DOCSLIB.ORG

Bonner & Brown's Pennsylvania Germans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bonner & Brown's Pennsylvania Germans H-Pietism Review: Bonner & Brown's Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia Discussion published by Benjamin Pietrenka on Tuesday, September 11, 2018 Review published on Monday, August 20, 2018 Author: Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown, eds. Reviewer: Birte B. Pfleger Pfleger on Bronner and Brown, 'Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia' Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown, eds. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Young Center Books in Anabaptist and Pietist Studies Series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017. Illustrations. 592 pp. $80.00 (e-book), ISBN 978-1-4214-2139-1; $80.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-4214-2138-4. Reviewed by Birte B. Pfleger (California State University, Los Angeles)Published on H-TGS (August, 2018) Commissioned by Alison C. Efford (Marquette University) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53032 Dedicated in Pennsylvania Deitsch to the twentieth-century leaders of Pennsylvania German scholarship, C. Richard Beam and Don Yoder, this multidisciplinary encyclopedia offers a comprehensive overview of Pennsylvania German history, culture, and society. Simon J. Bronner and Joshua R. Brown have compiled nineteen essays that synthesize the latest research on many aspects and debates about Pennsylvania Germans. They move beyond the narrow geographic and temporal scope that grew out of the concerns of the nineteenth-century Pennsylvania German Society, engaging instead in the “new Pennsylvania German studies” with its wider interest in the cultural identity, expression, and influence of the Pennsylvania German diaspora in the twentieth and twenty- first centuries. The tightly written, fast-paced introduction summarizes the academic genealogy of Pennsylvania German studies by highlighting the central role of a few scholars, the importance of the University of Pennsylvania as its initial academic home, and the three distinct Pennsylvania German societies that created the organizational framework for the increasingly vibrant study, collection, preservation, and practice of Pennsylvania Deitsch history, language, literature, architecture, and cultural traditions.[1] Because this volume focuses on new aspects of twentieth- and twenty-first-century Pennsylvania German language, geography, and culture, coverage of the early history, including the complicated religious history, makes up less than 20 percent of the over five hundred pages. In part 1, Mark Häberlein summarizes the Old World background of the early modern German-speaking immigrants to North America. Relying on the foundational research of Aaron Fogleman, Greg Roeber, Marianne Wokeck, and others, he argues that German immigrants to the mid-Atlantic region were mostly Citation: Benjamin Pietrenka. Review: Bonner & Brown's Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. H-Pietism. 09-11-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/25693/discussions/2384254/review-bonner-browns-pennsylvania-germans-interpretive Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-Pietism families led by adults in their mid-twenties pressured by social and economic factors, and persuaded by promotional printed sources as well as letters from immigrants and agents. John B. Frantz shows how the harrowing trans-Atlantic voyage and common agricultural traditions and practices led German-speakers to develop a distinct language and identity, which spread and continued to evolve across North America, albeit without a united political voice. Diane Wenger and Bronner illustrate how Pennsylvania Germans’ insistence on their identity as “old stock Americans” allowed them to weather the anti-German storms of the twentieth century, emerging revitalized in the twenty-first century, assisted by social media and renewed interest in ethnic sociability and culture, such as the groundhog clubs first formed in the 1930s to preserve and celebrate Pennsylvania German culture. In part 2, Mark L. Louden offers a fascinating account of how Pennsylvania German became a new language in North America, arguing that it was “born not of isolation but of controlled distance between an independent-minded minority community and the sociolinguistic mainstream” (p. 90). An estimated 0.8 percent of the US population—mostly sectarians—speak Pennsylvania German today. Scholars do not agree whether this is evidence of the vibrancy of the language (Louden) or part of a declension model (Sheila Rohrer, William W. Donner). The three chapters on religion offer a geographic statistical analysis of sectarians and non-sectarians (Donald B. Kraybill, Steven M. Nolt, Edsel Burdge Jr.), useful historical background on the various religious groups from the Protestant Reformation to the “Bush Meeting Dutch” (Frantz), and a thorough discussion of