losses from using biosolids as a source of fertilizer…” regulations – New York State Farm Bureau This spring, the New Hampshire treatment facilities contribute only 3 tile drainage Department of Environmental percent of the phosphorus entering • Procedures for enforcement and Services (NH DES) announced formal the lake, further reductions will cost penalties Biosolids Legislation and Regulation 2015 rulemaking. State law requires a lot of money per pound of phos- • Requirements and BMPs for Little significant legislation has occurred in New provided [by] the Departments of Agriculture and completion of a review and update phorus removed. But, for the state to developed lands and stormwater England recently related to biosolids. This year, Markets and Environmental Conservation. These of the “sludge” regulations (Env-Wq avoid expensive wastewater treat- management however, there was more. And several state agencies are the appropriate regulators for the 800) this year. NH DES has worked ment upgrades, it must demonstrate • Requirements and BMPs for regulatory changes that have been pending for use of this product and municipal prohibitions with stakeholders and has proposed to EPA the ability to force reduction silviculture some time are advancing in 2015. restricting the use of biosolids should not be significant changes. of phosphorus inputs from non-point • A process to determine a system Local control was the theme of several bills allowed.” sources (see chart). for assessing fees on parcels of under consideration by state legislatures around Bills seeking local control of biosolids manage- Vermont’s biosolids program This is the backdrop of the current property or impervious surface the country. Some local governments want to ment also popped up in North Carolina (HB 61) Vermont Department of water quality legislation, house bill • Increased fees (and new fees) impose restrictions on biosolids use. Such local and Tennessee (SB 1096 & HB 1131). As in New Environmental Conservation (DEC) 35 (H. 35)—a high priority. The house for various kinds of discharges control requirements have been in place in New York, they are not expected to pass. remains skeptical about biosolids overwhelmingly passed a version and permits (e.g., stormwater Hampshire for some time. But many states pre- Meanwhile, in Washington, state pre-emption use on soils, despite the following: on April 2, by 133 to 11. By early May, discharges; land application site empt local control. of biosolids regulation was strongly upheld by information from a November 2013 permit fees to increase This year, opposition has hardened in New a court decision that was backed by the state workshop it convened; a compre- from $950 to $1,000) York regarding land application of biosolids from Supreme Court. hensive evaluation of the scientific • New staff positions for renewable energy facilities (anaerobic digesters) research it conducted last year; that implementation of the in some western towns. A few have Maine legislating odors most states support biosolids use state water quality Recycled organics— placed local moratoria or bans on NEBRA also watched a bill in the Maine on soils and have active biosolids initiative, including tools for sustainability biosolids use. Such local laws contra- Legislature, LD 394 (HP 260), which would arbi- recycling programs; and that its own implementation of nebiosolids.org dict state pre-emption, and quasar trarily reduce the odor thresholds in the new solid policies encourage recycling to soils the TMDL for Lake Twitter: @nebiosolids energy group is challenging the waste odor regulations by 50 percent. There with a stated goal of 75-percent recy- Champlain Wheatfield, N.Y., ban in court (initial could be repercussions for biosolids manage- cling. At the 2013 workshop, Vermont • Water quality data arguments scheduled for June 25). (The town of ment facilities, which are the focus of the odor DEC called for regulation updates, but collection Marilla sued quasar, a local farmer, and the New regulation. At press time, the bill had a committee nothing further has been announced. The senate version York Department of Environmental Conservation hearing but was not moving forward. Meanwhile, most of the Burlington creates a dedicated Sources of phosphorus in the Vermont portion of the (NY DEC) last year; the ruling is due soon.) area wastewater solids (which were Lake Champlain basin (EPA-Tetra Tech, 2013) water quality fund to be Town officials and area members of the New Banning microbeads being landfilled) have started going managed by a special York Assembly were pushing legislation, AO6250, Another Maine bill, LD 85, was passed by to the Casella Organics Grasslands it had passed through the senate board. A major source of the $8 giving the town of Marilla local control, and the legislature and became law without the facility in Chateaugay, N.Y., where Natural Resources and Finance million funding for these new water some other bills negative to biosolids recycling. governor’s signature. It states, “A person may they are lime-stabilized to Class A committees. The lengthy bill would quality measures may be a new real Although passage does not appear likely, NEBRA not, after December 31, 2017, manufacture for standards and land applied on area require certification and fees for estate transfer tax surcharge of 0.2 members and the NEBRA Reg/Leg Committee sale a personal care product, except for an farms. Thus, although most are recy- small farms and establish strict new percent. are concerned, as are state agencies that have over-the-counter drug, that contains synthetic cled outside of the state, Vermont’s management practices for manures Even though H. 35 imposes new encouraged resource recovery from biosolids plastic microbeads.” Accepting such products biosolids recycling rate has climbed and other sources of nutrients under fees and requirements, area farmers (e.g. NY DEC and NYSERDA). The New York State for sale is banned as of December 31, 2018. back up to about 70 percent. the state agriculture department’s appear to be supportive. And the Farm Bureau is helping fight any anti-biosolids Over-the-counter drugs containing microbeads Acceptable Agricultural Practices water quality profession—including legislation; it included the following statement in will be phased out by the end of 2019. Vermont’s Major water quality (AAP). “Custom applicators” of wastewater treatment operators—are its 2015 policy priorities: house approved a similar ban on microbeads, legislation nutrients (including biosolids) will be pleased to see a strong, comprehen- “We support the education of both farmers and, at press time, it was under consideration in Vermont DEC’s languishing atten- required to be certified. The bill would sive program to address the major and the public on the benefits of using biosolids the senate. tion to biosolids is understandable. also establish: sources of phosphorus runoff to as a source of fertilizer, and using information Concerning water quality, the state surface waters.

