DOCSLIB.ORG

Online Library of Liberty: the Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Online Library of Liberty: the Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, Vol The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) [1513] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 2 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/775 Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) Edition Used: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings of Niccolo Machiavelli, tr. from the Italian, by Christian E. Detmold (Boston, J. R. Osgood and company, 1882). Vol. 2. Author: Niccolo Machiavelli Translator: Christian Detmold About This Title: Volume 2 of a 4 volume set of Machiavelli’s writings which contains a lengthy introduction on the life of Machiavelli, the History of Florence, The Prince, Discourses on Livy, and his letters and papers from his time as a diplomat. This volume contains his famous and notorious advice to The Prince that ruthlessness in seeking and maintaining political power is essential to any would-be Prince. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 3 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/775 Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) About Liberty Fund: Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. Copyright Information: The text is in the public domain. Fair Use Statement: This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/775 Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) Table Of Contents The Prince. Niccolo Machiavelli to the Magnificent Lorenzo, Son of Piero De’ Medici. Chapter I.: How Many Kinds of Principalities There Are, and In What Manner They Are Acquired. Chapter II.: Of Hereditary Principalities. Chapter III.: Of Mixed Principalities. Chapter IV.: Why the Kingdom of Darius, Which Was Conquered By Alexander, Did Not Revolt Against the Successors of Alexander After His Death. Chapter V.: How Cities Or Principalities Are to Be Governed That Previous to Being Conquered Had Lived Under Their Own Laws. Chapter VI.: Of New Principalities That Have Been Acquired By the Valor of the Prince and By His Own Troops. Chapter VII.: Of New Principalities That Have Been Acquired By the Aid of Others and By Good Fortune. Chapter VIII.: Of Such As Have Achieved Sovereignty By Means of Crimes. Chapter IX.: Of Civil Principalities. Chapter X.: In What Manner the Power of All Principalities Should Be Measured. Chapter XI.: Of Ecclesiastical Principalities. Chapter XII.: Of the Different Kinds of Troops, and of Mercenaries. Chapter XIII.: Of Auxiliaries, and of Mixed and National Troops. Chapter XIV.: Of the Duties of a Prince In Relation to Military Matters. Chapter XV.: Of the Means By Which Men, and Especially Princes, Win Applause, Or Incur Censure. Chapter XVI.: Of Liberality and Parsimoniousness. Chapter XVII.: Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Loved Than Feared. Chapter XVIII.: In What Manner Princes Should Keep Their Faith. Chapter XIX.: A Prince Must Avoid Being Contemned and Hated. Chapter XX.: Whether the Erection of Fortresses, and Many Other Things Which Princes Often Do, Are Useful, Or Injurious. Chapter XXI.: How Princes Should Conduct Themselves to Acquire a Reputation. Chapter XXII.: Of the Ministers of Princes. Chapter XXIII.: How to Avoid Flatterers. Chapter XXIV.: The Reason Why the Princes of Italy Have Lost Their States. Chapter XXV.: Of the Influence of Fortune In Human Affairs, and How It May Be Counteracted. Chapter XXVI.: Exhortation to Deliver Italy From Foreign Barbarians. Discourses On the First Ten Books of Titus Livius. Niccolo Machiavelli to Zanobi Buondelmonte and Cosimo Rucellai, Greeting. First Book. Introduction. PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 5 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/775 Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) Chapter I.: Of the Beginning of Cities In General, and Especially That of the City of Rome. Chapter II.: Of the Different Kinds of Republics, and of What Kind the Roman Republic Was. Chapter III.: Of the Events That Caused the Creation of Tribunes In Rome; Which Made the Republic More Perfect. Chapter IV.: The Disunion of the Senate and the People Renders the Republic of Rome Powerful and Free. Chapter V.: To Whom Can the Guardianship of Liberty More Safely Be Confided, to the Nobles Or to the People? and Which of the Two Have Most Cause For Creating Disturbances, Those Who Wish to Acquire, Or Those Who Desire to Conserve? Chapter VI.: Whether It Was Possible to Establish In Rome a Government Capable of Putting an End to the Enmities Existing Between the Nobles and the People. Chapter VII.: Showing How Necessary the Faculty of Accusation Is In a Republic For the