the Amish (Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, Brown). This section shows that religion unifies Pennsylvania Germans in some ways but also, at the same time, differentiates them. Together, the chapters highlight the central importance of religious practices to Pennsylvania German identity. Eight essays address different aspects of material culture.R. Troy Boyer reminds readers of the tremendous influence of Pennsylvania German farming practices and architecture as well as craft industries, ranging from weaving to paper mills and furniture making, even shaping mainstream American notions of classic liberalism and capitalism. Boyer also suggests that despite the recent emergence of agricultural tourism among some small farmers, shrinking landholdings, the increase of monoculture, and urban sprawl point to the declining role of farming, leaving him to question what this might mean for Pennsylvania German ethnic identity. Gabrielle Lanier focuses in more detail on Pennsylvania German architecture and includes beautiful and valuable illustrations. Although she indicates that recent scholarship has focused on gender and class, this volume does not incorporate these studies. Lisa Minardi, curator at the Winterthur Museum, also includes many striking images in her essays on furniture; decorative arts made from wood, glass, metal, stone, and other raw materials; and Fraktur manuscripts, paintings, and photography. She calls for more comparative studies (setting Pennsylvania Dutch objects against German material culture and placing them in the diasporic context) and points to other areas for future research. Candace Kintzer Perry mentions that although the quilt as a bedspread was an English tradition, Pennsylvania Germans also claimed it through their patchwork quilts, some of which have become highly valued among art collectors. Her fascinating discussion of the different kinds of samplers and clothing offers rare glimpses into the lives of the women who made and continue to make them. Similarly, Yvonne J. Milspaw examines Pennsylvania German foodways by focusing on the central importance of “the ordinary” to ethnic identity and calls for further research (p. 311). David W. Kriebel argues that while “complementary and alternative medical” practices are not unique to Pennsylvania Germans, the use of powwowing (rituals combined with herbal remedies but ultimately controlled by God) and herbal medicine going Citation: Benjamin Pietrenka. Review: Bonner & Brown's Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. H-Pietism. 09-11-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/25693/discussions/2384254/review-bonner-browns-pennsylvania-germans-interpretive Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-Pietism back to eighteenth-century printer Christopher Sauer’s work are distinct (p. 341). Donner’s chapters on education, tourism, and heritage argue that Pennsylvania Germans offer important lessons about long-standing debates over assimilation on the one hand versus preserving ethnic heritage and language on the other. He uses the term “public heritage” to describe the history and recent resurgence of “organizations, events, festivals, historical societies, and websites” that represent and express Pennsylvania German culture (p. 411). Bronner closes with an overview of how this culture has been represented in popular media, including most recently in social media. This book is a tour de force of Pennsylvania German history, language, and culture and points to many directions for future research. The foundational question of who constituted the original Pennsylvania Germans remains: Was it only the 35,000 who arrived between 1754 and 1774? Or was it some self-selected few among the over 110,000 German-speakers who arrived in the long eighteenth century? Moreover, the essays do not include sustained analyses of gender, class, or race. Even the chapters on textiles and cooking merely describe the women who perpetuate certain traditions. African Americans are mentioned ten times, and slavery three times, but neither race nor gender is even indexed.[2] There are a few missed opportunities to include this important work. For example, Minardi’s discussion of John Lewis Krimmel’s painting The Quilting Frolic (1825) includes two African Americans (a young boy serving a large tray of cups and a man playing the fiddle), yet their presence is not interrogated. Louden’s essay on language uses a beer advertisement “The wife wears the pants” to illustrate the linguistic richness of Pennsylvania German, ignoring the misogynistic implications of this ad and others (p. 82). Finally, a minor stylistic choice might leave some readers wanting: only
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pennsylvania Germans Move to Kansas
    PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS MOVE TO KANSAS By GEORGE R. BEYER* rHE distinctive role wxhich the Pennsylvania Gertmans have TjIaved within the Keystone State since their arrival in thli late seve nteenith and eighteenth centuries is well known. As a group. of course, these people have never forsaken their original Amer- ican homeland, and vet individuals among them were longl conspic- llonlS in the movement of settlers to other parts of the countrys . This migration out of Pennsylvania began well before the Amer- ican Revolution, with Germans moving into Maryland as early as 1729 and into Virginia and the Carolinas in succeeding decades. Before the end of the eighteenth century, scattered settlements were planted in other parts of the East. As the years passed, Pennsylvania Germans also contrihuted notably to the peopling of the Middle and Far W\est. Considerable numbers of themil made their way into northern Ohio following the Revolutionary WVar, w ith some continuing on into Indiana. These states as well as Illinois received particularly large numbers of Pennsyl vania Ge"- uanl immigrants Luring the early part of the nineteenth century as did Iowa and Kansas in the several decades prior to 1890. Two other states, Oklahoma and California, attracted later settlers.' Although the immigration of Pennsylvania Germans did not occur as early in Kansas as it did in some states to the east, the story of the Kansas immigration is all extremely interesting one. MAIr. Beyer is an Assistant Archivist at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission's Division of Public Records. This article is based on a master's thesis completed by the author at Cornell University in 1961, as well as on additional research conducted subsequently.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Attitudes Towards Immigration in the 1920S
    Higher History: European and World USA, 1918 – 1968: Changing Attitudes towards Immigration in the 1920s 2 Issue 1: An Evaluation of the Reasons for Changing Attitudes towards Immigration in the 1920s. A. Background Learning Intentions: To explain America’s demographics before 1920 and the reasons for this. To create an introduction. A Nation of Minorities The USA is often referred to as the ‘land of the free’ and ‘the land of opportunity’. People of many races emigrated from their country of birth to start a new life. The USA was willing to take in people who felt they had to leave their native country. The vast majority of those who journeyed to America did so in an attempt to improve their lives and the prospects for their children. Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these the homeless, tempest tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. 3 ‚An American is somebody who came from somewhere else to become someone else‛ In 1900, the USA was a mixture of all nationalities of people, so much so that it has often been referred to as a ‘melting pot’. ‚The great melting pot of America, the place where we are all made Americans…where men of every race and every origin…ought to send their children, and where, being mixed together, they are all infused with the American spirit and developed into the American man and the American woman.‛ Woodrow Wilson, 1915. There are few places in the world not represented within America’s population.
    [Show full text]
  • Pennsylvania Germans Simon J
    Pennsylvania Germans Simon J. Bronner, Joshua R. Brown Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017. Project MUSE., <a href=" https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/49568 Access provided at 3 Jan 2020 23:09 GMT from University of Wisconsin @ Madison UPart 2 Culture and Society This page intentionally left blank U4 The Pennsylvania German Language mark l. louden The story of the Pennsylvania German language is an unusual one across the sociolinguistic landscape of North America. Worldwide, languages spo- ken today by minority populations are in a critical situation, with most in serious danger of becoming extinct. Indeed, of the approximately 7,000 lan- guages spoken across the globe, at least half are predicted to lose their native speakers by the turn of the century. Yet Pennsylvania German, spoken by a minuscule 0.08 percent of the U.S. population, is exceptional. Despite the fact that it is an oral vernacular language lacking in any offi cial recognition or support, it thrives today in the United States of America, the heartland of the world’s dominant engine of economic and cultural globalization, whose majority language, English, has become the international lingua franca. And although the linguistic roots of Pennsylvania German lie in central Europe, its speakers have always viewed themselves every bit as American as their English- monolingual neighbors. Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German? Language or Dialect? Pennsylvania German (PG) is a North American language that developed during the eighteenth century in colonial Pennsylvania as the result of the immigration of several thousand speakers from mainly southwestern German- speaking Europe, especially the linguistic and cultural area known as the Palatinate (German Pfalz).