60 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 61 | NEBRA HIGHLIGHTS |

Announcing… The NEWEA/NEBRA Northeast Residuals and Biosolids Symposium Is now part of BioCycle REFOR15 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION THE MAHER CORPORATION Symposium Oct. 19 (and more Oct. 20 – 22) BIOGAS MARKETS WATER & WASTEWATER PROCESS, PUMPING & VALVE SYSTEMS Doubletree Boston North Shore—Danvers, MA FOOD WASTE • MANURE Call for Papers is open through July 15, 2015 COMPOSTING BIOFUELS NEBRA’s Membership Meeting will be held on October 19, before the Symposium th Details abstracts & registration: BioCycleREFOR.com Celebrating our 45 Anniversary We would like to thank all of our loyal customers for your years of support. What’s Happening with Biosolids at EPA Update from Rick Stevens, EPA, forwarded by Greg Kester, CASA Please visit our website to find an updated list of our manufacturers. Biosolids Program • For the full-scale probabilistic model, efforts continue EPA has reduced its biosolids program staffing considerably to integrate LandApp into Framework for Risk Analysis www.themahercorp.com in recent years. Biosolids reporting has been consolidated to in Multimedia Environmental Systems software the Region 7 office; limited research on biosolids occurs at (FRAMES) reading data from the system database used 800‐456‐2437 the labs in Cincinnati; and staff at headquarters in Washington in the 10-pollutant risk assessment. The latest effort have thinned to just a few, mostly part-time, on biosolids. Rick includes setting up and running the model with EPA’s Stevens, who continues the Part 503 review and risk assess- Supercomputer for Model Uncertainty and Sensitivity ment program, recently outlined the work for 2015: Evaluation (SuperMUSE), a key framework for 1. Risk assessment (RA) for Targeted National Sewage enhancing quality assurance in environmental models Sludge Survey (TNSSS) pollutants: 5. Other: • Full probabilistic risk assessment for the Phase I TNSSS • Identify a path forward for products derived from pollutants (i.e., barium, beryllium, manganese, molyb- sewage sludge (e.g., struvite) denum, silver, pyrene, 4-Chloroaniline, fluoranthene, • Make the biosolids webpage Drupal WebCMS and One nitrate and nitrite) EPA Web compliant (fourth quarter of 2015) • Screen Phase II pollutants (up to 135 pollutants Dr. Stevens reports that, of the 14 projects to which with sufficient data) using the Biosolids Core Risk EPA committed in response to the National Academy of Assessment Model (BCRAM) screening tool and input Sciences 2002 review of the Part 503 rule, all but one from the 10 TNSSS pollutants RA (4QFY2015) are completed or ongoing (e.g. the biennial reviews are 2. Biennial review of biosolids and pollutants potentially ongoing). The one remaining project is the continuing warranting regulation (required by the Clean Water Act): review of molybdenum in land-applied biosolids. • The final report has been released for the 2011 biennial review of “information to evaluate potential Sewage Sludge Incineration Rules harm to human health or the environment from use or On April 27, 2015, EPA issued the Federal Plan Requirements disposal of sewage sludge, also called biosolids.” A for Sewage Sludge Incineration Units (SSI) emissions new fact sheet on this review is also available. These standards for the new and existing SSIs proposed rule. (See: ongoing reviews are intended to determine if any new gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-04-27/html/2015-08777.htm.) information indicates toxic levels of any contaminant in The published notice states: “On March 21, 2011, EPA biosolids. “At this time, EPA has not identified additional issued emissions standards for new and existing SSI units. toxic pollutants in biosolids for regulation under Clean This action proposes that existing SSI units implement Water Act section 405(d)(2)(C).” the emission guidelines (EG) adopted on March 21, 2011, • Summarize progress of Biennial Review 2013 and in states that do not have an approved state plan imple- submit for management review. menting the EG in place by March 21, 2012. This federal 3. Re-evaluate dioxin and dioxin-like congeners using plan will result in emissions reductions of certain pollutants a non-cancer Institutional Repository for Information from all units affected.” Comments are due June 11, 2015. Sharing (IRIS) human health benchmark Reference Dose For more than 65 years, (RfD). A draft document has been prepared; peer review is next. Ned Beecher, Executive Director CDM Smith has proudly helped 4. Develop and refine scientific tools available for Tamworth, N.H. evaluating risks for pollutants found in biosolids: 603-323-7654 | [email protected] New England communities manage • An updated version of the BCRAM screening tool For additional news or to subscribe to their water and infrastructure needs. and User’s Guide are being prepared for external NEBRAMail, NEBRA’s email newsletter 617-452-6000 peer review starting in the second quarter of 2015 visit nebiosolids.org

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WEF Report WEF delegate report Thank s we near the half-way point of our WEF Dan Bisson is chair of the HOD Nominations Committee. Delegate year we have all been hard at work The charge of that committee is to recruit and receive HOD on our WEF House of Delegates (HOD) focus nominations and to convene as necessary to evaluate and work groups and standing committees. prepare recommendations for each committee position and you Howard Carter and the member association the speaker elect by September 1 of each year. The nominated to all our 2015 (MA) leadership development work group functions on HOD include speaker-elect, WEF Nominating Annual Sponsor Build relationships with water industry Acontinue to work on the webinar series based on the Committee, Steering Committee, Budget Committee, HOD Membership Recruitment & Retention Guidebook, January Nominating Committee, and WEFMAX Committee. Recently Program participants: leaders and make a positive impact on 2014 (4th edition) created by a previous HOD work group. We proposed changes are also being considered to transfer the have modified and expanded this guidebook into a series of selection and recommendation of the delegate-at-large posi- ● Gold the water environment PowerPoint presentations. The beginning of April marked tions. The committee’s recommendations will be presented to AECOM our last broadcast of the year, and the broadcasts have been HOD prior to WEFTEC to allow all positions to be confirmed Aqua Solutions a great success. A link to view the past webinars is: wef.org/ at WEFTEC. Representatives from the Nominations ARCADIS Join NEWEA’s 2016 Members/page_ma_detail.aspx?id=6442451557. Committee attended all WEFMAX meetings to provide an CDM Smith Mr. Carter has also been overview of HOD, including Annual Sponsor Program busy with the HOD Steering each committee’s charge and EST Associates Flow Assessment Services Committee. The committee the nomination process, and NEWEA offers companies the opportunity to promote their reviews and prioritizes informa- to recruit future leaders. The Green Mountain Pipeline Services products and services throughout the year by participating in tion received from committees WEFMAX meetings, during Kleinfelder multiple sponsorship activities. Annual Sponsorships include: and work groups, develops and which MAs exchange ideas and The MAHER Corporation summarizes the information, collaborate with WEF staff, were Weston & Sampson • NEWEA Annual Conference and provides advice and direction to the Speaker of the House held this year in Virginia Beach, Kansas City, Coeur D’Alene, • NEWEA Spring Meeting & Golf Tournament and HOD. It also advises the board of trustees on strategic and Quebec City. ● Silver direction and public policy development. Mr. Bisson is also serving on the on the Value of Water Brown and Caldwell • The Operations Challenge Golf Tournament We recently completed work with the Constitution and Coalition (VOW) task force. The Value of Water Coalition is CH2M Bylaws Committee during which we offered edits and sugges- a U.S. water industry collaboration among national associa- • A web presence on NEWEA.org’s sponsorship tions on an upcoming revision. We have also been evaluating tions, engineering and construction firms, and private water Environmental Partners Group program page the possibility of making the MA leadership work group a companies and technology and service providers. These Fuss & O’Neill • The option to customize sponsorship levels by selecting standing committee. groups aim to create a stronger, more united voice across the Hazen and Sawyer to participate in up to eight additional unique NEWEA Mike Wilson has participated in the MA Financial sector and to improve public awareness about the value of Synagro Northeast events plus additional activities Sustainability Committee to develop new policies that may water. For details, visit thevalueofwater.org. The task force’s Tighe & Bond be easily implemented by MAs to promote better financial mission is to serve as a sounding board to WEF leadership and United Water Sponsorship Benefits: health and long-term financial sustainability. Mr. Wilson to assist Linda Kelly (WEF’s sr. director of development and Wright-Pierce summarized travel and expense policies for the work group to strategic alliances) in providing feedback to and garnering • Increased corporate visibility and marketing opportunities use. Additionally he helped create a PowerPoint presentation support for VOW’s Water Works! campaign. The committee ● Bronze within a wide audience of water industry professionals on financial sustainability that was presented at the four WEF provided critical feedback to Linda for her report to VOW on ADS Environmental Services MA Exchange meetings (WEFMAXs) held in 2015. Mr. Wilson the slogan, “It’s all over unless we fix what’s under.” The group • Relationship-building access to key influencers involved is also serving as vice-chair of the Nominations Committee also discussed and provided suggestions for communication BETA Group in advancing water industry services, technology, and attended the WEFMAX in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, that was tools, including: Black and Veatch and policy hosted by the Pacific Northwest MA. • Newspaper, magazine, bill stuffers, radio, billboard, and Carlin Contracting Company • Recognition as an environmental leader among We should all be proud that NEWEA volunteers have television ads David F. Sullivan & Associates peers and customers invested so much time in helping WEF with these WEFMAX • Bus, railway, metro, utility vehicle, and civic center Dewberry leadership events. NEWEA was well represented at each of placards/banners Duke’s Root Control the WEFMAXs this year. • Coordination of standard VOW messages for MAs to For more information contact Mary Barry: Mr. Wilson also participated in the sub-committee involved deliver to the members at the annual conferences and Fay, Spofford & Thorndike EMAIL: [email protected] with planning for the recent Water Reuse and Industrial WEFMAX events Hayes Pump CALL: 781-939-0908 Wastewater Specialty Conference that was held in East Comments or questions may be directed to any of the Land Tech Consultants Hartford, Conn. The specialty conference was a great success three WEF delegates from NEWEA: Mr. Carter at hcarter@ MWH with robust and informative presentations on both industrial sacomaine.org, Mr. Bisson at [email protected], or NEFCO wastewater and reuse topics; the highlight of the seminar Mr. Wilson at [email protected]. Woodard & Curran was the tour of the Hamilton Sundstrand wastewater recla- mation facility.

