Scientific Name Index

A Arbutus unedo 130 Argyroxiphium 423 Acacia 8, 298, 350, 351 Argyroxiphium sandwicense 437–439 Acacia mellifera ssp. detinens 367 Aristida 321 Acacia nebrownii 350, 351 Aspidosperma fendleri 138 Acanthocereus tetragonus 274 Asplundia 175 Acanthus ilicifolius 230 Atta colombica 93, 94 Acetobacter 346 Avicennia corniculatum 246, 247, 251, 252 Acisanthera uniflora 361 Avicennia eucalyptifolia 230 Acrostichum aureum 232, 233, 255, 256, Avicennia germinans 231, 234, 237, 241, 258 244–249, 253, 270, 290 Actinostrobus 364 Avicennia marina 230, 243, 245–247, 249, Adansonia 330 252–254, 256 Adansonia digitata 329, 330 Axonopus 321 Adansonia gregorii 330 Axonopus purpusii 339 Aechmea aquilega 161, 162 Azoarcus 346 Aechmea fendleri 161, 162 Azolla 348 Aechmea lingulata 177, 184 Azorhizobium 349 Aechmea nudicaulis 207, 266–268 Azotobacter 346 Aegialitis annulata 230, 239 Aegiceras corniculatum 230, 256 B Aeschimone 353 Aglaomorpha heracleum 194 ornata 364 Agrostis tef 320 Bastardia viscosa 274 Allagoptera arenaria 266, 267 Batis maritima 270, 273, 274, 277, 279–281 Alocasia macrorrhiza 110, 113, 114, 133, Beijerinckia 346 134 Biovularia 213 Anabaena 348 Blossfeldia liliputana 412 Ananas 107 Bombacopsis quinta 330 Ananas ananassoides 402, 403 Bombax malabaricum 330 Andira legalis 268, 350 Bonnetia crassa 300 Andropogon 321 Bostrychia simpliciuscula 258 Andropogon gerardi 339 Bostrychia tenuisissima 258 Andropogon scoparius 339 Bouteloua 321 Anthurium bredmeyeri 195 Bowdichia 350 Anthurium crassinervium 274 Brachiaria 345 Anthurium hookeri 194 Brachiaria brizantha 321

443 444 Scientific Name Index

Bradyrhizobium 349 Clusia alata 204 hechtioides 300, 356 Clusia criuva 210, 385 356 Clusia fluminensis 209, 210, 268 Brocchinia tatei 217, 219 Clusia hilariana 266–268 Bromelia 107 Clusia major 204 Bromelia goeldiana 402, 403 Clusia minor 160, 161, 204, 206, 207, 210 Bromelia humilis 107, 108, 114–116, 124, Clusia multiflora 59, 128, 210 157, 187, 197, 274, 287, 288, 403 Clusia parviflora 210 Brownea 96 Clusia rosea 177, 178, 204, 207, 209, 210, Bruguiera exaristata 230 212 Bruguiera gymnorhiza 230, 250, 254, 256 Clusia uvitana 180, 181, 200 Bruguiera parviflora 253, 256, 257 Clusia venosa 204 Bulbostylis spadicea 364 Cochlospermum vitifolium 330 Bursera simaruba 326, 330 Codonophytum epiphytum 170 Byblis 213 Colophospermum mopane 350, 351 Byrsonima crassifolia 325, 333 Commiphora 330 Byrsonima verbascifolia 370 Conocarpus erectus 189, 246–249, 251, 270, 273, 274, 290 C Cora pavonia 172 Cordia alliodora 104, 106 Caesalpinia coriaria 274 Craterostigma plantagineum 411, 412 Caloglossa 258 Croton 274 Calophyllum brasiliense 268 Croton glabellus 104, 106, 107 Campylopus savannarum 401, 406 Croton heliaster 274 Capparis flexuosa 274 Curatella americana 316, 326, 333 Capparis hastata 274 Cycas media 365 Capparis linearis 274 Cyphostemma currori 330 Capparis odoratissima 274 Carapa guianensis 107 D Carex 274 Caryocar brasiliense 334 Darlingtonia 213 Catasetum viridiflavum 181 Dendrobium 211 Catopsis berteroniana 209, 216, 356 Desmantus virgatus 274 Cecropia 6, 82, 83, 93 Dicorynia guianensis 107 Cecropia obtusifolia 135, 136 Dictyonema glabratum 172–174 Cecropia peltata 104, 106 Didymopanax macrocarpum 337 Centrosema 352 Diectomis 321 Cephalocereus moritzianus 62 Digitaria 321 Cephalotus 213 Dionaea 213 Cercidium praecox 62, 63 Diplacus 115 Cereus jamacaru 64 Diplacus aurantiacus 117 Cereus lemairei 62 Dipteryx panamensis 135, 136 Cereus validus 282, 283, 285 Dischichia major 219 Ceriops australis 256, 257 Dischidia rafflesiana 218 Ceriops tagal v. australis 230 Discolobium 353 Ceriops tagal v. tagal 230 Drosera 213, 353, 355 Chamaegigas intrepidus 408, 413 Drosera roraimae 354 Chloris 321 Drosophyllum 213 Chorisia insignis 330 Drymoglossum piloselloides 194 Cissus sicyoides 274 Dubautia menziesii 437, 438 Claoxylon sandwicense 131, 132 Clostridium 346 E Clusia 167, 176, 178, 200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 209, 212, 268, 403 Echeveria columbiana 430, 431 Scientific Name Index 445

