Viii.On Gaulish Names

ON GAULISH NAMES. 97

VI1I.-ON GAULISH NAMES. By D. W. NASH,Esq. F.S.A.

THE Gauls, as described by the classical writers, were tall in stature, athletic and vigorous, of fair or ruddy complexion, light-haired, either yellow or reddish, endowed with a lym- phatic temperament, ill capable of supporting the hot c%ates of the south, and exhibiting generally the characters of a northern race, men of the north. In the artistic represen- tations of the Gauls which have come down to us, they are characterized by a shape of head long from the forehead to the occiput, as opposed to another type distinguished by a round-shaped head, who were dark complexioned, having brown or black hair and eyes, and a nervous temperament, indicative of a southern origin.’ This tall, fair-complexioned race of Gauls approached closely to the Germanic type, a fact which admits of natural explanation in their common Indo-European origin. This race, whose degeneration had already commenced in the time of Cssar, has been almost entirely absorbed by the darker race, and must always have formed a minority as well in Gaul as in the British isles, of which countries they were not the earliest inhabitants ; but, as their own traditions, con- firmed by many historical facts, indicate, a conquering people whose race finally lost itself, with some local exceptions, in the far more numerous population of the conquered. The almost total disappearance of the classical type of the Gaul in France, and its replacement by a different type, is so marked,

1 M, Roget de Belloguet in Ethnogenie Gauloise. Paris, 1861. 7 98 ON GAULISH NAMES, that Niebuhr was inclined to believe that the ancients had confounded the Gauls with the Germans. The phenomenon receives a reasonable explanation on the assumption of a conquering race absorbed into the mass of the conquered. The ethnological affinities of the ancient Gauls can, however, only be ascertained by aid of philological evidence. Zeuss, the founder of Celtic philology, has given the weight of his authority to the opinion that the languages of ancient Gaul and Britain were so nearly related, that the speech of the people on both sides of the Channel was mutually intel- ligible. The Celtic language he has divided, in common with other philologers, into two great branches: to one of which he gives the name of Hibernic, including the modern Irish and the Scottish Gaelic; to the other the name of Britannic, in which division he has placed the Gaulish along with the Cambric, the Cornish, and the Armorican. Most writers give to the two principal divisions of the Celtic the names of Gadhelic and Cymric, to which it is perhaps better to adhere. The Gaulish inscriptions which haw but recently, and since the date of the Grammatica Celtica, been subjected to cfitical examination,’ reveal words which not only do not yield in antiquity of form to those of classic Latin, but even attain in many respects that of the archaic language of the Romans. They also show beyond a doubt that the inflexions which the Irish has rctained are older than the absence of inflexions in Welsh, and that the wonderful phonetic peculiarities of the modern Celtic, the umlaut, the aspirations, and the nasals, are foreign to the Old Celtic.2 The grammatical forms of the Gaulish, so far as they are exhibited in the scanty materials afforded by the inscriptions, approach closely to the oldest Irish forms ; and, indeed, the very forms whioh the sagacity of Ebel had anticipated, from a con-

1 Pictet, Esaai aur quelques Inscriptions en langue Gauloise, GenBve, 1859. Roget de Belloguet, Ethnogenie Gauloise. Monin, Monuments des Anciennes Idiornes Gauloises. Paria, 1861. Mr. Whitley Stokes and Professor Becker in Beitrsege Iur Vergleich. Sprachforschung, 1862-3-4. * Dr. Sullivan in preface to Ebei’a Celtic Studies, p. XY. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 99 sideration of the phonetic laws of the later Celtic.’ The entire loss of the case-endings in the Welsh prevents any comparisons on this head ; while the greater amount of the ancient language preserved by the Irish than by the Welsh, gives a perhaps undue prominence to the interpretations of the elements of Gaulish names obtained by aid of the Irish vocabularies. If, as Zeuss pointed out, the Gaulish agrees with the Cymric rather than with the Gadhelic in certain vowel- sounds, as 8.g. in the Gaulish names Lifnuic~.~,Litana, Cym- ric Zitan, Zitau, but Gadhelic Zethan, on the other hand the Gaulish dunum is nearer Gadh. dun than Cymric din ; Gaul. Div, Gadh. Din, Gym. Dezo. The chief points of difference in the sounds of the Gadhe- lic and the Cymric are- 1. The preference by the Gadhelic of the guttural tenuis c (k) in words where the Cymric has preferred the labial tenuis p ; 2. The substitution by the Cymric of the spirant h for the sibilant s of the Gadhelic ; 3. The abhorrence of the Cymric for the initial combinations of s with other consonants, a peculiarity not shared by the Gadhelic. Names of places and persons with an initial p are rare in Gaul. The tribes Parisii, Petrocorii and Pictones ; Pleu- moxii and Poemani both of doubtful, perhaps German, origin ;3 places-Pennolucos, Tab. Peut., called in the Anto- nine Itin. Penile-Zocus, and the strange personal name Peizno- cennius. In Britain, Parisii, Peiano-crucium =modern Welsh Pencerrig, “the head of the rock,” Pctcarh, a town of the Parisii mentioned by Ptolemy, and the name of the chief of the Iceni, Pmsutagus. Among the one hundred and twenty five words collected from the Gaulish inscriptions by Becker?

Dr. Sullivan in preface to Ebel’s Celtic Studies, p. xv. 2 Gr. Celt. prefat. p. v. 3 Vide Cssar de Bell, G. 4 The only words commencing with this letter in the list published by Becker in the Beitraege z. Vergleich Sprachf. iii. 172 are the three Latin words pewit, posiercmt, prbJiw. 100 ON GAULISH NAMES, not one commences with the letter p, while thirteen, or nearly ten per cent., commence with the guttural c (k). Caleti, Earnitu, Cernunnos, Canecosedlon, Catalases, Eo i s i s , Canima, Ceanalabis, Contextos, Cantabon, Celicnon, Crispos. Car adit onu, This agrees with the great number of Gaulish names from other sources beginning with c, especially personal names with the syllables Cun-, Con-, Cat-, etc. The Gaulish epos = Emroq in tyo?naizdiuoduncnz, eporerlorix, epomuhs, as compared with the Latin equus, Irish each, Welsh

ebozvl, ‘I a foal, a colt,” shows together with r~etorriticmand mpm8ovha the presence of a Cymric element in Gaul. On the other hand, in the personal names before-mentioned, the guttural universally takes the place of the labial. The name Cuno-belinus is represented in Welsh by Cyizuelyn, and Lib. Land. Ciqjdiw. That the Gaulish Ctitz- is = Cymric Pen is proved by the occurrence in the Welsh vocabulary of a number of names of identical meaning compounded with both these elements. Cenarth, head stone, Penarth. Cynwas, head servant, Penwas. Cynaber, head stream, Penaber. Cyncad, battle head, Pencad. Priffard. Cynfardd, head bard, IPencerdd. Cynbryd, prototype, model, Penpryd. Cyngrwn, round head, Pengrwn. Cynllwyd, grey head, Penllwyd. Cynnod, a head mark, Pennod. Cynfelyn, yellow head, Penfelyn. Cynlas, grey head, Penlas. Cynghylla, the top of the stomach, Pengula. cynllyn, chief leader, Penllyn. to which we may add the curious Gaulish (double) name Cuno-pennius.’ There can be no doubt that in these words Beitrmge a. Vergl. Sprachf. iii. 364. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., FAA. 101 cyn- for cun- is the Gaulish cun- = Irish ceann, and Welsh pen.' In the Liber Landavensis are a number of names corn- pounded with this syllable : Cynfran, Conhail, Confur, Cinmarch, Conblais, Convoet, Conlec, Conocan, Conbuit, etc. Con gual, as well as with Cat- Catgual, Catleu, Catgurcan, Catgualatyr, etc. which are certainly the direct descendants of Gaulish names as old as the time of Caesar. In the same Register we have the p only in the Cymricized Latin names Padarn, Pedyr, Pawl hen (Paulinus), and a few Welsh names, Pepiauc and Penbargawd.2 In the same col- lection the names of places contrast with the names of individuals, in the use of the Cymric Pen-, as Pencreig, Penally, Penrhos, Penarth, Penychen, Penbre, etc. all which it is to be observed occur within a recognized Cymric area. When we come down to the tenth century we find in the Laws of Rowel Dha, the names of oacers of state and titles of dignity, exclusively composed with the Cymric Pen- Peuteulu, chief of a household. Pencerdd, chief of song. Pengwastrawd, chief groom. Pensmydd, chief oacer. Pensaer, chief architect. Penraith, chief jurat.