Maintenance of Liberty. Chapter VIII.: In Proportion As Accusations Are Useful In a Republic, So Are Calumnies Pernicious. Chapter IX.: To Found a New Republic, Or to Reform Entirely the Old Institutions of an Existing One, Must Be the Work of One Man Only. Chapter X.: In Proportion As the Founders of a Republic Or Monarchy Are Entitled to Praise, So Do the Founders of a Tyranny Deserve Execration. Chapter XI.: Of the Religion of the Romans. Chapter XII.: The Importance of Giving Religion a Prominent Influence In a State, and How Italy Was Ruined Because She Failed In This Respect Through the Conduct of the Church of Rome. Chapter XIII.: How the Romans Availed of Religion to Preserve Order In Their City, and to Carry Out Their Enterprises and Suppress Disturbances. Chapter XIV.: The Romans Interpreted the Auspices According to Necessity, and Very Wisely Made Show of Observing Religion, Even When They Were Obliged In Reality to Disregard It; and If Any One Recklessly Disparaged It, He Was Punished. Chapter XV.: How the Samnites Resorted to Religion As an Extreme Remedy For Their Desperate Condition. Chapter XVI.: A People That Has Been Accustomed to Live Under a Prince Preserves Its Liberties With Difficulty, If By Accident It Has Become Free. Chapter XVII.: A Corrupt People That Becomes Free Can With Greatest Difficulty Maintain Its Liberty. Chapter XVIII.: How In a Corrupt State a Free Government May Be Maintained, Assuming That One Exists There Already; and How It Could Be Introduced, If None Had Previously Existed. Chapter XIX.: If an Able and Vigorous Prince Is Succeeded By a Feeble One, the Latter May For a Time Be Able to Maintain Himself; But If His Successor Be Also Weak, Then the Latter Will Not Be Able to Preserve His State. Chapter XX.: Two Continuous Successions of Able and Virtuous Princes Will Achieve Great Results; and As Well-constituted Republics Have, In the PLL v6.0 (generated September, 2011) 6 http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/775 Online Library of Liberty: The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings, vol. 2 (The Prince, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius, Thoughts of a Statesman) Nature of Things, a Succession of Virtuous Rulers, Their Acquisitions and Extension Will Consequently Be Very G Chapter XXI.: Princes and Republics Who Fail to Have National Armies Are Much to Be Blamed. Chapter XXII.: What We Should Note In the Case of the Three Roman Horatii and the Alban Curatii. Chapter XXIII.: One Should Never Risk One’s Whole Fortune Unless Supported By One’s Entire Forces, and Therefore the Mere Guarding of Passes Is Often Dangerous.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A)
    The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2)
    A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker S28 (Part 2) Hallstatt Culture: 720 to 600 BC and 600 BC to 480 BC (Ha C and D) This interval represents a time of major changes in Europe, in the regions once characterized by the Pfyn and related cultures with roots extending back to the Neolithic, and the Urnfield groups which would morph into the peoples of the Hallstatt tradition with their characteristic elite burials. Artist rendition of typical rich Hallstatt inhumation burials Kristiansen (1998) proposes that the movement of Hallstatt C warrior elite spread across Central and Western Europe, at a time when trade routes to the north diminished. However those in the eastern tier maintained links to the Lusatian culture and the Baltic regions, with a continued emphasis on trade in amber and mining of salt in the immediate surrounds of Hallstatt in Austria. Hallstatt is actually at the southeastern tip of what was a very large oval shaped territory with the center of gravity northwest of the Alps. In Reinecke’s system of dating, this period is known as Hallstatt C and D. Hallstatt C (earliest phase) is characterized by rich horse and wagon burials (containing ornate horse tack) and includes the region from western Hungary to the Upper Danube. Hallstatt D is represented by a chiefdom zone and elite burials further to the west, with settlements concentrated near the headwaters of every major river from the Loire, to the Seine, Rhone, Rhine and Danube. The geographical re-alignment was likely a function of the establishment of a Greek (Phoecian) trading center in Massilia (Marseilles), circa 600 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Kings of the World