Echinochloa 321 Heliamphora ionasii 355 Echinochloa polystachya 62, 323 Heliamphora minor 355 Entandrophragma angolense 141, 142 Heliamphora nutans 355 Eperna falcata 107 Heliamphora tatei 355 Epiphyllum 198 Helichrysum newii 431 Eragrostis 321 Herbaspirillum 346 Eriochloa 321 Heritiera littoralis 230 Eryotheca pubescens 337 Hibiscus tiliaceus 230, 249, 250 Erythroxylon cumanense 274 Hildegardia barteri 327 Espeletia 423, 435, 437 Hormosira banksii 258 Espeletia moritziana 426 Hyparrhenia rufa 321 Espeletia schultzii 424–426 Hyptis suaveolens 327 Espeletia spicata 435, 436 Espeletia timotensis 425, 426, 435, 436 I Eucalyptus 8, 9, 364 Imperata 321 Eucalyptus saligna 8, 9, 11, 127 Inga 124 Eugenia 274 Isoëtes andicola 439 Euphorbia forbesii 131, 132 Isoëtes andina 439 Euterpe oleracea 61 Isoëtes hopei 439 Evolvulus tenuis 274 Isoëtes novo-grandensis 439 Excoecaria agallocha 230 J F Jacaranda copaia 107 Festuca arundinacea 342 Jacquinia revoluta 274 Ficus 168, 179, 200–202 K Ficus bengalensis 178 Ficus microcarpa 178, 179 Kalanchoë 39, 157, 403 Ficus pertusa 178 Kalanchoë campanulata 403 Ficus trigonata 178 Kalanchoë daigremontiana 158 Fimbristylis cymosa 274 Kalanchoë miniata 403 Fimbristylis spadicea 274 Kalanchoë uniflora 194, 195, 203 Kyllingias 293 G L Genlisea 213 Geonema paraguanensis 59 Laguncularia racemosa 231, 237, 241, 245 Gloeocapsa 389 Lasiacis 321 Gloeocapsa magma 395 Leptochloa 274, 321 Gloeocapsa sanguinea 390, 395, 396, 404 Leptocoryphium 306 Goethalsia meiantha 104, 107 Leptocoryphium lanatum 316, 317, 339 Goupia glabra 107 Lobelia 423, 428 Guapira 274 Lobelia deckenii 426 Gunnera 349 Lobelia keniensis 425–427, 434, 435 Guzmania monostachia 124, 203 Lobelia telekii 429, 435 Gymnopogon 321 Lolium perenne 342 Lumnitzera littorea 230 H Lumnitzera racemosa 230 Lycopodium cernum 104

Haematoxylon praecox 62 M platysperma 364 Haplocarpha rueppellii 430–432 Mauritia 5 Heliamphora 213, 353, 356 Mauritia flexuosa 299 Heliamphora heterodoxa 355 Maytenus karstenii 274 446 Scientific Name Index

Melaleuca 230 Pinguicula 213 Melastoma malabathricum 360 Piper aequale 135 Miconia 105 Piper auritum 135 Miconia acinodendron 361 Pisum auritum 117 Miconia albicans 336, 337, 360 Pisum hispidum 117 Miconia fallax 337 Pisum sativum 110, 255 Miconia ferruginata 337 Pitcairnia 382 Microchloa 321 Pitcairnia armata 402 Mimosa oligocantha 274 Pitcairnia bulbosa 402 Monstera 175 Pitcairnia integrifolia 153–155, 187 Monstera acuminata 181 Pitcairnia pruinosa 383, 402 Moringa ovalifolia 330 Platycerium 170 Myrmecochista 82 Platycerium grande 194 Myrsine parviflora 268 Platymiscium pinnatum 333 Pleurostima gounelleana 383 N Ploiarium alternifolium 104 Plumeria acuminata 330 Nauclea diderrichii 141, 142 Plumeria alba 64 Nepenthes 195, 213, 214 Plumeria rubra 330 Nepenthes × hookeriana 194 Podocarpus falcatus 8, 9, 11, 127 Nepenthes gracilis 214 Polypodium 170 Nostoc 349 Polypodium crassifolium 181 Polypodium vulgare 165, 183 O Polypompholyx 213 Portulaca rubricaulis 277, 279, 280 Oedematopus obovatus 403 Prosopis 350 Oplismenus 321 Prosopis juliflora 274 Opuntia caribea 64 Pseudobombax 325, 329 