    [Show full text]
  • Old North Milwaukee
    Approximate boundaries: N-W. Silver Spring Dr; S-W. Capitol Dr; E-N. Teutonia Ave; W-N. Sherman Blvd NORTHWEST SIDEOld North Milwaukee NEIGHBORHOOD DESCRIPTION Old North Milwaukee, with a population of over 11,000 residents, covers a large area from Silver Spring Drive on the north to Capitol Drive on the southern border. The neighborhood has a mix of housing styles. The most common is the early 20th century bungalow found mostly in the northern part of the neighborhood. Closer to Capitol Drive are one-story brick houses typical of those built in the mid-20th century. In the center of Old North Milwaukee is an industrial corridor that extends roughly from 31st to 35th Streets. The neighborhood has considerable green space along parts of Lincoln Creek. See photos below. HISTORY Todays neighborhood- Old firehouse and Nearly 50 neighborhoods on Milwaukee’s northwest side village hall building once comprised the unincorporated Town of Granville in Milwaukee County, which extended from Hampton Avenue on the south to County Line Road on the north, and 27th Street on the east to 124th Street on the west. Much of the Old North Milwaukee neighborhood was once part of this expanse. While Granville encompassed many hamlets, only North Milwaukee ever incorporated. But this was not until 1897. Before this, the Town of Granville had its own history. Early populations According to the Milwaukee Sentinel (March 22, 1877) there were originally three small settle- ments in Granville. The first, in 1835, was the family of Jacob Brazelton which included 11 sons. The second was duo Daniel R.
    [Show full text]
  • Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans John B
    Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans John B. Frantz The Pennsylvania State University INTRODUCTION Although the Germans began to arrive in Pennsylvania forty years before Benjamin Franklin left Boston for Philadelphia in 1723, both began to attract attention in that decade. Franklin gained fame as an innovative writer and expert printer, which made him wealthy enough to withdraw from business by the late 1740s.' The Pennsylvania Germans became obvious because of the non-Britishness of the multitudes of them who were leaving behind the wars of Europe for William Penn's comparatively peaceful "Holy Experiment." By the middle decades of the century, estimates placed their numbers between 60,000 and 100,000, constituting one-third to three-fifths of the colony's nearly 200,000 to 300,000 inhabitants.2 Most of the early arrivals belonged to the pacifistic religious groups. Almost all of the later ones were Lutheran and Reformed, with a few Roman Catholics, who had no qualms about fighting "a just war," though almost all initially supported the peace-loving English Quakers politically.' Franklin's Early Contacts with the Pennsylvania Germans Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Germans early came in contact with each other. Franklin heard and conversed with the German Seventh Day Baptist evangelist Michael Welfare when he preached in Philadelphia in 1734. After Franklin began his own printing establishment, he published material for German settlers. As early as 1731, he printed in German two books for the German Baptists.4 He printed in pamphlet form a letter from Pennsylvania's negotiator with the Indians Conrad Weiser to the German-language publisher Christopher Sauer.5 In 1740, he brought out a German translation of Gilbert Tennent's sermon "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry." Between 1742 and 1744, he published in German a Moravian catechism and the Authentische Relation (Authentic Relation) of the Moravians' conferences of 1742 at which they tried to unite Pennsylvania's numerous religious groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Heritage of Kansas: an Introduction William D
    The German Heritage of Kansas: An Introduction William D. Keel University of Kansas As one travels throughout the state of Kansas, one cannot help noticing numerous place names which might lead one to believe that one is, indeed, not in Kansas anymore: Humboldt in Allen County, Bremen in Marshall County, Stuttgart in Phillips County, Marienthal in Wichita County, Windthorst in Ford County, Olmitz in Barton County, Olpe in Lyons County, Bern in Nemaha County, and many others. Whether named for famous German researchers (Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt), German political leaders of the nineteenth century (Ludwig Windthorst), cities and towns in Germany (Bremen, Stuttgart and Olpe), the capital of Switzerland (Bern), a city in the Austrian Empire (Olmütz), or a German colony in the Russian Empire (Marienthal), each of these Kansas communities is a living testament to the massive influx of German-speaking settlers who found new homes in Kansas during the period from the mid-1850s to the 1880s. These place names also reflect the diverse background of those German-speaking settlers: They came to Kansas from throughout the German-speaking area of Central Europe, including Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg, Alsace, Lorraine, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Galicia, and Bucovina as well as from the states and regions (Bavaria, Prussia, Württemberg, Westphalia, Hannover, Saxony, the Rhineland, etc.) normally associated with Germany itself. Significantly for Kansas, they also came from German colonies in the vast Russian Empire: from those established in the 1760s along the Volga River and from those established beginning in 1789 by Mennonites near the Black Sea. But many settlers of German ancestry did not come to Kansas directly from their European homelands.