1 Zeuss, Gr. Cclt. pref. p, vii. derives the Cun- in Cunobelinus, Cunotamus, etc. in the name of the IIer-cyn-ia Silva, and in that of the Hercuniates, a people of Pan- nonia, from the Welsh CIW, ezcn, ' a height,' with its derivations cwnwg, ' ? top; and erchpiad, 'an elevation.' Gluck, Die Celtische Namen, p. 11, agrees in thls for Cundbelinus, Cunotamus, Cunomarcus, etc., bnt for the particle Con- in Con- neto-dumnus, p. 68, refers to the Irish conn, con, ' reason, intellect ;' in Convicta- litavis, p. 91, he seems to consider the same particle = Welsh cy, Latin cum. See Gr. Celt. pp. 109 and 872. A nickname from the shape of his head. 102 ON GAULISH NAMES,

Pennadur, chief leader. Penhebogydd, chief falconer. Penkynnyd, chief huntsman, etc. terms which may be contrasted with the Gaulish forms Cyn- was, Conguul, Cynmarch, Cynneta of the Liber Landavensis. So in Geoffrey of Monmouth we have Pendragon, a term which clearly shows the Cymric origin, and to some extent the date, of the history which he translated. The inference to be drawn from these facts is, that the names in the Liber Landavensis, which have been cited by Zeuss and Gluck as Britannic, i.e., Cymric names, and which they have compared with Gaulish names in order to exhibit the community of form in this respect between the Gaulish and the Cymric, Cyn-rig = Cuno-rix. Cyn-vran = Cuno-branus. Cyn-march = Cuno-marcus. Cyn-velyn = Cuno-belinus. Drut-guas = Druto-vassus, etc. are in reality genuine Gaulish names, altered in form only according to the general law of progression in the Cymric, and are to be looked upon as the relics and proofs of a Gaulish occupation of Britain. In the use of these two sounds the Indo-European languages are thus divided : Sanscrit, Zend, Latin, Lithuanian, Sclavonic, and Irish, employ the guttural in interrogative pronouns, where the Greek, Oscan, and Welsh form their in- terrogations with the labial p ; TOV, pis, pa. The primary Celtic spirant s preserved in the Irish and in the Latin, has in a certain number of words in the Cymric dialect been replaced by the secondary spirant A. Irish. Latin. Welsh. Sean, sen-ex, hen. salan, sal, halen. Eail, sal-ix, helig. solas, (light), 801, haul. The Gaulish language, so far as its remains enable us to judge, connects itself in this respect with the Gadhelio BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 103 rather than with the Cymric. Names of places and persons beginning with the sibilant are abundant : tribes-Suessiones, Senones, Santones ; men-Segornarus, Sigovesus, Sucarus, Senomagilus ; towns-Salodurum, Solimaricum, Sulloniacum, Segodunum, etc. ; rivers-Sabis, Samara, Sauconna, eto. S1 lusa, (‘a fountain of salt water,’’ cited by Zeuss as an ancient Gaulish word,l is decisive on this head. With this-agree the facts obtained from the Gaulish inscriptions. Of the names collected from them by Becker? the following ten words have the initial s :- Sanadis, Setertate, Sarra, Se v i r os , Segomaros, sosin, Seianisi, Sosio, Senani, Sumeli. They do not contain one with the initial ?A. The la in Hercynia Silvn, if, as Zeuss thinks, the name is derived from erchynu, to elevate,3 is a false orthography; and in Eelvetii Helvii and Herclcniates it is probably equally 80. Hesus, as the name of the god is written by Lucan, i. 445, is Esus on the inscription of Notre Dame at Paris. Of the Indo-European languages, the Sanscrit, Latin, German, Sclavonic, and Irish employ the s, where the Zend, Persian, Greek, and Welsh employ A, and with the former of these divisions must be placed the Gaulish, since it must be taken as proved that the language of Gaul, like that of Ireland, retained the spirant s where the Cymric dialects substituted It. This difference must have been a bar to the mutual intelligibility of the two languages. Zeuss, while in fact conceding so much, asserts that this substitution of h for s in the Cymric is of comparatively recent origin, in proof of which he adduces the name of the river Severn which the Romans have given as Sabrina, but is in modern Welsh Hafren, and the name of the Caledonian tribe Selgovae, derived from .rely, modern Welsh hdg, hunting. The change from the initial s to h occurred, he thinks, during the Roman

I Gr. Celt. p. 144. a Beitrtege z. V. 9. loo. cit. 8 G. C. ut ante. 104 ON GAULIYH NAMES, period in Britain.' This derivation of Selgovm from selg is of course merely a speculative etymology, as we do not know the meaning of the name Selgova, nor even whether it is a Celtic name at all, As to Sabrina, if we consider that the Romans in Britain had first to do with a Gaulish people, we may well conclude that they heard the name of the great western river from Gaulish lips as 8ub&nn, while by the Cymric populat'ion at the same time it was called Hafren. As the question of the relation of the Gaulish to the Cymric is intimately affected by the determination of this point, I shall give the statements of Zeuss respecting it.

I' The primary Celtic spirant is s, a radical h not existing in either branch of the Celtic language. Between 8 and h there is a notable affinity and alternation in the Indo-Euro- pean tongues, as for example, the Persian has h, from the remotest times, in words which in Sanscrit have s, as in the Sanscrit name of the river and country Sindhu, which with the Persians is Hindu, and from them transmitted to the Greeks and Romans as Indus, Indi. The Latin has 8 in place of the Greek aspirant. There are occasional examples of the same kind of alternation for the same word in the same language, as the Greek a& av&ov uwqv6~and 21~~~LVSC, in German salt and hala (the name of towns in which salt was manufactured), in the Welsh sil and hid; seed, progeny. These examples, however, are very rare, and in general each language has adopted either one or the other only of these two spirants. It may, however, be further enquired whether there is any language which, departing from the general rule, has adopted the use of both spirants. This is certainly the case in the Britannic tongue, which, later than the time of the Romans, has separated into two classes those words to which in some languages, as the Hibernic, the Latin, the Gallic, and the Sanscrit, the 8, in others, as the Persian and Greek, the h, has been appro- priated, and has assigned s to the one class and h to the other. That is, the Britannic has in the one class preserved

I '' Adhuc Romanorurn &ate." Gr. Celt. pref. p. v. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 105 the primitive s of the Celtic language which had no radical h, in the other it has changed this primitive s into h.” It is difficult‘ to understand the principle of selection on which words beginning with s were about the first century divided into two classes, in one of which the s was retained, in the other abandoned for h. The liot of words obtained from the Welsh vocabulary affords no clue. We find that they have changed Sabrina to Hafren, but retained saf, to stand; suil to huil, the eye, but retained syllo, to see; sal, sol, saileg, to hal, haw& helig, but retained sail, a foundation; sath, an arrow; sum, a causeway; sutyph, a serpent, etc. Still more remarkable and in need of explanation is the change (at this recent period) of the initial s of the demon- strative pronoun Irish‘ se, so, Welsh hum, hon, and the inseparable prefix Irish su, Welsh ky = hu, as Irish su-labhair, Welsh hy-lafar, eloquent, in Gaulish Su-essiones, Su-anetes, Su-carus.a In a number of borrowed words, adopted at a later date, the Welsh has had no difficulty in retaining thb initial sibilant ; there has therefore been no continuing tendency to such a phonetic change. The assumption that such a change was effected at so late a date as that suggested and in so partial a manner, that the initial sibilant of the inseparable particle and the pronouns was weakened to h at the same time that the ward S2cE was borrowed and adopted in By-sul, dies solis, Sul-gwen, White-sun-day, requires a larger amount of proof than has been offered. There seems to be no good reason why this difference between the soma df the Welsh and the Gaulish should not be of as old a date as that between the Sanscrit and the Zend, the Greek and the Gothic, and I conclude therefore that the name Sabrina heard by the Romans in Britain was the Gaulish name of the river called by the Cymric tribes at the same date H@vn. The above remarks apply to the condition of s before a vowel; we have now to consider the combination d the sibilant with other consonants. The Welsh dialect abhors the combinations sc, 89, sm, sp, GI. Celt. p. 140. * Ibid. pref. p. Y. 106 OM OAULISH NAMES, st, and is compelled in such words as it has borrowed from other languages, with this combination, to support the sound by a prefixed vowel. Latin. Welsh. ,912. sceler, y-sgeler. ,, scrinium, y-sgrin. sp. sprtula, y-spadol. ,, spiitium, y-spaid. 6t. stratum, y-strad. ), styla, y-stil. German or English. Welsh. scrip, y-sgreppan. slack, y-slace. SPY, y-spio. square, carpenter’s tool, y-sgwir. stack, y-stac. stiff-necked, y-stifnig. stom, y-storm. stuff, y-stoff. In this the Welsh differs in a marked manner from the Irish, which freely admits these combinations, and words borrowed by the Welsh from the Irish are treated as those borrowed from the Latin. Irish. Welsh. scaraim, to separate, y-sgario. scath, shade, y-sgoth. scolb, a wattle for thatching, y-sgolp. spreota, a fragment, rubbish, y-spred. straoilim, to pull, draw, y-straill. and where both have been borrowed : Irish. Welsh. sponge, sponc, y-sbmg. stadium, staidh, y-stad. This necessity for supporting the sound of these combinations by a prosthetic vowel attached to the provincial Gads and to the Romanized Gauls or Celtiberhs of Spain, but not to the Latin provincials of Italy. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 107

French. Spanish. I talian. sc. esclave, esclavo, schiavo. sm. esmail, esmalto, smalt. sp, espee, espada, spada. sq. esquisse esquicio, schizzo. st. esting, estano stagno. In the Gaulish names these combinations are certainly rare. Sp occurs in Bmtu-spantiurn, but the presence of the preceding vowel prevents our ascertaining whether this was the radical form, as even in the Welsh we can have di- spaddzc, di-spaid. The words preserved in the classical writers spadones, spadonicum (said to be Belgic words), strips, sparm, seramasaxos, etc., are of little value in the absence of precise knowledge of their local origin. The names of plants given by Dioscorides are in the same category, though mcoplvp ‘the elder tree,’ is certainly to be found in the Armoric scao, fem. scaeen; Welsh y-sgawen. It is to be remarked in connection with the Belgic word spadones, that within the Belgic limits we have the name of a place, Sccirpone, an island in the Moselle. The name of a goddess, Ro-smertn ; names of men, Smerto-litanus,’ Smer- toritis, Smertulus, Snaertuccus, Smertus, Snterius j the name of a city, Statum~;2 the rivers Stucia and Sturia ; and the place Spinis in Britain seem to be the only examples. On the other hand, we have an inscription, ‘Piromanus Istatilv for V. Statiliii FiZius, and in Latin inscriptions of the fourth century istatuam, ispiritus. On the whole the evidence, though not decisive, is in favour of the opinion that the Gauls did not reject these combinations of s with a consonant; and we ought therefore to look upon the words preserved in the Armorican and Cornish dialects which present these combinations as relics of the ancient Uaulish tongue. The natural explanation of the origin of the prosthetic vowel in the French and Spanish Romance language would be that the Latin-speaking population of Gaul and Spain had a difEiculty in pronouncing these consonantal combinations. These populations were Celtic in their origin. But we see