64 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 65 Student posters

Optimizing CoMag® System Operations 2015 student posters at Billerica, MA Wastewater Treatment Plant Melissa Dery, Kyle Gerlach, Zachary Johnson, Maya Rhinehart

The blizzard ruined all the plans for the student activities organized by the Student Activities Committee A group of students from (SAC) during the Annual Conference, but the sun was shining on May 1 when NEWEA in collaboration WPI presented Optimizing CoMag® System Operations Motivation Variables Tested Findings The goal of this project was to determine the optimal parameters of the CoMag® with the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Northeast division and Northeastern • pH levels and alum doses had minor effects on effluent water quality. system at the Billerica, MA Wastewater Treatment Plant, while meeting NPDES ® Plant Experimental at Billerica, Mass. Wastewater CoMag Variables • As sludge concentration was decreased, phosphorus levels decreased. permit phosphorus and aluminum limits. Conditions Range • Sludge concentrations below 2.0 g/L resulted in total phosphorus levels pH 6.3 5.0 – 8.0 University gave the opportunity to students to present their posters during the ASEE conference. below the NPDES permit. Alum Addition Treatment Plant 50.0 25.0 – 75.0 (mg/L Alum) Sludge Recycle Conc. – 0.70 4.0 0.0 6.0 Background (g/L solids) 0.60 Final NPDES Summer Permit Levels 0.50 Orthophosphate 0.40 Final Total Substance Limit 0.30 Phosphorus 0.20 NPDES Permit Total Phosphorus 0.2 mg/L P 0.10

Nick Tooker P) (mg/L Phosphorus Laboratory Methods 0.00 Total Aluminum 171.0 µg/L Al 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Impact of Advanced Oxiation Processes on the Composition Sludge Recycle Concentration (g/L) took home Billerica MA Wastewater Treatment Plant Six beakers of secondary effluent clarifier wastewater for six trials. ® • 5.5 MGD average daily flow • Uses tertiary treatment CoMag Relationship between final phosphorus level and sludge recycle concentration with a pH of 6.3 and an alum dose of 50.0 mg/L Flash Mix and Zones 1 and 2 first place for CoMag® System • As sludge recycle concentration was decreased, final total aluminum and Biodegradability of Soluble Organic Nutrients in • High mixing speed • levels decreased. best graduate Flash Mix • Alum addition • Zones 1 – 4 Assessment of Iron Oxide Paint Pigments • pH adjusted Recycle Conc. Aluminum Conc. • Clarification • Coagulation and flocculation (g/L) (µg/L) • Final Effluent poster for 0.0 67 • Magnetite Recovery Meet Wastewater Effluents • 2.0 77 NPDES Permit Sludge Recycle Recovered from Acid Mine Drainage Zones 3 and 4 4.0 890 the overall 1 2 3 4 1 Figure 1. Evoqua Water Technologies’ CoMag® Nicholas B. Tooker , Michael Drinkwater , Jack Horton , Karla Sangrey , and April Z. Gu System 6.0 1100 (Evoqua, 2014). The Billerica WWTP does not have a polishing magnet or backflush. through Selective Precipitation • conference, 1 2 3 Sludge recycle