Opuntia excelsea 157 Pseudobombax chrysati 380 Opuntia wentiana 64, 274 Pseudobombax pilosus 330 Oroya peruviana 433 Pseudoborina ursina 170 Osbornea octodenta 230 Psilotum 170 Ouratea hexasperma 335, 337 Pteridium aquilinum 368 Oxycarpha suaedifolia 270, 274 Ptychomitrium vaginatum 406 Puya aequatorialis 428 P Puya clava-herculis 428 Puya hamata 428 Paenibacillus 346 Pyrrosia confluens 203 Paepalanthus bromelioides 356 Pyrrosia lanceolata 194 Palicourea rigida 325, 369 Pyrrossia longifolia 194 Pandanus 79 Panicum maximum 342 Q Panicum stenoides 360 Paspalum 293, 321 Qualea grandiflora 335, 337 Paspalum plicatulum 274 Peltula tortuosa 400 R Peperomia 203 Pereskia guamacho 64, 274, 326 Racocarpus fontinaloides 401, 406 Phalaenopsis grandifolia 194 Ramalina maciformis 405 Phalaenopsis violacea 194 Rheedia brasiliensis 268 Philodendron 175, 274 Rhipidocladum racemiflorum 181 Phoradendron mucronatum 274 Rhizobium 349 Phthirusa ovata 190 Rhizophora 227, 256 Pilosocereus ottonis 218 Rhizophora apiculata 230, 254, 256 Scientific Name Index 447

Rhizophora lamarckii 230 T Rhizophora mangle 231, 233, 234, 236–238, 253, 255 Tabebuia chrysantha 325, 326 Rhizophora mucronata 239 Tabebuia orinocensis 325, 380 Rhizophora stylosa 230, 253–256 Tabernaemontana juruana 60 138, 360 Tectona grandis 333 Ritterocereus griseus 62 Tephrocactus floccosus 432, 433 Roridula 213 Tillandsia 186 montana 335, 337 Tillandsia araujei 383 Tillandsia fasciculata 187 S Tillandsia flexuosa 169, 218, 274, 289, 290, 402 Salix maritima 60 Tillandsia recurvata 169, 196, 274 Sarracenia 213 Tillandsia usneoides 187, 202, 203 Schefflera macrocarpa 334 Tmesipteris 170 Schomburgkia humboldtiana 218, 289 Tococa 82, 83 Sclerolobium paniculatum 337 Tococa guianensis 93 Scyphiphora hydrophylacea 230 Tococa occidentalis 82–84 Scytonema 389 Trachypogon 306, 321, 347, 366, 371 Scytonema crassum 390 Trachypogon plumosus 316, 317, 321, 371 Scytonema lyngbioides 404 Trichilia trifoliata 274 Scytonema myochrous 396 Tristachya 321 Selenicereus inermis 198 Tristerix aphyllus 189 Senecio 423, 428 Senecio brassica 428, 429, 435 U Senecio johnstonii spp. cottonii 423 Senecio keniodendron 423, 425, 434–438 213, 216 Sesbania 353 Utricularia humboldtii 217, 219 Sesbania rostrata 353 Sesuvium portulacastrum 270, 273, 274, V 277, 279–281 Sinorhizobium 349 Vaccinium reticulatum 438 Solidago altissima 117 Vanda tricolor 211 Sonneratia 240 Vellozia 410, 411 Sonneratia alba 230, 254 Sophora chrysophylla 438 Vellozia gigantea 411 Spondias lutea 326 Vigna 353 Spondias purpurea 330 Vismia 6 Sporobolus 321 Vochysia eliptica 337 Sporobolus virginicus 270, 274 Vochysia venezolensis 360 Stegolepis hitchcockii 300 Vriesea 186 Stictosiphonia 258 Stictosiphonia arbuscula 258 X Stigonema 389 Stigonema mamillosum 396, 404 Xanthorrhoea 364, 365 Stigonema minutum 395 Xerophyta scabrida 408–410 Stigonema ocellatum 390, 396, 404 Xylocarpus granatum 230, 254 Stylosanthes 352 Xylocarpus mekongensis 230 Styphelia tameiameiae 437, 438 pyriforme 364 Subpilosocereus ottonis 270, 273, 274, 281–287 Y Syagrus comosa 337 Syagrus orinocensis 380, 385 Yacaranda filicifolia 325, 380 Symplocos spicata 361 Yucca 364 Subject Index