1 Becker in Beitrmge z. V.S. iii., 436. 8 Ib. 108 ON GAULISH NAMES, that neither the Gaulish nor the Gadhelic branch of the Celtic had any objection to these combinations of s, and must therefore attribute the addition of the pre-initial vowel to the influence of a Cymric population. We also see a difference between what are considered Cymric dialects, in this respect. In tho Welsh Cymric the rule is universal, and no primitively Welsh word begins with s followed by a consonant. On the other hand this peculiarity does not belong, as a rule, to the Cornish and Armorican dialects of the Cymric, and the few words in which the Armoric prefixes e to these combinations appear to hare been borrowed from the French Romance. Cornish and Armorican words beginning with these combinations of s appear in Welsh with the prosthetic vowel, just as words borrowed from foreign languages, the Latin and the English. Cornish and Armorican. Welsh. scevent y-sgyfaint. scouarn, y-sgyrarn. scuit, 7-sgwdd. starn, y-starn. This peculiarity in the Welsh articulation is not constant in the earliest written documents, those of the eighth or ninth century, the Oxford Glosaes, and even in the Liber Landa- vensis. Here it is important to observe that the literary language of Wales has been created in South Wales, in the country of the ancient Silures, therefore within a truly Cym- ric area. Both for Gaul and Cambria, therefore, the theory that the Cpric element formed the mass and substratum of the population-upon which a Gaulish element was super- imposed, and that the former rose to the surface after the supremacy of the latter had been destroyed by the Roman conquest-would serve to explain the influence of a Cymric element in the formation of the Romance language of Gaul, and the presence of similar phenomena in Britain west of the Severn, which are absent from the dialects of Cornwall and Armorica. Certainly we ought priinu facie to assume that the Celtio dialect, which still lives upon the soil of Gaul, BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 109 contains the relics of the ancient Gaulish language. And if the Armorican presents peculiarities belonging to both the Cymric and the Gadhelic, such as the preservation of the Gadhelic sign of the future,’ and these consonantal combinations, it is more reasonable to consider these as resulting from the mixture of the two Celtic populations of Gaul, pressed together in the narrow region in which they main- tained a struggle against the Frankish conquerors of Gaul, than to resort to the supposition of a legendary colonization of Brittany by Cymric immigrants from insular Britain. In another isolated portion of the Gaulish area, which probably retained its independence and its language to a late period, the Walloon dialect, locally prevailing in the extreme north-east territory of the Langue d’oil, bordering in one direction on the Picardian in the other on the Burgundian area, does not as a rule require the prosthetic before s impure; staf, skrir, spa1 = Fr. e‘tabk, e‘crire, e)auZe.2 The Latin 0, Gaulish v, and Irish f are constantly replaced in the Welsh by the combination gzo, anciently gu, perhaps for gv. This takes place in all loan w

1 In Irish 6, in Armoricanf. This also existed in the Cornish, Pryc8drcha?oZ. Corm-Britt. p. 41. Zeuss, without actually approving, does not altogether reject 6 non denegaverim,’ the suggestion of Dr. Owen Pughe, that in the Welsh curq, 1 he will love,’ the same sign of the future is to be detected. Gr. Celtic, p. 506., 2 Diex Introduction to Grammar of the Romance Languages. Transl. by Oayley, p. 127. 110 ON GAULISH NAMES,

Armorica. gwi-voed, W. gwyddfyd, the honeysuckle. gwe-crez, the convolvulus. gwe-gelen, the holly. gwa-gren, an acorn. gui,‘ the mistletoe. And in Welsh gwiala, to gather rods or twigs. We may also compare Irish jd,Welsh guy$, with the Gaulish vid, wood, in Vidimaclus, Greg. Tur.,‘I the woodman” of the monastery. The very few cases in which the Romance language prefixes gu to the vowels a, e, i, are chiefly words of German origin with an initial to, as : guerre, guet, guichet, g&% gu6, guise, guillaume, guido, while the preservation in the French of the initial v in all Latin words corresponds with the difference between the Cymric and the Gaulish dialects in this respect. The true character of this articulation is doubtful, It appears, at least, in some cases to represent a guttural labial ku like the Gothic qv, originally written with a single alphabetic sign, the Latin qu (and the Oghamic Irish ku Z), as in glue, a web, San- scrit ve, and perhaps in gzoenia = Gothic qcens qviizo. In others the guttural was added to enable the Cymric organ to pronounce the v sound, whiah unaided it was unable to do. As Grirnm has suggested: it represents in many instances the Greek digamma, and as this was lost in the progress of the language, so in the Cymric it has been lost in composition, and after certain precedent sounds, and in the Armorican even at the commencement of words. In many cases, however, it is certainly only the result of a false orthography, as gwysgod = cysgod, Guadgan = Cadvan. This inability to pronounce the articulation represented by the Latin and Gaulish v, must date from the most primitive time of the Cymric language, and separates its phonic system in this respect decidedly from the Gtaulish.

1 Thin is evidently not the specific name of the mistletoe (which according to Pliny was called by a name eignifying ‘ omnia eanana I), but merely ‘the plant,‘ or ‘ the tree ’ generally. a Gmhichte der Deutsc. Bprach. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 111

On a Gaulish coin cited by Monin we have the legend Ateula Ylatos, i.e. Ateula Prince ; Irish JEath ; Old Welsh as in Nennius guletic ; modern Welsh qwledG. The relation of the Celtic dialects with the Gaulish is therefore in this respect, Gaulish. Irish. Welsh. vlat-os, flath, gvlat. vid, fid, gvid. 6 fe ? Ar. gve. ven- in Venusius, fionn, gvenn. vill- in Villoneos, fill, a horse, gvil, a mare. vep- in Vepotalus,’ feab, beauty, gvef, clear, fair. In these, which are dialectic differences altogether apart from phonetic changes, the Gaulish undoubtedly approaches nearer to the Irish than to the Welsh branch of the Celtic. We have not perhaps at present a suEcient amount of evidence to enable us to judge with any degree of certainty as to the grammatical relations of the Gaulish. If we have matrebo for a dative plural, we also have matrabzq matris, matroizis. Genitives in i from nominatives in 0s or us ; da- tives in i from nominatives in is; ablatives singular in ec from nominatives in zcs (?), and accusatives plural in as from nominatives singular in a, bring the Gaulish in the matter of case-endings very close to the Latin. No instance has yet been discovered of that sign of relation common to both the Irish and the Welsh, which consists in the change of the internal vowel : mae, maie, bard, baird. The Ogham inscriptions are supposed to show that this latter form is more recent than the genitives in i, to which it owes its existence ; but the question of the antiquity of these inscriptions is not yet satisfactorily settled, or of an alphabet for the writing of the old Irish, which contains a radical 111, signs for c and 9, a sign for st, and omits the p ; the latter in conformity with the modern Irish, though according to Ebel and Pictet the loss of p in the Celtic is capable of proof. If the Gaulish appears to approach to the Gtadhelic in

* P+3-tdtrs, fair,’ or handsome forehead ;’ argw-taluu, white forehead;’ arp Ir. white. 112 ON GAULISH NAMES, some things, it separates itself from both the other Celtic dialects in its mode of forming names of places and persons. These names, which here as elsewhere belong to the oldest and most primitive evidences of the language once prevailing in a country, form for the Gaulish the larger part, and with the inscriptions the whole, of the materials at our disposal, and are the more valuable, because the date of some among them is accurately fixed. Names of places may be either simple or compound. In such composite names as consist of two members, the one generally designates the nature or character of the place itself, as town or field; the other qualifies and limits the general descriptive element, and designates some particular quality by which it is to be distinguished from all others of the same species. Wherever history or tradition has placed the Gauls-h Gaul proper, in Italy, in Spain, along the southern borders of the Danube, and in Britain-we find names of places having a strong family likeness, and all formed upon a common plan. The greater number of these names are composite, consisting of two elements, the second or terminal element being, -dunurn, -mngus, -duru?va,-ritzim, -bona, hga, -briva, -rigurn,, -lanum, -rude. Aupsto-dunum, Eburo-briga. Csesaro-magus, Samaro-briva, Divo-durum, Dario-rigum, Ande-ritum, Medio-lanum, Julio-bona, Carpento-racte. These names gathered from a region extending from northern Italy on the one hand to northern Britain on the other, and stretching from the western shores of Gaul eastward along the southern bank of the Danube, are all evidently formed on the same model. If we look at the names of places occupied by tribes of Teutonic origin we find they also are true compounds, composed of two elements, the secand of which is limited and defined by the first. The first component may be the name of a man, as Friedrichstadt, Georgetown; of animals, Deer- hurst, WoEfsteila ; of birds, Raoensworth, Swallowjeld ; of BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 113 trees or herbs, Ashtofa, Oakleiylz ; of minerals, Satzdhurst, Stoneham. The second member of the compound is a word indicating the nature of the settlement, as -tun (ton), an enclosed space, from a garden to a village or town; -ham, with the same signification; -bzwh, -burg, a fortified enclosure; -i%orp, -by, a village, etc. Or of words indicating the nature of the soil, as -heath, -moor, -mere, -clifl, -cornbe, -Aim, -well, -brook, -ford, -wood, -jell, etc. The modern Celtic languages, though as rich in compound words, and endowed with equal facilities for their formation as the German, adopt an entirely different and opposite method in the formation of names of places. Where one of the words which enters into the name of a place is the name of a man, an animal, or other definite object by which the general idea conpeyed by the other word contained in the name is liniited and described, it occupies in the Irish and Welsh the second place, as in German it occupies the first. In other words those substantives which in the German dialects form the terminal element of the compound name, as town, field, wood, occupy the first place in the modern Celtic. Neither do they form the first element of a compound word. In the Irish and Welsh the names of places are not true compounds ; in the older Irish manuscripts the two substantives, or the substantive and adjective which make up the name of a place are written as separate words ; the second, which is governed by the first, is in the genitive case presenting its proper inflexion, and in many instances the definite article is prefixed where the sense requires it, a8 will be seen in the following examples : IRISH.' DUN,a fortress, a hill fort. Dun Cuind, the fort of Conn. Dun Neill, the fort of Neill. Dm na n-Gall, the fort of the strangers. Dun Edin, Edinburg.