    BITURIGES – Kings of the World ‘These men also he sent back, calling them friends, and ranking them as allies, only adding the remark that the Celts were braggarts’. (Arrianus. The Anabasis of Alexander (4) While many attributes have been associated with the Ancient Celts, modesty is certainly not one of them. From their very first appearance in recorded history classical authors note their tendency for exaggeration and boasting. In 335 BC a Celtic delegation met with Alexander the Great on the Danube during armistice and alliance negotiations. Of this encounter we are informed - ‘And Ptolemaeus, the son of Lagus, says that on this expedition the Celti who lived about the Adriatic joined Alexander for the sake of establishing friendship and hospitality, and that the king received them kindly and asked them when drinking what it was that they most feared, thinking they would say himself, but that they replied they feared no one, unless it were that Heaven might fall on them’ (Strabo vii, 3,8; see also Arrianus Anab. I, 4, 6-8). This supreme self-confidence is duly reflected in Celtic personal and tribal names, which tend to be particularly descriptive. Compare, for example, names such as Esumaro meaning 'He Who Is Great As (the God) Esus' (Ellis Evans (1967) = GPN – p. 449-450), Atepomarus - ‘He Who Has A Very Great Horse’ (GPN 52-53), Branogeni - ‘He Who Is Born of the Raven’ (McManus/1991:105), Cunorix = ‘The Hound-King’ (Wright/Jackson 1968), Sumeli (f.) – ‘Sweet as Honey’ (GPN:114-116; Matasovic 2009 = EDPC:163) or Catumarus (EDPC:195), whose name means ‘He Who Is Great in Battle’.
    [Show full text]
  • Viii.On Gaulish Names
    ON GAULISH NAMES. 97 VI1I.-ON GAULISH NAMES. By D. W. NASH,Esq. F.S.A. THE Gauls, as described by the classical writers, were tall in stature, athletic and vigorous, of fair or ruddy complexion, light-haired, either yellow or reddish, endowed with a lym- phatic temperament, ill capable of supporting the hot c%ates of the south, and exhibiting generally the characters of a northern race, men of the north. In the artistic represen- tations of the Gauls which have come down to us, they are characterized by a shape of head long from the forehead to the occiput, as opposed to another type distinguished by a round-shaped head, who were dark complexioned, having brown or black hair and eyes, and a nervous temperament, indicative of a southern origin.’ This tall, fair-complexioned race of Gauls approached closely to the Germanic type, a fact which admits of natural explanation in their common Indo-European origin. This race, whose degeneration had already commenced in the time of Cssar, has been almost entirely absorbed by the darker race, and must always have formed a minority as well in Gaul as in the British isles, of which countries they were not the earliest inhabitants ; but, as their own traditions, con- firmed by many historical facts, indicate, a conquering people whose race finally lost itself, with some local exceptions, in the far more numerous population of the conquered. The almost total disappearance of the classical type of the Gaul in France, and its replacement by a different type, is so marked, 1 M, Roget de Belloguet in Ethnogenie Gauloise.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mead Hall
    S. Busatta – The Mead Hall Cultural Anthropology 229 - 264 The Mead Hall Notes on the Name of Milan, Italy Sandra Busatta Introduction When I started reading an article by Fumagalli (2008) about the etymology of the name of Milan, the capital of Lombardy as well as the economical heart of Italy, at first I began jotting down notes, only to notice that there was an Ariadne's thread of symbols. The final result of this quest is a picture of Lombardy during the Bronze and Iron Ages, which can draw from a common Indo-European heritage, shared with better documented regions to support my hypotheses. The point of view is anthropological, and the conclusions are obviously partial and in progress. I hope, however, to contribute to shed some brighter light on the cultures of the Proto-Celts and the Celts who lived in Cisalpine Gaul, which so far could rely only on a number of archaeological remains as well as ambiguous Latin and Greek documentary sources. I first started from Giorgio Fumagalli’s article Le capitali dei Celti d’Italia (The Capitals of the Celts in Italy), published in Bibrax, Associazione Culturale Celtica (http://www.bibrax.org/celti_storia/mediolanon.htm 06/01/2008). It is an article influential among the cultural groups interested in studying, and in some way revitalizing, the ancient, little known Celtic history and culture in the northern-central regions of the Italian peninsula (cf. Kruta and Manfredi 1999, Kruta 2003). According to Fumagalli, the most authoritative interpretation of the original name of Milan is Medhelanon, and it means ‘land in the middle of the plain,’ although following Le Roux and Guyonvarc’h (1990) he finds more interesting the meaning ‘place of perfection.’ It exists a graffito on the Augustean walls in Via S.