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University; Truckee Meadows WRF, Nevada; North • Magnetite addition • Polymer addition as well as 4 Michael Ryan ‘15 | Research Advisor: Arthur Kney, Ph.D, P.E. Attleborough WWTF, MA; Upper Blackstone WPAD, MA Civil and Environmental Engineering | Lafayette College Bench| Easton, Scale Design PA Conclusions the NEWEA- • Optimization recommendations for the Billerica WWTP: • • Mixing Speeds Clarification Start monitoring solids concentration in Zone 4. Materials and Methods • Retention Times • Settling time • Reduce the sludge volume recycled to reduce the solids sponsored Background • • Water decanted and tested for: concentration in Zone 4, to decrease P and Al levels in the effluent. Alum & Chemical Addition Background/Objectives Methodology • Zone 3 Sludge Recycle • Orthophosphates • Future bench scale testing: award for “best Concentration • Total Phosphorus • Vary magnetite & polymer dosing • Characteristics and bioavailability of wastewater derived organic • Secondary or tertiary effluents from three water resource recovery • • Determine accurate mixing speeds ◆ AMD was collected from the Schuylkill River in Pottsville, Zone 3 Magnetite Addition • Total Aluminum Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) • Zone 4 Polymer Addition • Turbidity • Test sludge made in laboratory nutrients and their susceptibility to removal has recently drawn facilities (WRRFs) were collected for treatment with advanced water-related Pennsylvania, located in Pennsylvania’s Anthracite Region • TSS testing of effluent significant attention, primarily due to decreases in effluent nutrient oxidation processes (AOPs). Treatment at all of the WRRFs ◆ During mining operations, sulfide-rich minerals (most notably iron pyrite) are unearthed, ◆ The following variables were controlled and altered during selective which react and form sulfuric acid when exposed to air and water (Johnson & Hallberg, 2005) precipitation: pH, drying temperature and duration, alkaline poster.” permit limits. The bioavailability of effluent organic nutrients to algae included both biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal addition rate and temperature 4FeS2 + 15O2 + 14H2O → 4Fe(OH)3 + 8H2SO4 1,2 is varied and can be relatively high . Therefore, greater removal of processes. ◆ AMD is generally characterized by low pH, high sulfate concentrations, and high loadings of ◆ AMD sample aerated for 24 hours Acknowledgments References 2+ 3+ ® metals such as iron, aluminum and manganese ◆ ConvertsJeffrey Fe Kalmesto Fe, Town for of more Billerica efficient DPW WW iron Division Paul Dombrowski, P.E., Woodard and Curran, Inc. Evoqua Water Technologies LLC, (2014). The CoMag System for Enhanced Primary and Tertiary Treatment: Evoqua. these compounds is needed to reduce eutrophication potential. Each of the three effluents was treated with three AOPs at two Oxidation Professor Jeanine Plummer, Associate Professor, WPI Kathryn Roosa, E.I.T., Woodard and Curran, Inc. MA DEP. (2014). Authorization to Discharge Under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. Billerica. • extraction and higher purity Current Treatment Methods Professor John Bergendahl, Associate Professor, WPI Krista Forti, P.E. • Residual effluent SON and SOP are generally resistant to further doses, including low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydrogen ◆ Treatment methods, whether active or passive, seek to precipitate out metal loadings through the addition of alkali to raise pH removal by longer biological treatment detention times or by peroxide (H O ), and a combination of UV and H O . Untreated and ◆ Adjusted to pH of 3.5 as suggested by Wei et al., 2 2 2 2 ◆ Current treatment methods are costly to operate and require constant maintenance 3 2005 and Balintova & Petrilakova, 2011 common tertiary chemical/physical treatment processes . Therefore, AOP-treated effluents were subjected to nitrogen fractions analysis, ◆ Methods produce large volumes of waste sludge as a byproduct. The sludge clogs up systems pH ◆ Placed in paddle stirrer to speed flocculation and investigation on alternative technologies and mechanisms involved phosphorus fractions analysis, and SON biodegradability assays. All and must be regularly removed Adjustment agglomeration of iron oxide precipitate ◆ With no practical use or commercial value, the sludge requires further treatment before to 3.5 in transformation and reduction of organic nutrients is of interest. samples were also analyzed with fluorescence spectrometry to disposal Iron Oxide Extraction The poster presented by determine impacts of AOP treatment on dissolved organic matter. Iron Oxides ◆ Solution passed through filter • The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of AOP Solids ◆ Collected iron oxide precipitate washed, Michael Ryan from Lafayette ◆ There 15 different known forms of iron oxides, each with their own unique properties and dried and milled to a powder treatments on the speciation and composition of soluble nutrients Samples were treated Samples were treated colors that make them desirable for use as inorganic pigments (Schwertmann & Cornell, 2000) Liquid College is titled—Assessment with low-pressure UV with H O at doses of 5 ◆ In 2012, U.S. imports of iron oxides totaled $182 million (Tanner, 2012) and the consequent biodegradability of SON in wastewater 2 2 ◆ Iron oxides are mined from natural sources or synthesized through a precipitation process ◆ Filtered supernatant returned for further treatment irradiation at doses of and 10 mg/L and a effluents. similar to that used to treat AMD pH ◆ Adjusted to pH 7.0 to precipitate other metals and of Iron Oxide Paint Pigments 1,000 and 2,000 mJ/cm2 contact time of 5 minutes to meet NPDES limits Objectives: Adjustment to 7 ◆ Develop an alternate method of acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment capable of extracting Recovered from Acid Mine iron contaminants in a form that can be used and sold to curb treatment costs and reduce Other Metal Extraction Results waste ◆ Remaining precipitate is decanted Drainage through Selective ◆ Observe how the effects of the treatment process affect the morphology and properties of Treated Solids ◆ Supernatant is fully-treated AMD effluent yielded iron oxides, in an attempt to produce better-performing pigments at reduced costs AMD Precipitation protein-like (tryptophan) Results Conclusions

Parameter Range ◆ The presence of hematite (Fe2O3) increases with pH 2.5 — 7.0 drying temperature and duration, accompanied by Drying Temperature Room Temperature — 500° C an increase in crystallinity Drying Duration 2 — 10 hours ◆ Presence of hematite is marked by increased redness of paints and pigments Reaction Temperature Room Temperature — 80° C

Alkaline Addition Rate Dropwise — Instantaneous ◆ The most crystalline samples were achieved with a slow alkaline addition rate in tandem with long Parameter Before After dryingEvaluating durations the Performance of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process (EBPR) pH 2.8 7.0 ◆ Cadmium does not precipitate out of AMD under humic-like ◆ Remaining precipitate is decanted Acidity (mg/L as CaCO ) 520 6.2 traditional treatment methods (pH < 7.0) substances 3 ◆ Supernatantand the is fully-treated Capacity AMD effluent of Phosphorus recovery via Different Sludge Retention Times (SRTs) Conductivity (μS/cm) 800 267 ◆ Pigments darken in color as the concentration of Fe (mg/L) 26 0.48 trace metal impurities increases basedYuqi on target Wang, pH Yueyun Li, April Gu, Annalisa Onnis-Hayden Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

North Attleborough, MA North Attleborough, MA Untreated High Dose UV Al (mg/L) 2.40 .071 Northeastern University ◆ Trace metal impurities are largely responsible for Mn (mg/L) 4.40 1.63 poor crystallinity More crystalline ◆ Paint preparation techniques play a large role in

dictating the quality of produced paints • Live/Dead Analysis: Abstract Materials and Methods Results Before After References Balintova, M., &We Petrilakova,operated A. (2011).4 Studysequencing of pH influencebatch on selectivereactors precipitation(SBRs) of heavy metalsunder • SBR Operation and Monitoring: • Performance Stability: pH 3 dropwise alkaline adition rate 10- hour drying duration diffractogram from acid mine drainage. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 25, 345-350. controlled conditions with four sludge retention times The original sludge came from a wastewater treatment Less crystalline Johnson, D. B., &(SRTs), Hallberg, K.ranging B. (2005). Acidfrom mine 3drainageto 30 remediationdays. options:It was a review.found Sciencethat of SRT the Total Environment, 338(1), 3-14. plant in Las Vegas. After over 2 months lab culturing affects the overall microbial community structure, the with different waste volumes, the sludge was divided Schwertmann, U., & Cornell, R. M. (2000). Iron oxides in the laboratory: Preparation and characterization (2nd ed.). Weinheim,dynamic Germany: competitionWiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.of Polyphosphate accumulating into four SRTs with comparatively reliable Tanner, A. O. (2013,organisms September). 2012(PAO) Minerals Yearbook:and IronGlycogen oxide pigmentsaccumulating. Washington, DC: U.S. non- performance. Monitoring data was collected, which Department of the Interior. polyphosphate organisms (GAO) groups, and the includes TSS & Live cells Dead cells Wei, X., Viadero,distribution R. C., Jr., & Buzby, K.of M. (2005).different Recovery PAOof iron andidentities, aluminum from acidconsequently mine pH 7 instantaneous alkaline adition rate 2- hour drying duration diffractogram Painting using pigments recovered from AMD drainage by selective precipitation. Environmental Engineering Science, 22(6), 745-755. VSS, phosphorus leading to different EBPR efficiencies and stabilities. Conclusions concentration in