1 These examples are taken from the different works published by the Irish Archseological Society, and Mr. O'Curry's Lectures on. the MS. maleriala for Ancient Irish History. 8 114 ON GAULISH NAMES,

Dun Peleder, Shaftes-bury. Dm an righ (ROW Doonareo), the fort of the king. Dun na-n-gedh, the fort of the geese. MAGII,a plain. Magh Hy Gadra, O’Gara’s plain. Magh Broin,‘ Bron’s plain. Magh Adair, the plain of worship. Magh sen-chineoil, the plain of the Old Tribe. Magh gamnach, the plain of the milch cows. CLUAIN,a fertile plain, or field. Cluain Eoghain (Cloonowen), the field of Eoghain. Cluain Mac Nois (Clonmacnoise), the field of Mac Nois. Cluain ferta (Clonfert), the field of the grave (of St. Brendan). Cluain Miolain (Clonmellan), the field of St. Miolain. TIR, land, country. Tir Amalgaidh (Tirswley), the country of Amalgaidh. Tir Eogain, the country of Eogain. ARD, a hill. Ard O’Ceallaigh, O’Kelly’s hill. Ard Bo, the hill of the ox. Ard Maoldubhain, Maoldubhain’s hill. Ard Achadh (Ardagh), hill-field. SLIABH,a mountain. Bliabh Guaire, the mountain of Guaire. Sliabh Cairbre, the mountain of Cairbre. MULLACH,a hill. Mullach Ruadha (Mullaghroe), the hill of Ruadh (wife of Eing Dathi). TULLACH,a hill. Tullach Tuathail, the hill of Tuathal. TIGH,a house. Tigh Moling, the house of St. Moling. LONG,a fortified house. Long Laighean, the house of Leinster. Long Mumham, the house of Muster. Eom. Bron ; Ben. I3roin. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 115

LIOS,a palace or fort. Lios Cuimin, Cuimin’s palace. CATHAIR,a stone fort. Cathair Conroi, Conroi’s fort. RATH,a fortified mound. Rath Branduibh, Braudnibh’s Rath. Rath Laeghaire, Laegaire’s Rath. CILL, a church. Cill Bhrigde, St. Bridget’s church. Cill Ronain, St. Ronan’s church. BAILE,a town. Baile Hy Rourke (Ballyrourke), O’Rourke’s town. Baile na cille (Ballynakill) Church-town. ACHADH,a field. Achadh bo (Aghaboe), Cow’s field. Achadh fada (Aghada), Long field. Achadh Conaire (Achonry), Connor’s field. ATH, a ford. Ath cliath, the hurdle ford. Ath Aodh, Aodh’s (i.e. Hugh’s) ford. Ath buidh (Athboy), the yellow ford. Ath na riogh (Athenry), the king’s ford. Ath Ferdiach (Ardee), Ferdiach’s ford.’ SLIGHE,a road. Slighe Asail, Slighe Cualann, the five great roads of Slighe Dala, Slighe Midluachra, Ireland. Slighe Mor, i BRUIGHEAN,zl court. Bruighean Da choga, the court of Da choga. Bruighean Da derga, the court of Da derga. Tobar Phadruig, St. Patrick’s well. Tochar Phadruig, St. Patrick’s causeway. Teampuil Phadruig, St. Patrick’s church. Tearmon Dhairbhile, St. Dhairbhile’s termon or aanc tuary . 1 Ferdiach was slain by Cuchullin in single combat about the famous Bull of Cuailgne. 116 ON GAULISH MAMES,

Caislean Conchobar, Castleconnor. Caislean Hy Maille, 0’ Malley’s castle. Cros Phadruig, St. Patrick’s cross. CruacanPhadruig(Croaghpatrick) St. Patrick‘s rock. Drum Coluim, St. Columb’s hill. Gleann Neimthinne, Neimthinne’s valley. Carn Oiliolla, Oilioll’s cam. Carraig Aodha, Aodh’s rock. Ceathrama Mhic Conn, the quarter (district) of the sons of Conn. These examples, which might be multiplied to any extent, s&ce to show the method of the Irish in forming the names of places, The same form prevails in the other Celtic dialects, and if there are a few apparent exceptions, they for the most part adniit of explanation.‘ The other Neo-Celtic dialects follow the same method. WELSH. Din Evwr, the fortress of Evwr. Trc Madoc, the town of Madoc. Lllan Stephan, the enclosure of Stephen. Carn Llewellyn, the stone heap of Llewellyn. Caer Offa, the fort of Offa. Caer Caradawe, the fort of Caradawg. Bedd Gelert, the grave of Gelert. Ruarth Arthur, the ox-fold of Arthur. Plas Captain, the Captain’s place. Cae Doctor, the Doctor’s field.

1 Gluck (Die bei C. J. Caesar vorkommendan Keltischcn Namen, p. 125) asserts that the Irish form the names of places in the same manner m the Gauls, and brings forward as examples, Fcrnmagh as the same as Verno-magus, the alder field ; Ardmagb, Armagh = Ardu-maps, High field ; Senmagh= Seno-magus, Old field. But, accordin to the Irish authontics, Ard-magh is a corru tion of Ard-macha, the hill of hfacha (the wife of Nemedius), and as the neightouring plain was called Magh Macha, this is most probably the true etymolog Fear. moighe in the county of Antrim is explained by O’Bricn BS Fir-maigte-Feine, and it is by no means clear that the Fearn in Fearnmuighe, in the county of Monaghan means an alder-tree. Fearcmn is land, territory ; fearan-eloidhirn, sword-land. What Sen-inagh and Dar-magh cited by Glnck may mean does not appear, but Eanach duin is not as he supposes Enach dun=Enaca-dunuwi, the fort in the bog, but a name similar to Rinn duin, the peninsula of the fort (Annals of Ireland, by Donnellan, p. 28, note), Enach &in is therefore ‘the marsh-land of the fort.’ BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., FAA. 117

CORNISH. Tren-goff, the smith’s dwelling. Ros-melin, the mill valley. Tre-silian, Julian’s town. Tre-sadern, Saturnus’ town.‘ ARMORIC. Bro C’hall, he land of the Gaul. Bro Saoz, the land of the Saxon. Pen-march, head of the horse (promontory). Where a descriptive name is made up of a substantive and adjective, and a true compound word is formed, the adjective sometimea follows the substantive, as IRISH. Ardglas, green hill. Cluainfada, long field. sometimes precedes it, as Dubh-abhain, black river. Aitheac-port, plebeian village. WELSH. Tx-COCh, red-house. Hen-dre, old town. The only ancient name in IreIand which appears to depart from the common rule is one mentioned by Ptolemy, Maco- Zicon. Another class of names in Gaul are the derivatives in ac or ie : A&-acum, prcedium Aviti’; Juli-acum, Tiberi-acum, Aureli-mum, Pompei-acum, Corboni-acum, ‘locus qui a Cor- bone viro inclyto Corboniacus dicitur ;’ and in the inscription from Nismes, matrebo Namausik-abo.’ Derivatives of this form are couunon in the other Celtic dialects, and the Ar- morican especially has the forms, kanab-ek, a hemp-field. kelenn-ek, a holm-oak-place. kenneud-ek, a firewood-place. lin-ek, a flax field. sechor-ek, a drying-place.

1 A name of several ecclesiastics in the Iiber Landevensis. 118 ON GI4ULISH NAMES,

In the Welsh we have the adjectives Morgan-auc, the country of Morgan ; Brychein-auc, the country of Brychan ; the word giclat being either expressed or understood. In the Welsh also words are formed with the suf€ixed word ma, a place. powys-va, a resting-place. aer-va, a battle-place. redeg-va, a chariot-place. But when compounded with names of men this word is prefixed, as Ma-meuric = Mauric-o-magus. The two forms which have been described are seen side by side in names of places derived from rivers : Roto-magus, the field or plain by the Roth, Vero-lamium, on the Ver, Samaro-briva, on the Somme, Duro-cornovium, on the Churn ; and Autric-urn,’ on the Autara (the Eure). Avaric- um, on the Avar (Evre). Names derived in this mod0 from the names of rivers do not occur either in wales or in Ireland. We have Brugh Boinne, the Brugh or Court on the Boyne ; Bally-Shannon, the town on the Shannon ; Llandaff, Llansoar, the house on the Taff, on the Soar ; Dundee, the fort on the Dee ; but no derivation from the name of a river. We may observe that towns having the names of both forms occur in most of the Gaulish territorial divisions : Remi, Bibrax, Sequani, Vesontio, [ Duro-cortorum, { Eburo-dunum. Bibracte, Iculisma. (Edui, ( Novio-dunurn, Santones, { Medidanurn. Agedincum, Genabum, Senones, Autessio-durum. Carnutes, ( Vellauno-dunum. Gergovia, Arverni, { Uxello-dunum. 1 Autricum now Chartres, the chief cit of the Carnutes, was the ‘Druidarum sedes,’ the aupposed centre of Gaul, and ciief seat of that hierarchy. The word Aotrou in horic, and peculiar to that dialect, means ‘Lord,’ is used in the Armoric translation of the book of Ruth, “ Legonidec Gramm. Celto-Bretonne ” for 4 the Lord,’ i.e. KU~I~EJehovah. It is possible that the name of thk town Autricw may be connected with the name of the deity. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., FS.A. 119