    [Show full text]
  • CLSL 38 Ireland and Its Contacts Print
    Cahiers de l‘ILSL, No 38, 2013, pp. 21-37 21 THE « CELTS »: QUESTIONS OF NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTITY Kim McCONE National University of Ireland, Maynooth [email protected] Abstract This paper counters doubts raised recently about the validity of the term « Celtic » as a linguistically oriented ethnonym with evidence that the ancient continental peoples so designated in classical sources did indeed call themselves Keltoi and with an etymology of their hitherto problematical name as a formation most unlikely to have been created after the Proto-Celtic period itself. Various attested designations of speakers of closely related « Celtic » languages in Ireland and Britain are then considered. Finally, a brief look at the modern revival of the term after centuries in abeyance leads to the conclusion that it remains valid, linguistically at least, despite various questionable uses to which it has been put since its reintroduction into academic and popular discourse. 1. KELTOÍ, GALÁTAI AND GALLI ON THE CONTINENT The ethnonym Keltoí is attested first by Herodotus (2.33.3) in the fifth century B.C. and then by various other Greek authors such as Xenophon (Hellenica, 7.1.20) in the fourth and Polybius (1.13.4, 3.48.6, etc.) in the second. It is patently not a Greek word, and an element Celt- is actually seen in the names of a number of ancient Gauls such as Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix (Caesar, de Bello Gallico, 7.4.1; Ellis Evans, 1967 : 332-3). The inhabitants of southern Gaul called themselves Keltoí according to Strabo (4.1.14) and Diodorus (5.32), both probably drawing on a Celtic ethnography in a lost history by Posidonius, who is known to have visited southern Gaul (Tierney, 1960).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Identity and the Development of the Roman Frontier in Central Europe
    Ethnicity, Identity and the Development of the Roman Frontier in Central Europe. By Andrew J. Frith Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy. July 2018 Acknowledgements Many thanks go to my supervisor Doctor Philip Freeman for both, giving constant guidance and support during this project, and being a calm and rational voice in times of stress. Thanks is also due to Doctor Fiona Hobden and Doctor Louise Revell, whose honest critiques and helpful suggestions have strengthened the thesis immensely. In addition I would like to thank all those working and volunteering at the Garstang Museum of Archaeology (Liverpool University). Especially Daniel Potter and Hannah Godfrey, for their comradery through the PhD process. To my friends Anton King, Greg Hamilton, Katherine Brown and Jamie Stevens for listening to far too many angry rants about research. Thanks goes to my family for not only listening with bemused faces at my excitement and frustration, but for supporting me completely in all my endeavours while at Liverpool. Finally the biggest thanks of all goes to my fiancé Louise Beddow, who both was a supportive shoulder at all time and an effective proof reader of this thesis. Table of Contents List of Figures …………………………………...…………………………………... 1 Abstract ………………..…………………………………………………………….. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction ………………........…………………………..…………….. 4 Chapter 2: Greek and Roman Ideas of Ethnicity ………………………………........ 14 2.1 Self-identity, naming and language ………………..……………………….. 22 2.2 A shared territory …………………………………..………………………. 34 2.3 A shared history and common descent …………………………..…………. 42 2.4 Culture and religion ………………………………………………………… 49 2.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 59 Chapter 3: Perceptions of Gallic and Germanic Ethnicity in Ancient Literature …..