A architecture hydraulic 410 abscisic acid (ABA) 408, 413 arecife 328, 329 acclimation 142 arid 19–21 photosynthetic 113 climates 51 aeration 78 aroid 212 aerenchymas 353 ascorbate 122, 123 afforestation 7, 209 aspartate 317, 318, 344 Africa 21 atmosphere Agavaceae 157 carbon-dioxide 89 agriculture 6, 11, 76 CO2 budget 13 shifting 6, 7, 73, 90 ATPase 109, 359, 360 air autecology 2, 3 δ 13Cvalues 89 auxin 237 air humidity 88 Al-accumulator 360, 361 B algae 167, 195, 407 pleurococcoid 165, 195 bacteria 170, 259 altitude 54, 322, 323, 419, 420 N2-fixing 213, 259, 346, 347 aluminium 336, 351, 356, 358 baobab 329, 332, 333 exclusion 359 basidiolichen inclusion 360 cyanobacterial 171 ammonia 95 baskets ant 93, 213, 219 humus 196 ant garden 219 β-diversity 379 ant house 218, 219 biodiversity 13, 305 ant leaf-cutter 93, 94 biological stress concept 118, 422 ant nest 83, 218, 219 biomes 18 ant 82 157, 170, 183, 186, 193, 194, ant-nest garden 185 203 antheraxanthin 121, 123 bromeliad 191, 192, 195–198, 200, 202, 203, anthocyanin 410 212, 216, 218, 219, 267, 268, 281, 283, antioxidant 121, 123, 152, 195 287, 289, 356, 383, 402, 403 antioxidative defence 412 atmospheric 169, 203 Apocynaceae 64 evolution 183 aquaporins 413 life forms 186–188 Araceae 170 tanks 176

449 450 Subject Index

Bromelioideae 186, 193–195 channel bryophytes 165, 171, 195, 400, 404, 406, 407 Ca2+ 359 bundle sheath 318, 320 K+ 359 buttresses 234 malate 158 chaos 73 C deterministic 13, 42, 44–46, 77 Chenopodiaceae 317 13C-discrimination 37 chilling 322, 422 C3-grasses 320–323, 342, 343 chlorophyll 112–115, 118, 119, 126, 404, C3-photosynthesis 37, 131, 153, 156, 407, 409, 410 203–206, 308, 333, 397, 403 first excited singlet state 120, 126 C3-plants 246, 251, 320 second excited singlet state 120 C3/CAM intermediate 180, 181, 200, 203, third excited singlet state 120 402 triplet state 120 / C4-grasses 39, 307, 320–323, 342–344 chlorophyll a b ratio 113, 115, 118 C4-photosynthesis 37, 62, 132, 280, 308, chloroplast 107, 108, 113, 116, 408, 410 316, 317, 321, 323, 343 movement 119 evolution 320 chlorosis 358 C4-plants 246, 251, 280, 318, 320, 412 citrate 207, 208, 360 Caatinga 62, 66 citric acid 206, 207 cacti 64, 268, 281, 283–286, 289, 433 clearing 139, 175, 305 epiphytic 197, 198 climate 17–20, 35, 51, 227 Caesalpiniaceae 63, 82 arid 227 calcium 351 humid 227 calmodulin 359 climatic oscillations 308 Calvin cycle 317 climax 275, 379 CAM see crassulacean acid metabolism climax association 73 (CAM) climax 106, 136, 138, 139, 142, 175 cambium 188 climax theory 46, 73 canopy fluxes 314 climax tree 135 canthaxanthin 393 climbers 165, 175, 214 Capparidaceae 63 clock carbon dioxide 89 circadian 152 carbon isotope discrimination 36 CO2 carbon-isotope ratios (δ 13C) 37 compensation point 251 carbonic anhydrase 397 concentrating 172 carnivory 213, 214, 353, 356 elevated 256 carotene 111 recycling 157, 158, 161, 285, 288 carotenoid 119, 408–410 sinks 13 cation-exchange capacity (CEC) 336, 358 vertical gradients 89 cations CO2 concentration 320 divalent 358 horizontal profile 32 cavitation 152, 180, 430 vertical profile 31 cell wall 182, 358, 410 cohesion-tension theory 236, 237 cell wall elasticity (ε) 201 cold cellular automata 42 resistance 422 cerrado 155, 189, 210, 301, 302, 305, 306, stress 422 313, 314, 317, 328, 329, 333, 335–337, compartmentation 238, 422 343, 344, 358, 360, 361, 364, 367, 370, compatible solutes 242, 243, 256, 258, 259, 371, 379 280, 412, 413, 434 concept 301 complexity 46, 71 cerradão 301, 302 conductance chablis 73–75 hydraulic 151 chamaephytes 77 cooling Subject Index 451