The form of these Gaulish names is that of the other Indo- European races, except the Latin : SANSKRIT. Siva-pura, Siva’s town. Raja-nagara, King’s fort. SCLAVONIAN. 8okula-hora, Falcon-hill. Taur-kalnai, Bull-field. Biel-grad, White-town. GREEK Phifippo-polis, Areio-pagos. The Romans did not make use of compound names of places. The older names of Italy, Populonia, Cortona, Tus- culum, Clusium, Mamertum, Lavilzium, Ardea, Iguvium, AEbn, Boma, Verona, appear to be derivatiyes; the later names Floreratia, Plnceni!in, Pollentia, Palentia, are in the nature of epithets of ‘urbs,’ ‘civitas,’ understood. When two sub- atantives are employed, the second is generally governed by the first: Ebrum Julii, Portus Herculis, Lucus Augusti, etc., and in this they agree with the Irish. Irish. Latin. Rath Cormac, like Turris Caesaris. Lis-mor, Curia nova. Brugh Laogh, Villa Faustini. Tiobar Patraic, Fons Sexti. Cil Cairpre, Fanum Martis. Sligh righ, Via Appii. Magh Sleacht, Campus Martius. Ros Brandiubh, Lucus Augusti. There are, however, evident traces in the names of Oscan toms of a mode of formation similar to those of Gaul. Ndv-lanus, and Nh-krinum, afterwards Nolanus (Nola) and Nuceria, the first element of which must be = Gaulish Novio-: Aku-dunniu, the Oscan name of Aquilonia. The Umbrian names, on the other hand, appear to be like the Latin : Ocre Fisi (both words declined) ‘ to the hill of Fisius,’ totar Jovinar, ‘of the town of Iguvina.’ Both the Oscan and the Umbrian resemble the Cymric rather than the 120 ON GAULISH NAMES,

Gadhelic and the Latin in the preference of the labial to the guttural. Oscan. Umbrian. Latin. pis, Pis, quis. pod, panupei, quandoque. pone, quum. pan, quam. pieis, cujus. suaepis, siquis. pante, quanta. petor, quatuor. pomptis, quinque. Our vocabulary of Gaulish topographical names is limited almost to the few terminal words above-mentioned. We have not yet obtained the words for ‘ wood,’ ‘mountain,’ ‘river,’ ‘lake,’ ( pool,’ ‘ stream,’ ‘ ford,’ ‘ road,’ ‘ village,’ etc. The absence of the Irish inbhir, Welsh aper, ‘the mouth or influx of a river,’ is remarkable, unless the latter is to be found in the British Abravannus, and the Gaulish Abrinca- tui.’ The -rit in Anderitum may be the Cymric rit, a ford, and -raturn in Argento-ratum, the Irish rath. The unknown word brim must evidently have meant a ford or passage of a river of some kind.?- We have no Gaulish name for ‘wood,’ ‘mountain,’ (river,’ or ‘lake,’ unless the Laus- of Lausdunurn represents an ancient laghas, Ir. loch, Zacus. The bilingual inscription of Todi shows that the word cam, a tumulus or sepulchral stone heap, was common to all

1 The river Phrudis, placed by Ptolemy at the mouth of the Somme, is evidently the Cymric Frwd, Ir. Sruth, given to the Samar by thb neighbollring Bri- tanni. 2 There ie a curious passage in Wace’s Brut, from which it would appear that he undentood the word to have signified, a city. Speaking of Saxons in Britain, he sap, Et toe lea nom8 et lee langages Volrent fenir de lor linages Por Keir volrent Cestrc dire Et por sor flrmt nomer sire Et hri4 firent apeler tone Mup en Galois en Englom sow En Galois est Keir cite ”en fu brief vile, 801’ cont6 Et auquant client cent contree Wace’e Brut, Y. 15191. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 121 the Celtic dialects, and the word logan in the same inscription, which is the equivalent of artvan on the same monu- ment, probably furnishes us with the etymology of the logan- stones of Cornwall. Artvan is the Gaulish equivalent of the Cymric Maen-hir, lofty-stone, in the Armoric still more nearly preserved as PeuFvan.1 The names of rivers in Gaul appear to have Irish rather than Cymric etymologies. Gaul. Ireland. Rhod-anus, Sionnan. Medu-ana, Bo-be. Segu-ana, Annann. Matro-na, Suic-in. Axo-na, Garum-na, Gar-onna, f Inc-aun-us, Sauco-anna, Tarv-enna, Lam-anna, The Gaedhelic ir, = water ; in Cormac’s glossary, en, i. uisce. In Gaulish ona had the same meaning as we learn from Ausonius, who, in explaining the name of Divona, a fountain, and also a city of the Cadurci, says, “Divona, CeItarum lingua, fons addite divis.” In Wales the names of rivers are for the most part formed with the suffix wy for gui: Wye = pi, Min-gui = Mon-wy, Mowd-wy, Gavenn-y, Ta-wy, Ol-wy, DOV-y, GUrIU-wy, Con-way. Also represented in Gaul, by Dubis, Sar-uba, Sabis, Na-va.

1 See the papers of Mr. Whitley Stokes, LLUeberdie insehrift von TO&,” Bcitmge mr Perglsicla Spfach. ii. 66. He reah artvas an accusative plural of a fem. a-stem, artud,.a graveetone. 122 ON QAULISH NAMES,

In ancient Britain, by Corno-vi-um, the Churn. Cono-vi-um, the Conway. De-va, the Dee. To-bi-us, the Tawe. In another particular the form of the Gqulish compound names, differs from those of the Neo-Celtic dialects. The fist psrt of the compound ends in a great majority of case8 in o. Augusto-dunurn, Julio-bona, Vellauno-dunum, Vindo-bona. Wovio-dunum, Arto-briga, Melo-dunum, Samaro-briva, Divo-durum, Medio lanum, Czesaro-magus, Tauro-ventum, Roto-magus, Nemeto-cenna, Dario-rigum. The 8ame also in the names of tribes or nations. Bello-vaci, Eburo-vices, Lemo-vices, &lo-broges, Velio-casses, Taco-magi. and of men, Ambio-rix, Dumno-rix, Orgeto-rix, Virido-vix, Cingeto-pix, Bello-vesua, Indutio-marus, Sigo-vesus, Virdo-marus, Deio-tam. This o is sometimes changed for iand u. Verbi-genus, Catu-volcus, Mori-tasgus, Veru-doctius, Mori-dunum. According to Grimml the method originany employed by the German languages in the formation of compound words, was the interposition of a composition-vowel (binde-vocal) between the two members of the compound, by which means every compound word was at least trisyllabic, as vein-a-tabs, dam-a-vards. In the language8 of this stem, the composition-vowel

1 Deutsohe Gremmatik, YOLii., p. 410. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 123 was originally a, though in the earliest monuments of the Germanic tongues, which have come down to us, in the proper names of individuals preserved by Roman writers, the vowel o occupies the place of a as a composition-vowel, as: Ectng-a- bar& marc-o-manni, mur-0-boduus, ari-o-vistus, etc. Although a or o derived from n was the only vowel used as a true con- necting medium, i and u are also found in like position, though they owe their existence to another cause. Thus, we have in the Gothic, hand-u-vaurts, aurt-i-gards, etc. The use of the composition-vowel was gradually lost in the Ger- man language, though in the Old Frankish names of the sixth and seventh centuries, a similar form still makes its appearance ; Dag-o-bertus, vulf-o-leudus, karol-o-mannus, etc.' Whatever view may be entertained of the nature of the central vowel in compound words, the fact remains that the form in the Gaulish is identical with that of the Greek, Ger- man, and Sclavonic tongues, and different from that which prevails in the other Celtic languages. Zeuss has observed8 that of three ancient composition vowels employed in Gaulish compounds 0, i, and u, the use of which after the Roman times rapidly fell away, not a single example is to be found in the most ancient monuments of either the Irish or the Welsh languages. He believes, however, that traces of the existence of their use are to be found in the change effected in the initial consonant of the second word of some compounds, where no apparent cause exists for such affection. This cause he suggests is to be found in the original termination of the first word of the compound in a vowel afterwards lost, though the change it had affected in the following consonant has been retained. The names of individuals afford much less satisfactory

1 Bopp, however, entertains a different view of the nature of the terminal vowel in the first member of a compound word. In his o inion a composition vowel is altogether unknown to the German languages. '!'he Gothic, he saw, never makes use of it, and does not require one, as it has but few bases which end in a consonant, and these are rincipally such as terminate in n, and these, as in Sanscrit, 6x1 press the n at tie beginning of compounds; auga-dauro, window (eye-door , traugan-dauro. Comp. Grammar, p. 1374, Eastwick's Tram * Gr. delt. p. 191. 124 ON GAULISH NAMES, elements of comparison, a8 they are more likely to pass over from one nation to another, and to be adopted by different tribes either from conquest or immigration. There is, however, in the Gaulish names a family likeness which cannot be mistaken; and this likeness has its counterpart to som0 extent among the names of German origin. The Gcaulish also resembles the Greek mode of forming proper names, ae much ag it differs from the Latin. By the side of the simple forms from Czsar, as Galba, Aha, Louern, ACCO,Liscus, Cottus, Iccius, and the derivations in ac, e'c, Divit-i-ac-us, Dumnac-us, Castic-us, etc. ; and from the inscriptions, Crisp, Doiroa, ESOS,Garos, Virius, Coisis, Bovius, etc., we have LI, number of names compounded with the terminal -pix, a king or chief; -mar, a chief, or lord ; -dumnus, hereditary chief, heir-apparent (Ir. domhgraas, hereditary) ; -veZlaunos, a ruler, and the suffixes gen-us, cnos, and gnat-us, which serve to form patronymics. The names ending in -rix and -mar bear a gttrong- resemblance to names of known Teutonic origin; Gauls. Germans. Sego-mar-0s. Sigi-mar. Teuto-mar-us. Thiud-mar. Indutio-mar-us. ] Wig-mar. Latho-mar. Chnodo-mar; Dumno-rix. Eua-rix. Cinget-o-rix. Baito-rix. Epo-redo-rix. Malo-rix. Ambio-rix, Crupto-rix.' and compare with Greek names, RS, Gauls. Greeks. Catu-rix. Polem-archos. Teuto-mar-us. Dem-archos. Cati-volc-us. Polemo-klonos. (Battle-hawk) (Battle-confounder) Lugoto-rix. Strati-arches. Touto-nert-us. Demo-crates. 1 These three names are placed by Forsteman among the Old German names. He gives 210 names in ri@,vic, ria. BY D. .W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 125