    [Show full text]
  • Dhe History,.Character, and Customs of the Celts Prior to the Roman Conquest
    u S'-btS-j. if Y? . • t fc' /V- Dhe History,.Character, and Customs of the Celts Prior to the Roman Conquest by Hilda Isabella Lobb A Thesis submitted in Partial* Fulfilment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of CLASSICS „rfO The University of British Columbia April, 1940 Contents Chapter . Page Introduction i I, The History of the Celts as Revealed by ... Ancient Authorities • 1 II. The Origin of the Celts as Revealed by Studies in Philoikogy . 12 III* Celtic Expansion in the Bronze Age 27 IV. Celtic Expansion in the Hallstatt Period 36 V. La Tene - The Golden Age of Celticism 49 VI. La Tene - The Great Age of Celtic Expansion 60 VII. She Character of the Celts 66 VIII. • /The Customs of the Celts 75 Conclusion 93 Bibliography 96 i The History, Character, and Customs of the Celts Prior to the Roman Conquest Introduction Mo "History of Europe" could possibly be considered complete which does not contain some reference to the Celts, that great people who had their origin in Central Europe, and who, at the height of their power, inhabited Gaul, Noreia, Spain, the British Isles, and seotions of Germany, Italy, and Asia Minor. In the majority of "Histories", however, the allusions to the Celts are vague and inadequate, and convey to the reader no knowledge of the real importance of these people who made a very definite contribution t'o the customs, art, and literature of the countries in which they settled, and who are, even to-day, through their descendants in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the western counties of England, exercis• ing a tremendous influence in world affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Genius
    2 THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION General Editor C. K. Ogden The History of Civilization is a landmark in early twentieth Century publishing. The aim of the general editor, C. K. Ogden, was to “summarise in one comprehensive synthesis the most recent findings and theories of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, sociologists and all conscientious students of civilization.” The History, which includes titles in the French series L’Evolution de l’Humanité, was published at a formative time in the development of the social sciences, and during a period of significant historical discoveries. A list of the titles in the series can be found at the end of this book. 3 4 First published in 1934 by Routledge, Trench, Trubner Reprinted in 1996,1999 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN & 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First issued in paperback 2013 Transferred to Digital Printing 2008 © 1996 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or utilized in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN13: 978-0-415-15602-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-84876-3 (pbk) eISBN: 978-1-136-20299-5 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent 5 CONTENTS FOREWORD (by HENRI BERR).