delay 422, 428 domatia 82, 93 resistance 422 dormancy 139 Crassulaceae 157 drainage 315 crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) 37, 39, drought 149, 153, 185, 195, 203, 207, 309, 153, 156, 158, 192–195, 197, 200–203, 321, 323 205, 206, 219, 246, 251, 268, 281, 285, dry forest 39 289, 317, 320, 323, 402, 403, 430, 433, dynamics 439 non-linear 42, 45, 268 cycling 203 idling 203 E phase II 160 phases 157, 158 ecology 1 phylogenetic tree 156, 157 physiological 2 crusts ecosystem cryptogamic 379, 393 fluxes of CO2 313 cyanobacterial 389, 395 ecotone 306 cryoprotective solutes 434 savanna-desert 308 cryptogams 382 savanna-forest 306 cryptophytes 77 ecotypes 38 cushion 423, 424, 429, 430 El Niño 149 cyanobacteria 165, 167, 170, 195, 213, 259, elaiosomes 82 341, 346, 347, 349, 379, 382, 389, 390, elasticity 178, 201 392, 396, 399, 400, 404, 407 electron transport rates 129 crusts 347, 390, 396, 398, 399, 404 embolism 152, 180, 181, 410, 411, 430 endolithic 389 endosymbioses epilithic 389 N2-fixing 347, 349 mats 347, 348, 397, 399, 400 energy transfer 120, 121 N2-fixing 349 environment cytochrome b6,f-complex 109 heterogeneity 68 cytochrome f 114 epiphylls 170 cytorrhysis 410 epiphyte gardens 176 cytoskeleton 359 epiphytes 82, 165, 168, 183, 185, 186, 191, 194, 195, 197, 200, 209, 212–214, 219, D 267, 289, 323, 380 diversity 170 D1-protein 124, 126, 130, 136, 407 facultative 183 deforestation 6, 13 humus 176 dehdrins 413 epiphytism 188, 195 dehydration 408, 410 evolution 170, 191, 194 δ 13C signatures 35 Espinar 62 desert 301, 308 etheric oils 329 desiccation 150, 156, 157, 173, 195, 253, Euphorbiaceae 62, 65, 157 258, 259, 381, 393, 400, 401, 403–405, eustress 70, 71 407–413 evaporation 51, 54, 151, 306, 315 desiccoplast 410 evaporative water loss 333 Didieraceae 62, 65, 157 evapotranspiration 22, 23, 152, 313, 329 distress 70, 71 exhaustion 70 diversity 6, 8, 45, 59, 67–70, 73, 77, 78, 209, exosymbioses 260, 401, 407 N2-fixing 347 community 72 cross 72 F floristic 67, 69, 73, 380, 401 functional 72, 151, 152 factor genetic 71, 72 environmental 68, 69, 73, 84 452 Subject Index

stress 69 tolerance 435 fallow 7 Frostwechsel climate 419, 435, 438, 439 feedback 14 ferns 176, 195, 200, 201 G fire 149, 305, 313, 317, 341, 347, 361–364, 366, 367, 369, 371, 372 gallery forest 296, 297 mineralization 365 gaps 73, 74, 119, 131, 175 flexibility 199, 203 gas analysis 29 flood plains 310, 323, 353 genes flooding 62, 265 desiccation tolerance 413 flowering 323, 325–328, 364 genotype 71 fluorescence 26–28, 120, 126–129, 160, 161, diversity 68 189, 394, 395, 404, 406, 409, 410, 430 giant rosette plants 423–428, 430, 433, 435, quenching 126, 128 436 food webs 39 gibbsite 358 forest 5, 6, 11, 13, 51 glands cactus 55, 56, 62–64 digestive 355 cloud 57, 59, 60, 68, 81, 166, 171, 175, glutathione 405, 412 195, 209, 210, 360 goethite 358 deciduous 273–275, 307 grana 109, 113, 115, 410 drought-deciduous 52, 55, 56, 63 greenhouse effect 31, 366 elfin 54, 57, 59, 209, 210 growth rings 227 evergreen 12 floodplain 60 fog 57, 166, 175, 210 H gallery 165, 209, 210, 360, 366 low land 209, 210 hair 432 lower montane 173, 174 halophytes 242, 243, 245, 270, 273, 275, marsh 60 277, 280 monsoon 52, 55 facultative 241 montane 172, 209, 210, 265 hardening 70, 71 moss 165, 166 haustoria 188 secondary 6, 7 heat 439 semi-evergreen 12, 307 heat shock proteins 393, 413 semideciduous 92 heat-storage 426, 430, 438 shrub 210 heating 151 strata 85 hemi-epiphytes 165, 175, 180, 181, 185, swamp 60, 265 191, 195, 200, 203, 209 thorn scrub 62 primary 176 thorn scrub and cactus 52 secondary 175 thornbush 55, 64–67, 153, 157 hemicryptophytes 77 tide 227 herbivory 93–95, 139, 151 trade-wind 52, 55, 56, 68 heterocytes 347, 398 types 51 homeostasis 73 upper montane 166, 210 homoiochlorophyllous 404–408, 412 forestry 11 homoiohydrous 185, 404, 411 freezing 422, 423, 430, 433, 434 constitutively 407 avoidance 422, 423, 428, 435 hormonal 326 equilibrium 434, 435 Huber-values 180 tolerance 422, 423, 