These names also resemble in form the Slavonian names with the suffix Slav, glory : Dobro-slav. = Agatho-cles. Bobo-slav. - Theo-cles. Vladi-slav. = Archi-cles. And in mir = O.H.G. mari, famous,1 Luto-mir, Jaro-mir, Vladi-iir, Neda-mir, also Sveto-pluku, ‘having a strong army;’ and such compounds as the following, which might well be employed as personal epithets : volo-glavu, bull-headed. gasto-bradu, thick-bearded. ruso-vlasu, yellow-haired. krato-vlasu, short-haired. There are no doubt some names in Irish legendary, and perhaps also in real history, which may be compared with Gaulish names. Teachtmar, Reachtmar, Iondatmar, Conrigh = Cunorix, and perhaps most of the names commencing with Con. We cannot compare the Welsh names from the Gododin or from the Liber Landavensis, because the names obtained from these sources which resemble Gaulish names are in all probability immediately derived from the names of true Gauls. But TaLiesin, ‘ shining forehead,’ and Tal-haiarn, ‘ iron forehead,’ true Welsh names, decidedly bear a striking resemblance to such Gaulish names as Dafino-talus, Argio-talus, Samo-talus, Pqo-talus, with precisely the difference of form which the Gaulish names of places would lead us to expect. In the Liber Land. and the Armorican Chartularies, we have names compounded with a terminal -ri = rix: Bled-ri, Clot-ri, Jud-ri, which must be looked on as descended from Gaulish prototypes. As a general rule in Irish names the word signifying ‘ servant,’ ‘ disciple,’ etc., comes before the personal name which defines it, as Giolla Patrick, Gilla Mac Liag, Mae1 Brigit, W.Maelgwn,

1 According to Petters, Beitr. z. V. S. i. 136, the Slavic sdx mir is not E O.H.G. mu&, but dgnifies ‘peace,’ Germ. ‘frid.’ 126 OX GAULISH NAMES, while in Gtaulish names it comes last, as Seno-macilus, Tascio- magulus. It may, however, be doubtful whether mae2 in these names of post-Christian origin represents the Gaulish nzagilus, in the sense of ‘puer,’ ‘servus;’ or is not rather intended for mod, ‘ bald,’ ‘ the shaven one,’ i.e. the disciple who has re- ceived the tonsure of Bridget, Patrick, etc. The word mad occurs, however, in Irish legendary names belonging to pre- Christian times.’ We have a remarkabls instance of a name belonging to the point of time between Paganism and Chris- tianity in Giolla Christi ua Maoil-beltaine, “Gt. C. d.e. the servant of Christ, grandson of M.B. i.e. the disciple (or priest) of the Beltain” (the sacred fire lighted at the vernal equinox by the Irish Druids)? It is probable that many of the compound Gaulish names are titles or epithets of dignity like Vergo-bretus, the title of the chief magistrate of the adui, whose proper name was Liscos. We have a striking instance of apparently titular names in the two brothers, mduan chiefs, of whom the rix or political chief was called Dumno-rix, ‘ lord of the world ;’ the Druid or religious chief, Divit-i-aws ‘ he who belongs to the gods.’ 3 The Irish and Welsh proper names abound in secondary names, descriptive of personal qualities, or intellectual character, such as : Cormac Conloingeas, 0.the Exile or Voyager (chief of ships). Cormac Ceolach, C. the musical. Fergus Dubhdeadach, F. the black-toothed. Amergin Gluingeal, A. the white-kneed.

1 The charioteer of St. Patrick was called in Irish Tot-mael, in Latin !Z’o‘olut Calvue. but it is not clear which is the translation and which the original. Defuuctus est auriga illius (Saucti Patricii) et sepelivit illum aurigam Totum Calvum, Le. Totmael, etc.-Book of Armagh. 2 Dr. O’Conor Rer. Hiberu. Scr. iii, 754. Gr. Celtic. ref. p. xxiii., note. a We ought not to ass over the names of the two amgassadors sent to Cesar by the Helvetii, whicg have all the appearance of being titles or epithets; they are : Nameius, the holy’ (Ir. naomh, ‘a saint’) ; Veru-doctius, the truly learned,’ or ‘he who teaches the truth ;’ who were in all probability Druids, and, with the exception of Divitiacus, the only persons of that hierarchy Who68 names have been preserved. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 127

Aengus Gabuaidech, A. of the poisoned spear. Caibre Liffeachair, C. of the Liffey. Aedh Ruadh, A. the red. Colla Uais, C. the noble. Colla Meann, C. the stammerer. Colla Fochri, C. the earthy. Cathal Og, C. the younger. Ruaidri na Sag buidhe, R. of the yellow Npear. Cathal Crobdearg, C. the red-handed. Niall Glundubh, N. black-knee. Cormac Ulfada, C. long-beard, Sometimes the epithets alone are given : Glun salach, dirty-knee (a monk). Lamh ruadh, red hand. Cean-mar, great head. Among Welsh names we hd Caswallon Lawhir, C. long-hand. Caradoc Breichbras, C. strong-arm. Morgan Mwynfawr, M. the courtequs. Caso Hir, C. the tall. Myrddin Gwyltt, M. the wild. In the Gaulish and Gallo-Roman ihscriptions we find a series of double names, of which the second name appears in many instances to be a territorial appellation, an epithet giving the name of the birthplace, city or country of the person, as Segomaros Villoneos, Iartai(os) (I)llanoitakos, Tarknos Vossenos, (Matrebo Namausikabo). Licnos Contextos, Others appear to be epithets, Mandalonius Gratus, Viducus Pilius, Trouceteius Vepus, Jannussias Gedus. These double names of the Gaulish inscriptions are by Gluck, Monin, and others, and apparently rightly so, attri- buted to the influence of Roman customs. Becker 1 holds a contrary opinion, but the great number of names which are evidently either half Roman or certainly imitations of Roman 1 Beitrrege E. Vergl. Spr. iii. 538. 128 ON GAULISH NAMEB, names gives it great probability. Such double names a$ N. Folvius Gratus, Naizdalonius Gratus, Gratus Yindonius, Yin- clillius Peruincus, Yilzdelicus Burinus, Rufus Contus, Cossus Curavinus, certainly favour the idea of a Gallo-Roman imitation. The few names of women obtained from the Gaulish inscriptions rather resemble those of the Romans, feminine forms of the names of men : Gauls. Romans. Drut-a. Julia. Ssrr-a Cornelia. Cintu-gena . Litu-gena. In the Irish and Welsh the names of women are chiefly descriptive, and of a highly poetic character : Finnabhair, the fair-browed. Sgoth, the flower. Eurdillad, W. golden-robe. Feidlim Nuadruthach, F. of the ever new form. Macha Mongruadh, M. the red-haired.' The relation of filiation is expressed in the Gaulish inscriptions by means of the suffixes -cnos, -gen, and -gnatos added to the name of the father, as Druti-cnos, son of Drntos. 0ppiani-cnos, son of Oppianos. Toutissi-cnos, son of Toutissos. Camulu-genos, son of Camulus. Cin tu-gnatos, first-born. B oduo-gn atos, victory-born. which answer exactly to the Greek forms Dio-genes, Dio-gnatus,- ] Jove- born. and is, indeed, the form employed in most of the branches of the Indo-Germanic stock, except the Latin. In Sanscrit, Ucanas Eavyaya, U. the son of Kavya. Eatsa Arjuneya, K. the Non of Arjnn.