Waste active sludge (WAS) from biological phosphorus effluents, pH, and a) Influent phosphorus concentration was 8 mg P/L. • Solid retention time (SRT) was demonstrated to removal system has high potential for phosphorus Dissolved oxygen b) Y axis represents the accumulative frequency when be an important factor determining the outcome recovery. We demonstrated that up to 70% of total-P in (DO) in both of P-removal efficiency below certain level. Truckee Meadows, NV Truckee Meadows, NV WAS can be release via endogenous digestion. 30days 20days 10days 5days of PAOs and GAOs competition and the High Dose H2O2 High Dose UV/H2O2 the anaerobic and c) Majority WWTPs require effluent P-concentration Introduction aerobic phases. Sequencing batch reactors with four different SRTs less than 2 mg/L, which usually means over 90% P- resultant stability of EBPR, removal efficient. According to the results, 20day • PAOs were the dominant component in our lab • Identification and Quantification of Fluorescence emission-excitation • EBPR process fundamentals: SRT had most stable performance, while 3day SRT cultured sludge, Figure 3: Microbial Population: Yuqi Wang, from 1. Anaerobic phase: Microorganisms uptake volatile had the worst. matrices for the Truckee Meadows WRRF Quantitative Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) • 10-20 days SRTs removal P most stably and fatty acid, PAOs release poly-P as energy support at • Population Structure: successfully, and provide better P recovery and Neisser Stain on each reactor sample were used for before and after AOP treatment. Samples were the same time. 1 Northeastern University identify different species and for quantifying PAOs According to FISH test, potential in terms of quantity and rate. 2. Aerobic phase: Microorganisms grow new cells, the dominant species in 2 irradiated with 220-450 nm light and population respectively. 2 • According to the mass balance on P as well as fluorescence intensity was measured from presented —Evaluating the PAOs uptake phosphorus as part component of their our lab reactors was PAOs. the amount of cell decay and the observed new cells. Different SRT does affect metal/P ratio it can be concluded that the the population structure. 5 1. The candidate GAO represents currently 240-600 nm. Similar trends were observed for identified species. majority of released P was due to poly-P days SRT WAS content Performance of Enhanced 2. ND = Not detected. depletion at all SRTs condition. the other effluents. the highest percentage of PAOs and undetected amount of GAOs. • The observed profiles of the P release as well as Biological Phosphorus metal concentration seems to indicate that • Anaerobic digestion impacts on PAO different mechanisms are responsible at Removal Process (EBPR) FISH: blue represents all bacteria, Neisser Stain: dark pots are poly-P in populations: different time intervals. orange represents PAOs. each PAO cell.

Upper Blackstone, MA Upper Blackstone, MA • Performance and Activity: Future Study and the Capacity of • Factors affecting EBPR stability: 1. Effluent monitoring: Effluent phosphorus • The species will be identified by FISH method, Figure 1: Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species before and after Figure 2: Biodegradable soluble organic concentration was measured weekly by Phosphorus recovery via spectrophotometry method. which include both the beginning and ending point of endogenous digestion, in order to AOP treatment for the North Attleborough, MA, Truckee Meadows, NV, and nitrogen (BSON) concentration before and 2. Kinetics evaluation: PAOs activity was observed by observe the population change during the 24- Upper Blackstone, MA WRRF effluents. Statistically significant changes in SOP after AOP treatment. Statistically significant up-take release test monthly. Sludge was taken at the Different Sludge Retention hour-test. or SON concentrations are indicated by a symbol changes are indicated by a symbol ned of aerobic time from SBR reactors, P and VFA were measured for anaerobic and aerobic conditions. • Fresh WAS from real WWTP will be tested to Times (SRTs) compared with lab SBR result. • P-recovery Potential: • P-recovery Potential: • Life cycle assessment will be introduced to Fresh WAS were taken from the 5days and 30days SRT analyze different P-recovery processes. Hence, Conclusions References reactors. Nitrogen gas was pumped into WAS we will come out a more sustainable P-recovery continually during the whole 24-hour-test to keep [1] Liu, HZ, Jeong, J, Gray, H, Smith, S, and Sedlak, DL, 2012. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 713-721. process suggestion. anaerobic condition for WAS endogenous digestion. • No significant mineralization of SON or SOP was observed in the wastewaters [2] Gu, AZ, Liu, L, and Onnis-Hayden, A, 2014. WERF report NUTR1R06o. • P recovery need and potential in EBPR: FISH, Live/Dead analysis, P-release activity were tested 2 References tested with UV doses up to 2000 mJ/cm and/or H2O2 up to 10 mg/L. [3] Bott, CB and Parker, DS, 2011. WERF report NUTR1R06k at the beginning and the ending points. During the test, Peak phosphorus the samples were taken every 6 hours, filtered, and ‘Hubbert’ curve [1] Margaret Wexler, David J. Richardson and Philip L. Bond, • AOP treatment had a statistically significant, but variable, impact on the prepared for later measurements, including otho-P, NH4+, (Source: Cordell, Radiolabelled proteomics to determine differential functioning of Drangert& White), metal ions and VFAs concentrations. Accumulibacter during the anaerobic and aerobic phases of a biodegradable soluble organic nitrogen concentrations in the three bioreactor operating for enhanced biological phosphorus removal, Acknowledgements Environmental Microbiology (2009) 11(12), 3029-3044;

Funding for this research was provided by the Water Environment Research Foundation Nutrient 1. WAS from the SRT operated between 10-20 had the wastewaters. [2] Shaomei He and Katherine D. McMahon, Microbology of best release rates, which translated in the highest ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ in activated sludge, Microbial

Program. The authors thank Dr. David Stensel, Dr. JB Neethling, and Dr. Amit Pramanik from the

• Dissolved organic matter composition was transformed during AOP treatment, WERF Nutrient Program for their support and feedback. We also thank NU Ph.D. student Ce Gao amount of P release during the testing. Results of the Biotechnology (2011),

weekly monitoring of the SBRs also indicated the 10- [3] Peter Schauer, Rob Baur, James Barnard, and Ahren Britton,

particularly when samples were treated with a combination of UV and H2O2. for assistance with the PARAFAC analyses, and undergraduate research assistants Lindsey Carver, days and 20-days SRT reactors as the most successful, Controlling Magnesium and Phosphorus to reduce struvite whereas the shortest SRT reactor had the worst precipitation in plant processes and increase revenue. Emily Derrig, Alex Silveri, and Andrea Zatorski for assistance with testing and analyses. Phosphorus balance performance for a typical 2. It was found the ratio consistently decreased as SRT municipal increased, indicating the possible higher PAO fraction wastewater treatment in longer SRT-SBRs due to the high inorganic content plant of PAO biomass (Mogen et al., 2008).