428, 433, 435, 438 humid 19–21 tolerant 430 climates 51 freezing point 183 humidity 51 frost 422 humus 210 resistance 422, 423, 428, 433, 435 baskets 210 Subject Index 453 hydraulic architecture 151, 152, 180, 236, latitude 51 237, 333 leaf 78, 81 hydraulic conductivity 152, 181, 237, 333, leaf area index (LAI) 23, 86, 313 334 leaf flushing 95, 96 hydrophobin 173 leaf longevity 95, 135 hygrophytes 185 leaf-conductance 188 hypoxia 233, 236, 346 leaf-cutter ants 346 leaf-senescence 321 I leaf-water potential 188 leghemoglobin 349 ice 422–424, 430, 433–435, 438 Leguminosae 92, 349–353 ice age 308 213 igapó 60 lenticel 78, 79, 236, 353 indole acetic acid (IAA) 359 leptophyll 78, 82 infrared gas analysis (IRGA) 29 lianas 165, 168, 175, 178–180, 191 inselberg 209, 210, 379 lichens 165, 167, 171, 195, 379, 389, 400, insulation 424, 433 401, 404–407 iron 358 biomass production 175 irradiance 22, 85, 94, 95, 103, 113–116, 118, cyanobacterial 175 119, 124, 126, 130, 131, 134, 135, 138, green alga 175 151, 153, 160, 175, 207, 253, 256, 258, photosynthesis 173 259, 320, 322, 333, 334, 393, 394, 396, productivity 174 410, 430, 432, 439 water saturation 172 isethionic acid 258 life forms 77, 183, 195, 401–403, 423 island light 103, 191, 204, 207, 286 vegetation 265, 266, 273, 275, 277, 280, blue 136, 142 281, 289, 290, 380, 396 far-red 137, 139 isohydric 151, 333, 334 quality 136 isoprene 152 red 137 isotope effect 34 signalling 136, 137 hydrological 34 ultraviolet 136, 259 metabolism 37 light compensation 103, 105, 106, 142, 194, isotope-ratio 34 195 isotopes light curve 268 radioactive 33 light flecks 87, 94, 119, 131–136, 139, 175 stable 33 light harvesting 110 light intensity 86, 206, 393, 394 J light quality 86 light response 103–106, 127 jalca 419 light response curves 194 light saturation 103, 105, 106, 194 K light stress 136 light trap 110 K+/Na+-selectivity 236 light use efficiency (LUE) 133 kaolinite 358 lightning 362 KAUTSKY-effect 127 lignotubers 82, 330, 364, 367 Klimadiagramm 18, 19, 21, 39, 51, 52, 54, Liliaceae 157 56, 64, 67, 309 lipids 412, 413 litter 92, 93, 289, 342, 345, 346 L decomposition 257 degradation 6 Lambert–Beer’s law 85 liverworts 171 landslides 5 Llanos 5, 293, 294, 296, 325, 326, 329, 333, lateritic 328, 329 341, 345, 351, 358, 362, 366, 369, 380 454 Subject Index logistic equation 44 mosses 165, 167, 379, 389, 400, 401, Loranthaceae 188–190 405–407 lutëin 111, 122–124 motion lutëin cycle 122, 124 chaotic 43 random 43 M regular 43 movement nyctinastic 424, 426 macroalgae 258 mucilage 426, 434 macrophanerophytes 77, 82 Müller-bodies 82 macrophyll 78, 82 myco-sporine 259 Madagascar 39, 65 mycorrhiza 91, 212, 346, 352 malate 208, 285, 287, 317, 344, 360, 433 myrmecophytes 82, 219, 289 malic acid 156, 158, 161, 206, 207 management N forestry 8 manganese 383, 389 N-nutrition 38 mangroves 25, 189, 227, 270, 290 N2-fixation 62, 92, 113, 175, 341, 346, associate 247, 249, 270, 290 350–353, 398–400 coastal 227 NAD-malic enzyme 318, 319 coral 227 NADP-malic enzyme 318, 319 estuarine 227 NADP-reductase 109 fern 232 nanophyll 82 global distribution 231 nectaries productivity 259, 260 extra floral 82 mats networks 42 cyanobacterial 389 night-bud 424, 426, 429 megaphyll 78 nitrate 95 membrane 359, 412, 413, 433 nitrification 365 fluidity 422 nitrogen 92–96, 110, 113–115, 117, 118, rigidity 422 124, 142, 171, 179, 212, 258, 336, 339, semipermeable 182 342, 347, 349, 352, 353, 365 mesophyll 78, 82 cycles 339, 340 mesophytes 185 nitrogen fixation 170 microbial mats 257, 259 nitrogen isotope effects 38 microphanerophytes 77, 82 nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) 115, 116, 181, microphyll 78, 82 342 midday depression 152–156, 160, 247, 280, nitrogenase 346, 347, 349, 353 323, 333, 334 nodules mimicry 191 external 349 Mimosaceae 62, 64, 82 internal 349 mineral nutrient 90 oxygen dilemma 349 mineral nutrition 42 root 349 mineralization 93, 95 stem 349, 353 minerals 366 noise 42 minimal quadrat 59, 67, 68 non-linear dynamics 77 mistletoes 124, 165, 188–191 non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) 25 carbon gain 189 nurse modeling 266 vegetation 17, 18, 22 tree 8, 10 montane forest 39 nutrient 153, 170, 176, 186, 188, 190, 196, morichales 296, 299 210, 213, 219, 267, 305, 306, 310, 313, mosaic 321–323, 328, 335–338, 345, 346, 349, oscillating 73, 275 352, 355, 358, 360, 433, 438 Subject Index 455 nutrient cycling 90, 91 photoperiod 327, 328 nutrition 13, 257, 344, 419, 438 photoprotection 124–126, 255 photorespiration 121, 125, 126, 255, 320, O 334 photosynthesis 26, 36, 38, 39, 85, 89, 94, 95, Orchidaceae 170 103, 115, 121, 131, 132, 134, 135, 139, orchids 191, 192, 195, 197, 200, 201, 211, 156, 157, 188, 191, 193, 195, 200, 236, 218, 219, 268 246, 268, 320–323, 333, 342, 394, 398, osmolytes 243 400–402, 405, 408, 409, 413, 430, 435 osmotic pressure 200, 201, 207 lichens 171, 172, 174 oxalate 360 mosses 171 oxidative stress 152, 253, 359, 404, 408, 412 photosynthetic capacity 37 oxygen photosynthetic electron transport 109 singlet activated 121, 122 photosynthetic light-use efficiency (LUE) 25 oxygen concentration 161 photosystem 107, 109, 113, 119, 121, 124, oxygen radicals 121 125, 128, 129, 404, 407, 410 phyllosphere 165, 171, 213 P physiognomy 1 phytochrome 86, 137–139, 142, 326 palaeoclimatology 35 phytosiderophores 358 palms 5 Pictarnioideae 186 parasites 185 pigmentation 107 hemi 188 pigments 110, 111 parenchyma sunblocking 393 water-storage 287 pioneer species 106, 107, 136, 139, 142 park-land 296 pioneer tree 135 patchiness Piperaceae 170 spatiotemporal 268 piracy pattern nutritional 212 spatiotemporal 42 Pitcairnioideae 193, 194 pectin 359 pitchers 214, 216, 355 PEP-carboxykinase 318, 319 plant geography 1, 2 petroglyphs 384, 387, 389 plant size 197 phanerophytes 77 plantation phenogram 316, 326 exotic timber 8 phenological 151, 152, 313, 328 plasmodesmata 317 phenological diagram 316, 317, 326 plasmolysis 183 phenology 315, 323 plasticity 68, 69, 72, 142, 157, 202, 209 phenotypes 71, 107, 108, 114, 118, 288, 403 phenotypic 68, 72 phloem 188–190 plastoquinone 109, 121, 124, 127 phosphate 346, 358–360 pneumatophore aerenchyma 236 phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) pneumatophores 234 37, 158, 317, 319, 320, 344 poikilochlorophyllous 404, 408, 409 phosphorus 59, 70, 71, 91, 93, 257, 336, 344, poikilohydrous 185, 195, 404, 407, 408 352, 360 constitutively 407 photo-oxidation 407 pollutants 366 photochemical work 119, 120, 126, 130 polyols 255, 256 photodamage 120, 130, 136, 137, 393, 406 population biology 45 photodestruction 126 population dynamics 44 photoinhibition 121, 126, 129, 130, 136, potassium 70, 71, 258, 336 137, 153, 155, 157, 161, 181, 207, 246, prairie 339, 341, 342 253, 333–335, 394, 396, 439 precipitation 51, 313, 314, 323 acute 130, 254, 335 predictability 43, 44 chronic 130, 254, 335 preservation 6 456 Subject Index pressure nutrient concentration 90 hydrostatic 182 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 121, 123, osmotic 182 255, 405, 412 turgor 182 recovery 407, 408 pressure chamber 183 red:far red ratio 86 pressure probe 183 reflectance index productivity 5, 6, 8, 288–290, 310, 320, 