1 The names of the two sisters of St. Patrick appear to be more Latin than Irish, Lupait and Tiglis, which m$ht be interpreted 'the she-wolf,' and 'the tigress.' In the old Glossaries, and in O'Brien, Lupait is a name for a pig. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 129 or withputra, a son, suffixed, as Daxi-putra, son of Daxi.1 In the Sclavonic dialects, patronymics are formed by the sufFixes -itscA, -vitz, -of. Eugenius Giorgo-vitz. Josephus Gregoro-vitz. Demetrius Petro-vitz. In the Scandinavian, and other Teutonic tongues : Olaf Andersson. Snorro Sturluson, etc. Hendrik Laurenszoon. Pietr Korneliszoon, This relationship is also expressed in Gaulish names as in the Latin by giving to the father’s name the inflexion of the genitive case, as Dannotali, F. Viriatus Tancini, F. Vassa Saccavi, F. Vocius Flacci, Virius Macconis, F. Flaccus Clutami, etc. Remi Filia, in which one might certainly be tempted to see simply a Latin form. In the oldest as in the newest of the Irish and Welsh forms, and in all the names that tradition has handed down, and which may be supposed to have retained tJheir ancient form, this relation of father and son is expressed by the word mac in Irish, map in Welsh, invariably prefixed to the name of the father. The Irish and Welsh names so far resemble the Latin, that the name of the father is governed by the word son, mac, map, jilius, which in the two former always precedes, in the Latin may either precede or succeed the father’s name. In the Irish as in the Latin the governed word receives the inflexion of the genitive case, as Jfac Glais, the son of Glus, Hac Fergusa, the son of Fergus, etc. The oldest monumental inscription in Ireland (not Oghamic), that on the sepulchral stone of Lughnatan, the nephew of St. Patrick, and son of that saint’s sister Lie-

1 Panini, the grammarian, named after his mother Daxi, and also called Daxaya. 9 130 ON GAULISH NAMES, mania, presents this form, Lie Lugnaedon mncc Zmeniich, “ The stonc of Lugnacdon, son of Lemenuch.” In Adam- nan’s Life of St. Columba, is mentioncd a person whose name in Latin signified ‘filius iiavis,’ ‘(scoticg vero linguh Nacizacc.” In thc Martyrology of Donegal, a list of the saints of Ircland, thc materials of which were collected by the O’Clerys in thc seventeenth century, we find a few namcs, apparently compounded with mnc, ‘ a son,’ placed at the end : Bfathmac, ‘ son of the flower,’ interpreted Flori- genus or Florus, and Ponnmnc, ‘fair youth.’ This Bluthmac was the son of Fluiiiz, the name is not thcrcfore a true patronymic, and the word rnac is used in a poetical scnsc. So also the word FeFnaac is interpreted by the old commen- tators to mcnn the ‘ son of the poet,’ that is, the disciple or student of the science.‘ The Oghamic name Corpimaqas, discovered by Dr. Graves,t seems to be of this kind, meaning according to the doubtful etymology of Cormac rnac Cuile- nan, ‘thc son of the chariot,’ that is, probably, the charioteer, We have othcr names compounded with corb, Ct4- corb, Con-cod, Fcr-corb, different in form from the Oghamic Corpimaqas. In othcr Oghamic inscriptions we find the form which is otherwise universal in the oldest Irish documents. Nocati maqi maqi Retti, (the stone) of Nocat, son of the son of net; Niqi maqi Atilogdo, of the son of the aon of Atilogdo.3 A Welsh name in the Gododin, a poem of the sixth or seventh century, the oldest transcript of which, ex- tant, is of the twelfth century, is that of Owenabwy for Owen- mabwy, very nearly resembling in form the Oghamic Corpi- maqae. Gwenabwy is said to be the son of Gwen, ‘Gwen- abwy mab Gwen.’ The name is not therefore a patronymic meaning ‘ the son of Gwen,’ but a compound name signifying ‘ the fair youth,’ corresponding to the Irish Fionnmnc. The Welsh bards have preserved in their bardic dialogues the

See Professor O’Curry’8 Lectnres on the materials of Irish IiistorJ-Aipen; dix C. Similar forms are observed in the modern Gaelic, Uchduach, a opte son foster son, literally BOI~ of the breast,’ that ia, a suckling; and in the Welsh priocifafab, pviodnierch, bridegroom, bride. 2 Mr. Stokes in Beitr. z. V. 6. i. 448. 8 Ibid. ii. 102. BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., FAA. 131 word macwy in the sense of ‘pupil,’ ‘disciple,’ which the dictionary makers, with their usual ingenuity, have interpreted ‘ the son of the egg.’ Whether the termination wy in mucioy, nzabruy is the same as ui in Oudocui, Gzcorducui, Ubelui, Gwnopoui, Junabui, etc. of the Lib. Lan., I am not prepared to say, but in the name Merchuui = Merchwy, it seems to signify son, ‘ son of the virgin.’ Along with these names Corb-mnc, Blnth-mac, we must place the names Muity?ieti, Latinized Marigena, ‘ the sea- born ;’ Finyen interpreted ‘ fair offspring,’ and Latinized Florentius ; Aedyhein and Aedhgnat, Cognat, Banbhnat, Gobhnut, Sedhnnt, etc, ; names which we cannot distinguish in form from the Gaulish patronymics. In the Liber Land. and in the Armoric chartularies we have an abundance of names of this kind. Anau-gen, ‘ son of harmony,’ G‘uid-gen, ‘ son of knowledge,’ Cat-gen, ‘ son of battle,’ Mor-yen, ‘ sea- born,’ etc.2 These names are no doubt of Gaulish origin, and perhaps the Irish names above-mentioned should be referred to the same source, brought into their present con- nexion by Gaulish Christian missionaries. Before quitting the subject of proper names, we may notice a series of remarkable names among the Irish compounded with cu, a dog : Fael-chu, wild dog, wolf. Caol-chu, slender dog. Fionn-chu, white dog. Fidh-chu, wood dog. Geal-chu, white dog. Mael-dobhar-con, disciple of Dobhar-cu, the water-dog. Mur-chu, sea-dog ? Latinized Morcus. Mo-chu,3 my dog. and curiously enough all the above names were borne by

1 Zeuss, Gr. Celt. 1). 156, reads this termination biu, vivus. a In the Calendar of Aengus, supposed to hnve been originally composed in the ninth century, we have gedn, ‘ a son,’ or ‘ child ;’ in grin namre, ‘ the wonderful child.’ 3 In this name ;hu is considered to be the Welsb nl, ‘dear;’ Mo-chu, dlpgu, Mmgo, ‘my deu. 132 ON GAULISH NAMES, saints or churchmen, and are taken from the Martyrology of Donegal. The names of the tribes of Gaul as recorded by Cmar prcsent precisely the same characteristics as those of places and persons. Compound names : Lemo-vices, Bello-vaci. ELuro-vices. Catu-riges. Blanno-vices. Bitu-riges. Vero-inandui, Velo-casses. Allo-broges, Vidu-casses. and derivatives : Sequani. E buro-aes. Rerni. Seno-nes. Aedui. Picto-nes. Arverni. Santo-nes. Nervii. Suessio-nes. Menapii. Lingo-nes. Aulerci. Turo-nes. Venet-i. Atrebat-es. Hclvet-ii. Carnut-es. Namnet-es in which no distinction can be made between tribes terri- torially situated among the Belgao, the Celtao, or the Armoricani of Czsar. The names of places, tribes, and persons in ancient Britain have n decidedly Gaulish as distinct from a Neo- Celtic character. Thcse names occur from the province of Valentia between the two walls in the north, where we find Carbanto-rigimz, to Mari-dunum on the borders of Dcvonahire in the south-west, with outlying names of the aame kind along the lines of the principal roads, Medidanurn in the country of the Ordovices, Mariduwm in that of the Silures or Demete. Cacsar and Ptolemy mention tribes in Britain identical in name or in form with those of Gaul, Atrebates, Belgae, Parisii, Cnssii, and the former knew that the chief of the Belgic Suessioncs had then lately ruled over a part of Britain. Nearly the whole of Britain must at the time of the Roman conquests in the latter half of the first BY U. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 133

century have been in the possession of Gaulish tribes. The country of the Damnonii (Devonshire and Cornwall), that of the Silures and DemctE in South Wales, and perhaps a part of the north-western coast appear to have been occupied by a Cymric people. Tacitus remarked on the peculiar physical appearance of the Silures, and the difference between the names of the Demetao and Silures, and that of the Ordovices is very marked. The same comparison holds good as to the personal names in Gaul and Britain. Cassi-cellnunus, Cuno- Eteli?zus, Togo-dunnus, Cogi-dubizus, -L,ugoto-~ix, Sego-fiax, Taxi-magulus, Handu-bratfus, Prasu-tagus are evidently Gaulish, and contrast with the Silurian Caratac. It would seem as though in Britain a Cymric substratum lay beneath the Gaulish stratum deposited by the Belgze, Suessiones, and other Gaulish immigrants who had spread themselves over nearly the whole of the island as conquerors and masters. The Gauls absorbed in the Roman civilization fell with the fall of the Roman supremacy, and the language of the subject-population came again to the surface, as the relics of Roman greatness and the civilization of Roman Britain passed away before the spread of a German population on the one hand, and the devastations of the nati-i-e bar- barians on the other. Gaulish names of individuals still retained the hold which long usage and a time-honoured celebrity had given them ; but even these at last disappear, 'and are replaced by names of pure Cymric origin. The names of the Gaulish towns and cities of Britain, with the exception of some of the most important, the Latinized names of which were preserved by Latin ecclesiastical writers, were either replaced by barbarous appellations or altogether obliterated. The difference between Gaul and Britain in the preservation of the ancient names of cities and towns is very instruc- tive. In Gaul the Latin language continued to be used for centuries without interruption in official and ecclesiastical documents, and the Teutonic conquests caused no change in this respect. Augusto-dunum and Autessio-durum remained in these documents Augusto-dunum and Autessio-durum ; and 134 ON GAULISH NAMES, as the form of the spoken language changed from Gaulish-Latin to Romance, Augusto-dunum became Autun, and Autessio- durum Auxerre, just as ‘aperire’ became ouvrir, and ‘episcopus’ &pue. But in Britain the destruction of the Roman civilization, and the absence of an organized Christian church, left no standing-place for the Roman traditions. Itoman Britain became Saxon, and the semi-barbarous Cymric tribes who possessed themselves of power in the western parts of the island, affixed no meaning to the Gaulish names of the towns and cities which they destroyed. Thus Mari-dunutn which did not represent to the Cymric ear the Gaulish notion of ‘ sea-town,’ was called Caer-myrtin ; Luguballiuna, Caer Leo1 or Luilid; Segontiunt, Caer Seiont ; while to others they gave new appellations in a Cymric dialect, as Caer Pensaselcoit, Caer Gurcoch, etc. It is a reasonable inference that the people who gave to Mari-dunwn the name of C‘aer- myrtin did not speak the dialect in which the suffix dunum had the same meaning as their prefix caer. What is probable for Britain is also probable for Gaul. In this latter country we find a Cymric dialect preserved in the extreme western portion of Gaul, just as the Cymric dialect of the Welsh has been preserved in Britain. Immigration from Britain supplying strong reinforcements from Cymric tribes at a critical period bf their history, probably enabled the Cymric Gauls of Armorica to maintain their Cymric character, language and customs, while the points above-noticed, in which the Armorican and the Cornish differ from the Cym- ric and approach the Irish dialect,, should be ascribed to the mixture of Gaulish and Cymric elements brought together under the influence of strong pressure from without. The above comparisons show that a considerable number of compound names of places scattered throughout the whole Gallic area, are formed like names in other Indo-European languages; while the Neo-Celtic tongues the Irish and the Welsh, like the Latin, have adopted a different method, and the same observation applies to the names of individuals. The formation of names of places and persons certainly belongs to the genius of a language, and w0 can hardly con- BY 1). W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 135