66 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 67

events EventS Specialty conference proceedings Upcoming meetings & events

NEWEA Committee Appreciation Event July 16, 2015 OPERATIONS CHALLENGE Kimball Farms, Westford, MA GOLF TOURNAMENT Operations Challenge Golf Tournament August 24, 2015 August 24, 2015 Brookmeadow Water reuse & industrial wastewater Brookmeadow Country Club, Canton, MA Country Club Canton, MA The New England Water Environment Association’s Water Reuse and Industrial Executive Committee Meeting with all Chairs Wastewater Committees held a Specialty Conference, Exhibit and Tour on April 28, 2015, September 15, 2015 at the University of Hartford in West Hartford, Connecticut. Meeting registrants included Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 69 attendees and four exhibit displays for a total of 73 registrants. WEFTEC Annual Conference September 26 – 30, 2015 The technical presentations commenced on Tuesday, April 28, 2015, with NEWEA Water McCormick Convention Center, Chicago, IL Reuse Committee Chair Ed Whately and NEWEA President Matt Formica providing the NEWEA Annual WEFTEC Luncheon Meeting Welcome and Opening Remarks to meeting attendees. Jay Sheehan, Woodard & Curran, September 28, 2015 gave a brief overview to attendees. Chicago, IL North East Residuals Biosolids Symposium In addition to the conference, an optional facility tour to the UTC Aerospace Wastewater & Biocycle’s REFOR15 Treatment Facility was offered in the afternoon. October 19 – 22, 2015 DoubleTree Hotel, Danvers, MA CSO/Wet Weather Issues TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS CONCURRENT SESSION B Water Reuse for a Commercial CSO/Wet Weather Issues Conference & Exhibit Conference & Exhibit October 26 – 27, 2015 SESSION 1 Moderators: Matt Dickson, MGD Greenhouse October 26 – 27, 2015 Process & Hardik Raval, Town of • Elizabeth Troop, Fuss & O’Neill UMASS Lowell Conference Center, Lowell, MA Water Re-Use System for Industrial This one-day specialty conference will benefit Concord Cost-Effective Industrial Water Discharger – Small Community Specialty Conference collection systems operators, managers, engineers, Commercial and Institutional Reuse • Tim St. Germain, Fuss & O’Neill November 2015 and members of the regulatory community Water Reuse • Carl Wilcox, Woodard & Curran Sturbridge, MA CONCURRENT SESSION A On-Campus Water Reuse: Moderators: David Young, CDM EXHIBITORS Reliability & Readiness Aqua Solutions, Inc. Smith & Nick Ellis, Hazen & • Scott Nelles, Sustainable Water Sawyer Retain-It LLC Overcoming Water Scarcity in Affiliated State Associations and other AssociationS Planning for Reuse – Part 1 Smith & Loveless, Inc. the “Water-Rich” Northeast at the Sustainable Water The Customer is Key—How University of Connecticut MWPCA Golf Tournament Narragansett WPCA Clambake and Exhibition to Design A Reuse System • Rob Scott, Woodard & Curran SPONSORS June 22, 2015 September 11, 2015 Shaker Hills, Harvard, MA Twelve Acres, Smithfield, RI to Maximize Satisfaction and Water Conservation and Reuse AECOM Minimize Cost Technologies ARCADIS • Lynne Putnam, Dewberry NWPCA Golf Tournament MeWEA Fall Convention and Trade Show Water Conservation Technology Black and Veatch June 29, 2015 September 16 – 18, 2015 Water Conserv II Sets the Standard for Recirculating Cooling Systems Blake Equipment Potowomut Golf Club, East Greenwich, RI Sunday River, ME for Reuse Projects in the Northeast • Karen Golmer, New England CDM Smith • Jay Sheehan, Woodard & Curran Water Innovation Network Dewberry NHWPCA Annual Golf Tournament NEWWA Annual Conference Planning for Reuse – Part 2 • John Rowen, Capture H20, Inc. Environmental Partners Group August 6, 2015 September 20 – 23, 2015 Improving Competitiveness Innovative Single Pass Process EST Associates Beaver Meadow Golf Course, Concord, NH Mt Washington Resort, Bretton Woods, NH Through Financial Assessment of Intensified MBR Design Producing Fuss & O’Neill GMWEA Fall Trade Show Water Reuse Technologies Excellent Effluent Quality Green Mountain Pipeline Services APWA Congress August 30 – September 2, 2015 November 5, 2015 • Marina Fernandes, CDM Smith • Rahul Thukral, OVIVO USA Hayes Pump • Paul Sinisgalli, CDM Smith Phoenix, Arizona Sheraton Hotel & Conference Center, Burlington, VT SESSION 3 Hazen and Sawyer Reuse of Secondary Treated Moderators: Sarah White, Unifirst Kleinfelder MWPCA Fall Trade Show Effluent for Potential Power Plant Corp. & Debbie Hoyes, ARCADIS The MAHER Corporation September 23, 2015 Cooling Supply This is a partial list. Tighe & Bond Wachusett Mountain Resort and • Christine Kurtz, Wright-Pierce Industrial Wastewater as an Please visit the state association websites and Weston & Sampson Conference Center, Princeton, MA • Brian Armet, Mattabassett District Alternative Carbon Source NEWEA.org for complete and current listings. • Matthew Gray, Keystone Engineers

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| New members | New members December 2014 – April 2015

Christopher Findley Adison Charles Vanina Emily C. Demusz Sarah Bucci Andrew Osei Greater New Haven WPCA Western New England University Weston & Sampson Rocky Hill, CT (PRO) Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc Naugatuck, CT (PRO) Schenectady, NY (PWO) Peabody, MA (YP) Rocky Hill, CT (STU) Sarah Connors Dan Wolff Andrea Zatorski Eric Lemont Peabody, MA (YP) Ashley Warren Greater New Haven WPCA Cedar Grove, NJ (STU) AECOM United Water New Haven, CT (PWO) South Portland, ME (PRO) Sean P. Mitchell Easthampton, MA (PWO) Arne Bomblies Arcadis Gregory Allen Burlington, VT (PRO) Hannah O’Connell Wakefield, MA (YP) Brian Pena Greater New Haven WPCA Town of Brattleboro City of Lawrence New Haven, CT (PWO) Blake D. Lukis Brattleboro, VT (PRO) Sharon Newman Lawrence, MA (PRO) Town of Framingham Preti Flaherty Beliveau & James Brownell Framingham, MA (PRO) Jeff Van Trump Pachios LLP Christopher Gallant Greater New Haven WPCA Town of Bar Harbor Portland, ME (EXEC) City of Saco New Haven, CT (PWO) Bradford Devins Bar Harbor, ME (PRO) Saco, ME (PRO) North Easton, MA (STU) Sidney Holbrook Jason Nenninger Joanna M. Lewis Greater New Haven WPCA David Cedarholm Bristol, CT (PRO) Brion Kane Durham, NH (STU) New Haven, CT (PRO) Westfield, MA (PRO) Town of Bar Harbor Kevin Maltese Bar Harbor, ME (PWO) John Raymond Livsey Tony Griffin David McKay Greater New Haven WPCA Town of Lexington Town of Bar Harbor Griswold, CT (PRO) New Haven, CT (PWO) Bryan Weiner Lexington, MA (PRO) Bar Harbor, ME (PWO) Wright-Pierce Engineers Edwin McAuliffe Natasha Krell Providence, RI (PRO) Kevin Rathbun Travis Jones Rockland, MA (PWO) Bar Harbor, ME (STU) Boston, MA (YP) Town of Bar Harbor Clair Meehan Bar Harbor, ME (PWO) Gail DaSilva Richard Nasse Walpole, MA (PRO) Marcel H. Tremblay Coughlin Env Service LLC Greater New Haven WPCA MCI Concord Whitney Chamberlain Stoneham, MA (YP) New Haven, CT (PWO) Cory C. Knick Concord, MA (PRO) Dover, NH (STU) Woodward and Curran Inc Gerald Hanson Ryan Harrold Portland, ME (PRO) Megan Burke Betsy C. Frederick Veolia Water Greater New Haven WPCA Westborough, MA (STU) Kleinfelder Inc Bourne, MA (PRO) New Haven, CT (PWO) Dan Scott VanSchalkwyk Tucson, AZ (PRO) Town of Ayer Meghan M. Healy Jason O’Brien Visha Jensien Ayer, MA (PRO) CDM Smith Edward Gaffny Ridgefield, CT (PRO) Greater New Haven WPCA Manchester, NH (YP) Statiflo Corporation New Haven, CT (PRO) Dan Ranzoni Pittsfield, MA (PRO) Jeffrey Briggs Town of Bar Harbor Nate Turner Marlborough, MA (PRO) Art Enderle Bar Harbor, ME (PWO) Oakland, CA (PRO) Jeffrey Colby Town of East Windsor Town of Chatham Joe Kietner East Windsor, CT (PRO) Daniel Iannicelli Nelson Durgin Chatham, MA (PRO) Chicopee DPW-WPC Fuss & O’Neill Energy City of Bangor WWTP Chicopee, MA (PWO) Baxter Miatke Alternatives LLC Bangor, ME (PRO) Scott Farrington Burlington, VT (STU) Manchester, CT (YP) Ledyard, CT (STU) John Loughlin Sr. Peter Jandrisevits City of Rockland Brian F. Goetz Daniel Meany Andover, MA (PRO) Aaron Souza Rockland, MA (PWO) City of Portsmouth Orleans, MA (PWO) Weston & Sampson Engineers Inc Portsmouth, NH (PRO) Philip J. Tucker Peabody, MA (PRO) Kathryn Pratka Dingnan Lu Sanford Sewerage District United Water Rick Johnson Lowell, MA (STU) North Berwick, ME (PWO) Alexander Sirocki Boston, MA (YP) Clearas Water Recovery Tighe & Bond Madison, OH (PRO) Donald Dubiel Rachel Drew Westborough, MA (PRO) Kevin McAndrews The MDC Fuss & O’Neill Inc Clean Soils Environmental Tom Joslin Hartford, CT (PWO) Manchester, CT (YP) Alexandria Skinner Ipswich, MA (YP) Jericho, VT (PRO) CDM Smith Eddie McFarland Sahar Kunay Manchester, NH (PRO) Kevin Phillips Trevon Noiva Town of Bar Harbor Hazen & Sawyer Wilmington, MA (PRO) Stowe, VT (STU) Bar Harbor, ME (PWO) Boston, MA (YP)