    [Show full text]
  • A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker U152 (Part 2)
    A Genetic Signal of Central European Celtic Ancestry: Preliminary Research Concerning Y-Chromosomal Marker U152 (Part 2) Hallstatt Culture: 720 to 600 BC and 600 BC to 480 BC (Ha C and D) This interval represents a time of major changes in Europe, in the regions once characterized by the Pfyn and related cultures with roots extending back to the Neolithic, and the Urnfield groups which would morph into the peoples of the Hallstatt tradition with their characteristic elite burials. Artist rendition of typical rich Hallstatt inhumation burials Kristiansen (1998) proposes that the movement of Hallstatt C warrior elite spread across Central and Western Europe, at a time when trade routes to the north diminished. However those in the eastern tier maintained links to the Lusatian culture and the Baltic regions, with a continued emphasis on trade in amber and mining of salt in the immediate surrounds of Hallstatt in Austria. Hallstatt is actually at the southeastern tip of what was a very large oval shaped territory with the center of gravity northwest of the Alps. In Reinecke’s system of dating, this period is known as Hallstatt C and D. Hallstatt C (earliest phase) is characterized by rich horse and wagon burials (containing ornate horse tack) and includes the region from western Hungary to the Upper Danube. Hallstatt D is represented by a chiefdom zone and elite burials further to the west, with settlements concentrated near the headwaters of every major river from the Loire, to the Seine, Rhone, Rhine and Danube. The geographical re-alignment was likely a function of the establishment of a Greek (Phocaean) trading center in Massilia (Marseilles), circa 600 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RELIGION of the ANCIENT CELTS by John Arnott Macculloch
    THE RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT CELTS by John Arnott MacCulloch (b. 1868, d. 1950) T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh [1911] PREFACE THE scientific study of ancient Celtic religion is a thing of recent growth. As a result of the paucity of materials for such a study, earlier writers indulged in the wildest speculative flights and connected the religion with the distant East, or saw in it the remains of a monotheistic faith or a series of esoteric doctrines Veiled under polytheistic cults. With the works of MM. Gaidoz, Bertrand, and D'Arbois de Jubainville in France, as well as by the publication of Irish texts by such scholars as Drs. Windisch and Stokes, a new era may be said to have dawned, and a flood of light was poured upon the scanty remains of Celtic religion. In this country the place of honour among students of that religion belongs to Sir John Rhŷs, whose Hibbert Lectures On the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom (1886) was an epoch-making work. Every student of the subject since that time feels the immense debt which he owes to the indefatigable researches and the brilliant suggestions of Sir John Rhŷs, and I would be ungrateful if I did not record my indebtedness to him. In his Hibbert Lectures, and in his later masterly work on The Arthurian Legend, however, he took the standpoint of the "mythological" school, and tended to see in p. viii the old stories myths of the sun and dawn and the darkness, and in the divinities sun-gods and dawn-goddesses and a host of dark personages of supernatural character.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Celts - 27079 CPL0209-010 / 4237 Final Celts Interior 2/10/09 2:06 PM Page 2
    Final Celts interior_ 2/10/09 2:06 PM Page 1 (MCC): Barbarians - Ancient Celts - 27079 CPL0209-010 / 4237 Final Celts interior_ 2/10/09 2:06 PM Page 2 (MCC): Barbarians - Ancient Celts - 27079 CPL0209-010 / 4237 Final Celts interior_ 2/10/09 2:06 PM Page 3 (MCC): Barbarians - Ancient Celts - 27079 CPL0209-010 / 4237 Final Celts interior_ 4/23/09 11:32 AM Page 4 To Tommy, Valerie, Lisa, and Laverne The author and publishers would like to express special thanks to Catherine McKenna, Margaret Brooks Robinson Professor of Celtic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, for her gracious assistance in reviewing the manuscript of this book. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark 99 White Plains Road Tarrytown, New York 10591 www.marshallcavendish.us Text copyright © 2010 by Marshall Cavendish Corporation Map copyright © 2010 by Mike Reagan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the copyright holders. All Internet sites were available and accurate when this book was sent to press. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Hinds, Kathryn, 1962- Ancient Celts : / by Kathryn Hinds. p. cm. — (Barbarians!) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “A history of the ancient Celts, from their Iron Age culture to their final conquest by the Romans in the first century CE”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-7614-4514-2 1. Celts—Juvenile literature. I. Title. D70.H55 2009 936.4—dc22 2008035976 EDITOR: Joyce Stanton PUBLISHER: Michelle Bisson ART DIRECTOR: Anahid Hamparian SERIES DESIGNER: Michael Nelson Images provided by Rose Corbett Gordon, Art Editor of Mystic CT, from the following sources: Cover: The Art Archive/Musée des Beaux Arts La Rochelle/Gianni Dagli Orti Back cover: The Art Archive/Museo Civico Romano Brescia Italy Page 1: The Art Archive/Alfredo Dagli Orti; pages 2-3: Musée d’Orsay, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library; page 6: C.
    [Show full text]