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting the Nation, 1900–1965
    Contesting the Nation, 1900–1965 Fath Davis Ruffins In 1903, when the African American scholar and activist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote that “the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line,” he was in the middle of a very long life.1 Du Bois was born in 1868, the same year that the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed2 (Figure 1). He spent his childhood in a society reeling from the Civil War. After the war he lived through deeply oppressive years when the nation became segregated by law and by custom. Violence against people of color rose to new heights of brutality. He also witnessed some of the bittersweet triumphs of the modern civil rights movement.3 Du Bois died in Ghana, West Africa on 28 August 1963, the same day as the historic March on Washington, and his passing was announced from the podium. His prediction about the color line turned out to be completely correct. In 1900, most native-born white Americans believed that an Anglo-Protes- tant white supremacist racial hierarchy was crucial for national stability and iden- tity, and that all immigrants should assimilate as soon as possible. These views restricted all people of color to limited social, economic, and educational spheres. The related political movement meant to protect the interests of native-born or long-established inhabitants against those of immigrants was called “nativism,” and nativist elected officials developed new laws to restrict the number of immi- grants from certain parts of the world. Yet by the end of Du Bois’s lifetime, enough 137 Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 4
    Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection Magazine Summer 1957 The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 4 Earl F. Robacker Joseph T. Kingston Edna Eby Heller Vincent R. Tortora Evelyn Benson See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag Part of the American Art and Architecture Commons, American Material Culture Commons, Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Cultural History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Folklore Commons, Genealogy Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons, History of Religion Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Robacker, Earl F.; Kingston, Joseph T.; Heller, Edna Eby; Tortora, Vincent R.; Benson, Evelyn; Brendle, Thomas R.; Unger, Claude; Krebs, Friedrich; and Yoder, Don, "The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Vol. 8, No. 4" (1957). The Dutchman / The Pennsylvania Dutchman Magazine. 12. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/12 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Dutchman / The eP nnsylvania Dutchman Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Earl F. Robacker, Joseph T. Kingston, Edna Eby Heller, Vincent R. Tortora, Evelyn Benson, Thomas R. Brendle, Claude Unger, Friedrich Krebs, and Don Yoder This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dutchmanmag/12 Summer • Fall, 1957 75 Cents I tl OPEN LETTER Octob er 5 , ] 957 Dear Dutchman F amily Memher: The editor has just r e turned front a six-week study tour of the open air nluseums of Europe .
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Hirschman PAA President in 2005
    DEMOGRAPHIC DESTINIES Interviews with Presidents of the Population Association of America Interview with Charles Hirschman PAA President in 2005 This series of interviews with Past PAA Presidents was initiated by Anders Lunde (PAA Historian, 1973 to 1982) And continued by Jean van der Tak (PAA Historian, 1982 to 1994) And then by John R. Weeks (PAA Historian, 1994 to present) With the collaboration of the following members of the PAA History Committee: David Heer (2004 to 2007), Paul Demeny (2004 to 2012), Dennis Hodgson (2004 to present), Deborah McFarlane (2004 to 2018), Karen Hardee (2010 to present), Emily Merchant (2016 to present), and Win Brown (2018 to present) CHARLES HIRSCHMAN PAA President in 2005 (No. 68). Interviewed by John Weeks, Dennis Hodgson, and Karen Hardee at the PAA meetings at the Boston Marriott, Copley Center, Boston, MA, May 2014. CAREER HIGHLIGHTS: Charles Hirschman was born in 1943 in Ohio, where he grew up. He received his BA from Miami University (Ohio) in 1965 and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1972. He taught at Duke University (1972-1981) and Cornell University (1981- 1987) before joining the University of Washington in 1987. He served as director of the UW Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology from 1987 to 1995 and as chair of the Department of Sociology from 1995 to 1998. He was appointed Boeing International Professorship in 1998 and held a joint appointment in the Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance from 2002 to 2017. In addition to his academic appointments, Hirschman worked for the Ford Foundation (in Malaysia) in 1974-75, and was a visiting fellow at the University of Malaya (1984), Australian National University (1985), the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences (1993-94), the Russell Sage Foundation (1998-99), and the Population Reference Bureau (2005-06), and was Fulbright Professor at the University of Malaya (2012-13).