ceive the possibility of the method of formation having changed, except under the pressure of foreign influences. The names Kirkpatrick and Mwykirk are characteristic of the different genius of the Celtic and German people in this respect. The oldest documents of the Irish language and the traditions which they embody present us with names of the former character. A pre-historic Druid, 80 famed for wisdom that he was supposed to have studied under Simon Magus in the East, was named Mogh Ruith, the slave or servant of Rut.’ Mogh Broin, the plain of Broin, is one of the oldest names in Irish history, and the forts of the Firbolg kings, the predecessors of the Milesians, are called Dun Righ and Dun Angusa. We may safely infer that the Irish Gadhels never formed names of places like Angus-o-dunas or Bron-o-magas. The method of forming these names, once impressed upon a language by the genius of a people, must be persistent and ineradicable so long as the language remains intact. Asci- burgium is still paralleled by Falken-berg ; the Irishman still has Castle-kelly, where the Saxon has Thomas-town : the Welshman Traeth-rnadoc, where the Englishman has Smith’s- crossing ; the modern Greek still calls himself Christiades, Marco-poulos. If any value attaches to the characteristic forms of thought which have prevailed in the creation of descriptive names of places and persons, the Gauls of the time of Caesar differed in this respect from the other Celtic nations as from their Latin congeners, and approximated to the German Sclavonic branch of the European division of languages. If we suppose the Gauls pushing forward along the line of the Danube and leaving on their way traces of their passage in the names of the towns they occupied, to have entered Gaul and found there a population, partly of Cymric, partly of Gadhelic tribes, whom they subjugated, some of the ethnological and philological problems connected with them would find a solu-

1 Compare the name of the god Roth, against whom, as an evil demon, the citizens of Rouen, ‘‘ Roto-magus,” were accustomed to pray in the Middle Agee.- Walkenaer. aeogr. de Gaule. 136 OX GAULISH NAMES, tion. It is no objection to this view that the tradition reported by Livy makes Sigovesus and his Gauls take the reverse direction and enter Germany by the way of the Her- cynian forest, while Bellovesus passed with tribes of the same race into Northern Italy, and founded the city of Medio-lanum. In the tumultuous changes of. locality among these semi- barbarous tribes, there may have been numeroua surgings backwards and forwards of the human wave ; but the general path of the Indo-European races has apparently been from east to west. It is probable that in their progress along the countries to the south of the Danube, at the foot of t,he Rhcetian Alps, contact with the Etruscan people imparted to the Gauls that system of religion, the rude divination, magic, auruspicy, which, added to the bloody rites and human sacrifices brought from the Sarmatian forests, made up the little understood though much vaunted system which some writers have described with 80 much minute detail under the name of Druidism. The picture which Cceesar draws of the social condition of Gaul seems to indicate the existence of a conquering race and a subject population. Only two classes, he says, were held in any cstimation, a warrior aristocracy, “ equites,” and a priesthood, the Druids. The mass of the people was in a state of serfage, some were reduced to actual slavery, a state of things very much the same as obtained in Roman Gaul aftcr the Frank conquest. By the side of the compound names of places above mentioned we find another series of a different and simpler description : Alesia Nemctum Axelate Genabum Agendicum Gergovia Bibrax Tullium Bibracte Vesontio and we have some slight evidence that these names are older than the composite ones. The chief town of the Aedui was Bihracte, and was so called in Caesar’s time ; this name wat3 afterwards changed to BY D. W. NASH, ESQ., F.S.A. 137 Augttsfo-dunum. The ancient capital of the Arverni was Gergovia ; aftcr its destruction by the Romans, a town called Nemetum became the capital, to which the appellation Au- gusto-nemetum was given. Bratuspantium, the capital of the Belgian Bellovaci (which appears, however, to be a compound name), mas afterwards called (or was replaced by a town called) Caesaro-magus. Alesiu, the capital of the Man- dubii, was reputed one of the most ancient towns of Gaul, and said to have been founded by the Tyrian Hercules. Autricum and Genabum were the chief towns of the Carnutes ; Agedili- cum or Ayendicum was that of the Senones ; Aventicum that of the Helvetii. Arela?e (Arles) was afterwards the capital of Gaul ; Vesontio (Besancon) was the capital of the Sequani, and Bibrax of the Rcini. The proper Gauls, fewer in number than the Topulatiops whom they conquered and reduced to servitude, were moreover decimated by their long and bloody struggles with the Roman power, and must ultimately have been absorbed into the mass of the people. That this was a Cymric people is rendered probable by the influences which an apparently Cymric dialect has had upon the formation of the Romance languages, not only the French, but also the Provencal and the Spanish. With this view of the occupation of Gaul in historical times by two different branches of the Celtic race, the ethnological deductions of If. Roget de Belloguet are in accordance, except that he looks upon the conquered population of Gaul as of Ligurian, to whom, I think, we ought to attribute a Cymric origin. The results of these investigations are of still greater im- portance for the early history of Britain. It is clear that, by the middle of the first century, a great portion of the island, not merely the south-eastern coast, was occupied by Gauls, who in language and most probably in manners and religion differed from thc more savage tribes of Cymric race. When Caesar says that the Druidic religion flourished more in Britain than in Gaul, we can understand that the rites carried over into the island by the early Gaulish settlers had 138 ON GAULISH NAMES. been preserved there in greater integrity than on the con- tinent, where German and Roman contact had already exercised an innovating influence. Instead of seeing in Britain at the date of the departure of the Romans, a nearly homogeneous people differing only in the more or less com- pleteness of their state of amalgamation with Rome, we see that there were two Celtic races, differing in language and in tradition, of whom the Cymric tribes, the less completely civilized of the two, rose in arms against their former masters and hereditary enemies, the moment the peace- compelling presence of the Roman government had been withdrawn. This view, moreover, serves to explain much in the Cymric traditions which has hitherto been inexplicable, and very greatly to add to the value of those traditions, by affording a reasonable explanation of their apparent incon- sistencies. It may be objected that the statement of Caesar to the effect that the Belgae differed from the Celt% not only in manners and customs, but also in language, affords a suffi- cient explanation of the existence of two Celtic dialects within the area of geographical Gaul. This view has been adopted by M. Thierry and other French historians and eth- nologists, who have generally assigned a Cymric origin to the Belgze, a Gadhelic one to the Celtae of Caemr. But the evidence derived from the character of names of places and persons throughout all Gaul docs not support these views. It is true, as M. Pietet has observed,l that the Gaulish inscriptions have hitherto been found only in the Celtic portion of Gaul, and that the language of the Marcellian formulae drawn €rom the same area, may be considered to be more Gadhelic than Cymric in its character; but no difference can be pointed out in the names of places between Belgic or Oeltic localities. It is not possible that if the two branches of the Celtic speech had been divided by the line of the Seine and the Marne, 8ome evidence of the fact should not be visible in the names of places in the two areas. Any such linguistic division of Gaul must also have been visible in the

1 Essai sur quelques inscriptions, etc. ON THE USE OF ‘WHO’ AS A RELATIVE. 139 formation of the Romance languages. This objection does not apply to the theory of two Celtic races spread throughout Gaul (excepting always the Rquitanian district south of the Garonne) of whom the earlier and more numerous population belonged to the Cymric branch, the later a Celtic people whose linguistic relations show them more nearly allied to the Gadhelic stem, by whom the Cymric tribes of Gaul and in part of Britain had been subjugated. The Roman conquest of both countries broke the yoke of the Gaulish military aristocracy, who, partly destroyed and partly assimilated by the Romans, were at last absorbed in the general mass of the Cymric population, which rose to the surface on the breaking up of the Roman empire.

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1X.-ON THE USE OF WHO ’IN THE NOMINATIVE, AS A RELATIVE, BEFORE A.D. 1627.-B~ F. J. FURNIVALL,ESQ. INthe Society’s Transactions for 1860-1, pp. 64, sq., Mr. Weymouth noted 1627 as the earliest date at which he had found the nominative who used familiarly as a relative. This was in the Siedge of Breda, written by Gerrat Barry, an Irish captain in the Spanish service. But not finding the word so freely used by contemporary English authors, Mr. Weymouth remarked on Barry’s use of it, “possibly this was an Irishism in 1627 !” “ It may, however, be affirmed that in English writers of later date, the relative wears much more the aspect of a stranger than in The &edge of Breda.” In common with the hearers of the paper, I was struck by the strangeness of the assertion that who had not been used earlier in the sense so well known to us, and relying on Mr. Weymouth’s “rather extensive search among the early English writers both of prose and poetry,” I acknowledged the seeming strength of the negative evidence brought forward to support the proposition laid down. The writer made no recklessly positive assertion on the date of the use of who, but with due caution said, ‘(It will be evident that I do not profess to have answered the question I have thrown out, ‘what English