70 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 71

inside newea

| New members |

Laurie Goff Ryan Cain Nathaniel Maltais City of Chicopee Marlborough, MA (PRO) Town of Seabrook NEWEA Chicopee, MA (PWO) North Hampton, NH (PWO) Whitney P. Woodcock Lexi Dewey Westborough, MA (STU) Nick Popolizio Executive Committee Belchertown, MA (PRO) JK Muir LLC Chase Berkeley Rocky Hill, CT (PRO) Mark Lamontagne Boston Water & Sewer Uxbridge, MA (PWO) Commission Nick Tranghese Roxbury, MA (PRO) Concord, MA (YP) PRESIDENT DIRECTORS WEF DELEGATES Martin Lee Matthew Formica Priscilla J. Bloomfield Howard F. Carter Waterbury, VT (PRO) Chris Nietupski Peter Salvatore AECOM, Wakefield, MA CH2M, Orleans, MA City of Saco, ME Wilbraham, MA (YP) Boston Water & Sewer Michael Dipalma Peter Goodwin Michael J. Wilson Commission PRESIDENT-ELECT York, ME CH2M, Boston, MA Weston & Sampson Services Darwin Cevallos Roxbury, MA (YP) Raymond L. Willis III Peabody, MA (YP) BETA Group Inc Onsite Engineering, Virgil J. Lloyd Daniel P. Bisson Walpole, MA (PRO) Rodrigo Pineros Franklin, MA Fuss & O’Neill, Manchester, CT CDM Smith Michael Bisienere MWRA Jonathan E. Kunay Manchester, NH Mashpee, MA (PRO) David Tischier Chelsea, MA (PWO) Springfield Water & Sewer VICE PRESIDENT CDM Smith, Boston, MA Susan J. Sullivan James R. Barsanti Patrick McKeown Commission Samantha Lathrop Nathan W. Lavallee NEIWPCC, Lowell, MA CDM Smith Town of Framingham, MA Springfield, MA (PWO) Milford, MA (STU) Town of Milton, VT East Hartford, CT (YP) Ernst Etheart Sarah Ray TREASURER Frederick J. McNeill Patrick Fox Boston Water & Sewer Plymouth, NH (STU) Frank E. Occhipinti City of Manchester, NH City of Saco Commission Weston & Sampson, Michael Moreau Saco, ME (PRO) Roxbury, MA (PRO) Peabody, MA Wastewater Treatment Services, Patrick Yeo Raynham, MA Evan Moore SECRETARY Weston & Sampson Engineers Inc Jay G. Sheehan Springfield Water & Sewer Gerald C. Potamis Peabody, MA (YP) Commission Woodard & Curran, Town of Falmouth, MA Springfield, MA (PWO) Cheshire, CT Peter Higley Douglas Water & Sewer Dept. Harry Stewart PAST PRESIDENT Michael Spring Douglas, MA (PRO) Londonderry, NH (PRO) Bradley L. Moore Narragansett Bay Commission, City of Bangor, ME Providence, RI Richard Ruppert Jamie Ponte United Water City of New Bedford COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Agawam, MA (PWO) New Bedford, MA (PWO) Jennifer K. Lachmayr Mary M. Barry ARCADIS, Wakefield, MA Robert Pudelka Jamie Grome New Milford Sewer Commission Roxbury, MA (STU) New Milford, CT (PRO) MEETING MANAGEMENT Kenneth Noyes DIRECTOR Robert Wells NHDES-WRBP Margaret C. Tabacsko Town of Middlebury Franklin, NH (PWO) MWRA, Chelsea, MA Middlebury, VT (PWO) Lawrence Sullivan Roxanna Chomas Norwich, CT (PRO) Academic (ACAD) Epping, NH (PWO) Affiliate (AFF) Mollie Caliri Ryan Graham Complimentary (COMP) Quincy, MA (YP) Corporate (COR) CDM Smith Dual (DUAL) East Hartford, CT (YP) Nate White Executive (EXEC) Woodard & Curran Ryan Henley Honorary (HON) Dedham, MA (YP) Life (LIFE) Weston & Sampson Engineers Inc Professional (PRO) Peabody, MA (YP) Professional WW/OPS (PWO) Student (STU) Young Professional (YP)

72 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 73 NEWEA/WEF** Membership Application 2015 Advertiser index Advertise Personal Information Last name M.I. First Name (jr. sr. etc) Company...... page with Business Name (if applicable) ADS Environmental Services...... 21 Street or P.O. Box ( Business Address Home Address ) AECOM...... 20 NEWEA City, State, Zip, Country Aqua Solutions...... 9 Home Phone Number Business Phone Number Fax number

ARCADIS...... 20 Reach more than 2,100 Email Address

Associated Electro Mechanics...... 5 New England water quality Please send me information on special offers, discounts, training, and educational events, and new product information to enhance my career by e-mail by fax industry professionals Black & Veatch...... 15 Check here if renewing, please provide current member I.D. each quarter in the Blake Equipment...... 53 **NEWEA is a member association of WEF (Water Environment Federation). By joining NEWEA, you also become a member of WEF. NEWEA JOURNAL CDM Smith...... 63 Employment Information (see back page for codes) David F. Sullivan & Assoc., Inc...... 53 The Fall issue advertising deadline is 1. ORG Code: Other (please specify): 2. JOB Code: Other (please specify): Dewberry...... 53 August 8, 2015 3. Focus Area Codes: Other (please specify: E.J. Prescott, Inc...... inside front cover Signature (required for all new memberships) Date Environmental Partners Group...... 53 Sponsorship Information EST Associates...... 10 WEF Sponsor name (optional) Sponsor I.D. Number ACQ. Code for WEF use only | WEF 15 F.R. Mahony & Associates, Inc...... inside back cover