    [Show full text]
  • Fascism and Right-Wing Extremism in Pennsylvania, 1933-1942
    31 "It Can't Happen Here": Fascism and Right-Wing Extremism in Pennsylvania, 1933-1942 Philip Jenkins The Pennsylvania State University 1The local history of American fascism remains to be written.' If we con- sider the numerous books on fascism and fascist movements written over the last half century, there is an elaborate historiography for virtually every fringe move- ment in most countries of Europe and the Americas, with the conspicuous excep- tion of the United States.2 However, it would be misleading to suggest that Ameri- cans were singularly lucky in escaping this particular political temptation. In real- ity, between about 1920 and 1945, fascist groups of every tendency flourished in the United States and often achieved significant popular support. As the nation approached what seemed inevitable participation in the Second World War, the degree of support for far-Right movements caused great concern both on the po- litical Left and in law enforcement agencies. There were a number of official inves- tigations and investigative exposes by journalists, who charged that the fascist-lean- ing groups were indeed conspiring with foreign governments to undertake sabo- tage and terrorist violence. The truth of such charges remains uncertain, and of course the America that entered the war was, mercifully, almost wholly free of the feared fifth column ac- tivities. However, this does not mean that the earlier investigators had been en- gaged in unsupported panic-mongering, or that the violence of which they warned might not have occurred if events had developed somewhat differently. In the late 1930s, there were millions of Americans with at least some sympathy for the cause of the Axis powers.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Afro-descendants in Latin America Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Toward aFrameworkofInclusion in LatinAmerica Afro-descendants Afro-descendants in Latin America Toward a Framework of Inclusion Prepared by: Germán Freire Carolina Díaz-Bonilla Steven Schwartz Orellana Jorge Soler López Flavia Carbonari Latin America and the Caribbean Region Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice Poverty and Equity Global Practice Afro-descendants in Latin America Toward a Framework of Inclusion Prepared by: Germán Freire Carolina Díaz-Bonilla Steven Schwartz Orellana Jorge Soler López Flavia Carbonari Latin America and the Caribbean Region Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice Poverty and Equity Global Practice © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work was originally published by The World Bank in English as Afro-descendants in Latin America: Toward a Framework of Inclusion, in 2018. In case of any discrepancies, the original language will prevail. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Summer 2016 Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Wilbers College of William and Mary - Arts & Sciences, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wilbers, Christian, "Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1499449834. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2JD4P This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between Third Reich and American Way: Transatlantic Migration and the Politics of Belonging, 1919-1939 Christian Arne Wilbers Leer, Germany M.A. University of Münster, Germany, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies Program The College of William and Mary August 2016 © Copyright by Christian A. Wilbers 2016 ABSTRACT Historians consider the years between World War I and World War II to be a period of decline for German America. This dissertation complicates that argument by applying a transnational framework to the history of German immigration to the United States, particularly the period between 1919 and 1939. The author argues that contrary to previous accounts of that period, German migrants continued to be invested in the homeland through a variety of public and private relationships that changed the ways in which they thought about themselves as Germans and Americans.
    [Show full text]