Fay, Spofford & Thorndike...... back cover Membership Categories (select one only) Member Benefit Subscription Dues Flow Assessment Services...... 11 ☐ Professional Package Individuals involved in or interested in water quality WE&T (including Operations Forum) $157 WEF Highlights Online Hazen and Sawyer, PC...... 9 ☐ Young Professional New members or formerly student members with 5 or less years WE&T (including Operations Forum) $67 Package of experience in the industry and less than 35 years of age. This WEF Highlights Online Hoyle, Tanner & Associates, Inc...... 63 package is available for 3 years. Kleinfelder...... 12 ☐ Professional Wastewater Individuals in the day-to-day operation of wastewater collection, WE&T (including Operations Forum) $96 Operations (PWO) treatment or laboratory facility, or for facilities with a daily flow of < 1 WEF Highlights Online NE3 – New England Environmental...... 15 Package mgd or 40 L/sec. ☐ Academic Package Instructors/Professors interested in subjects related to water quality. WE&T (including Operations Forum) $157 Oakson, Inc...... 43 WEF Highlights Online Water Environment Research (Online) Pavers by Ideal...... 11 ☐ Student Package Students enrolled for a minimum of six credit hours in an accredited WE&T (including Operations Forum) $10 college or university. Must provide written documentation on school WEF Highlights Online R. H White Construction...... 43 letterhead verifying status, signed by an advisor or faculty member. ☐ Executive Package Upper level managers interested in an expanded suite of WEF WE&T (including Operations Forum) $338 Sealing Systems...... 12 products/services. World Water Stantec...... 21 Water Environment Research (Online) For rates and Water Environment Regulation Watch ☐ Dual If you are already a member of WEF and wish to join NEWEA Statewide Aquastore, Inc...... 3 opportunities, $40 Sprayroq...... 13 contact ☐ Corporate Membership Companies engaged in the design, construction, operation or WE&T (including Operations Forum) $393 Mary Barry (member benefits for one person) management of water quality systems. Designate one membership Water Environment Research (Print) Tata & Howard...... 21 contact. Water Environment Regulation Watch EMAIL: WEF Highlights Online Technology Sales Associates, Inc...... 14 [email protected] WEF Utility Partnership Program (UPP): NEWEA participates in the WEF Utility Partnership Program (UPP) that supports utilities to join WEF and NEWEA while creating a comprehensive membership package for designated employees. As a UPP Utilities can consolidate all members within their organization onto one account The Maher Corporation...... 63 CALL: and have the flexibility to tailor the appropriate value packages based on the designated employees’ needs. Contact WEF for questions & enrollment (703-684-2400 x7213). 781-939-0908 Tighe & Bond...... 13 Payment Depending UMass Lowell/The New England Consortium...... 15 Check or money order enclosed Charge Card # Security/CVC Exp. Date upon your Made payable to NEWEA Visa membership Underwood Engineers...... 10 10 Tower Office Park, Suite 601 American Express Daytime Phone level, $10 of Woburn, MA 01801 Master Card your dues For more information: 781.939.0908 Signature is allocated WERF...... 59 Fax 781.939.0907 NEWEA.org Discover towards a subscription Wright-Pierce...... 43 Billing Address Street/PO Box City, State, Zip to the NEWEA ( check here if same as above) Journal.

74 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 | 75 NEWEA/WEF** Membership Codes 2015 To help us serve you better, please complete the following: (choose the one that most closely describes your organization and job function) **NEWEA is a member association of WEF (Water Environment Federation). By joining NEWEA, you also become a member of WEF. What is the nature of your What is your Primary What are your ORGANIZATION? JOB FUNCTION? KEY FOCUS AREAS? (circle one only) (ORG) (circle one only) (JOB) (circle all that apply) (FOC) 1 1 1 Municipal/district Water and Wastewater 1. Upper or Senior Management Collection Systems Plants and/or Systems (e.g., President, Vice President, Owner, Director, Executive Director, 2 2 General Manager, etc.) Drinking Water Municipal/district Wastewater Only 3 Systems and/or Plants 2 Industrial Water/Wastewater/ Engineering, Laboratory and Process Water 3 Operations Management Municipal/district Water Only (e.g., Superintendent, Manager, 4 Systems and/or Plants Section Head, Department Head, Groundwater Chief Engineer, Division Head, 5 Landscape Architect etc.,) 4 Odor/Air Emissions Industrial Systems/Plants 3 (Manufacturing, Processing, Extraction) Engineering and Design Staff 6 (e.g., Consulting Engineer, Land and Soil Systems 5 Civil Engineer, Mechanical Engineer, 7 Consulting or Contracting Firm Chemical Engineer, Planning Engineer, Legislation (e.g., Engineering, Contracting Landscape Architect, Environmental/ (Policy, Legislation, Regulation) Environmental, Landscape Architecture) Wetland Scientist etc.) 4 8 Public Education/Information 6 Scientific and Research Staff Government Agency (e.g., Chemist, Biologist, Analyst, Lab 9 (e.g., U.S. EPA, State Agency, etc.) Technician, Environmental/Wetland Residuals/Sludge/Biosolids/Solid Waste Scientist etc.) 7 10 5 Research or Analytical Laboratories Stormwater Management/ Operations/Inspection & Maintenance Floodplain Management/Wet Weather (e.g., Shift Supervisor, Foreman, 8 Plant Operator, Service Representative, 11 Educational Institution Collection Systems Operator, BMP Toxic and Hazardous Material (Colleges and Universities, libraries, Inspector, Maintenance, etc.) and other related organizations) 12 6 Utility Management and Environmental 9 Purchasing/Marketing/Sales (e.g., Purchasing, Sales Person, Market 13 Manufacturer of Water/Wastewater Wastewater Equipment or Products Representative, Market Analyst, etc.) 7 14 10 Educator (e.g., Professor, Teacher, etc.) Water Reuse and/or Recycle Water/Wastewater Product Distributor or 8 15 Manufacturer’s Rep. Student Watershed/Surface Water Systems 11 9 16 Stormwater (MS4) Program Only Elected or Appointed Public Official Water/Wastewater Analysis and Health/ (Mayor, Commissioner, Board or Safety Water Systems Council Member) 12 17 Other ______10 Other ______(please specify) Other ______

Education level? (ED) ______Water quality professionals, Optional Items (OPT) with fewer than 5 years 1 High School 2 Technical School working experience and Years of industry employment? ______3 Some College 4 Associates Degree under the age of 35, are 1 (1 to 5) 2 (6 to 10) 3 (11 to 20) 5 Bachelors Degree eligible to join WEF as 4 (21 to 30) 5 (>30 years) 6 Masters Degree 7 JD 8 PhD an Active Member, while Year of birth? ______Education/Concentration Area(s) (CON) ____ participating in the NEWEA/WEF Young Professionals Program. This program allows up to 50% off of the Gender? ______1 Physical Sciences (Chemistry, Physics, etc.) Active Member dues, valid for the first three years 1 Female 2 Male 2 Biological Sciences 3 Engineering Sciences of membership. This program is available for new 4 Liberal Arts 5 Law 6 Business member applicants and Student Members.

76 | NEWEA JOURNAL SUMMER 2015 Represented in New England by: Contact ED QUANN c.781.820.6268 Please contact us to request a [email protected] complete line card! t.781.982.9300 f.781.982.1056 www.frmahony.com Celebrating 50 years°1964-2014 Watershed & Stormwater Management

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