323, anthocyanin 24, 25 436, 437 photochemical 24 ecosystem 13 rehydration 405, 408–410, 412 364 relative air humidity (RH) 88, 196 proton pumps 158 remote sensing 17, 23 proton-electrochemical gradient 109 resistance 70, 71 pseudostems 178, 179 respiration 6, 13, 36, 89, 103, 105, 135, 174, Psilophytatae 170 236, 321, 326, 349, 404, 405, 409, 410 Psilotatae 170 cyanide resistant pathway 105 psychrometry 183 soil 78, 89, 93 pubescence 426, 428 restingas 265 puna 419 resurrection plants 404, 412 pyrophilous 365 rhizosphere 347, 359 pyrophytes 362, 364 rhythmicity páramos 419 annual 327 ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase Q (RuBISCO) 37, 113, 114, 121, 125, 134, 157, 158, 161, 317, 319, 320, 397, quantum yield 103, 105, 106, 113, 115, 129, 398 130, 335, 337, 395, 398, 408 rivers effective 25 black-water 389 quenching white-water 389 non-photochemical 126, 129, 130 root 78, 79, 92, 93, 95, 186, 283–285, 317, photochemical 126, 129, 130 328, 333, 353, 358, 409 adventitious 176, 178, 212 R aerial 168, 176, 210, 211, 234 buttress 78, 79 radiation 23 stilt 78, 79, 234 absorption 23 root nodule 39, 341, 347 infrared 30 root pressure 411 reflection 23 rosette transmission 23 acaulescent 423, 424, 430, 431 radical scavengers 256 radiometry S micro-wave 25 rainforest 3, 12, 13, 21, 39, 55, 58, 73, 78, Sahel 308–310, 344 166, 168, 171, 172, 175, 199, 200, 301, salinas 269, 275, 281, 283, 287 306, 307, 380 salinity 227, 233, 236–238, 241, 246–248, Atlantic 265, 267 251, 253–259, 281, 283, 285, 289, 350 destruction 11 salt evergreen 52, 55 accumulation 240 lower montane 54, 91 compartmentation 241, 242 lowland 54, 57 dilution 238, 241 montane 57 exclusion 237–239, 281, 283, 287 seasonal 52, 55, 56 excretion 237, 238, 245 semi-evergreen 55 glands 238, 239, 243, 245 upper montane 54, 57 inclusion 237–239, 277, 279, 280 rainwater marsh 269, 270 Subject Index 457

spray 248, 289 stemflow succulence 241 nutrient concentration 90 sand dunes 270 stomata 2, 36, 88, 107, 119, 131, 132, 134, Santalales 188 135, 151–153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 188, savanna 3, 5, 6, 11, 21, 39, 55, 155, 209, 210, 195, 200, 203, 246, 252, 253, 285, 320, 219, 293, 313, 379, 380, 400 328, 333, 334, 439 concept 301 stomatal conductance 36, 246, 321 grass 299 stomatal diffusion 37 herb 299 stomatal regulation 37 hyperseasonal 60, 304, 311 strain 70 marsh 60, 299, 304 elastic 126, 153, 422 problem 305 plastic 126, 153, 422 rock 379 stranglers 176, 178, 200, 203, 209 seasonal 304, 311 strata 87, 88, 90 semi-seasonal 304 stratification 84 saxicolously 380 stress 70, 183 sclerophyllous 329 avoidance 281, 287 scytonemin 259, 393 high-irradiance 118 seasonality 13, 20, 51, 59, 149, 301, 304, light 103 313, 323, 381 osmotic 434 secondary thickening 175, 176, 188 salinity 189 secretion stress concept 69, 70 enzyme 356 stressor 69–71, 191 seed 138 stroma 109 dormancy 138 strontium 42 germination 138 succession 73, 106, 107, 138, 139, 275 seed banks 138 progressive 73 seedling 138 regressive 73 survival 138, 139 succulence 82, 197, 200, 201, 239–243, 249, seedling bank 138 279–281, 287, 326, 380 selection 72 stem 329–331 natural 1 sulphate 280, 360 self-ignition 362 sun plants 85, 103, 105–107, 110, 114, 124, semi-arid 21 130, 139, 142, 194, 288 senescence 151 supercooling 422, 428, 430, 434–436, 438 shade and sun plants 135 synecology 2, 3 shade plants 103, 105–107, 110, 113, 114, 118, 124, 130, 139, 142, 288 T shade-demanding 195 shade-tolerant 195 tank 183, 186, 187, 196, 197, 212, 216–219, silviculture 7, 8 268, 281, 287 singlet state 121 temperature 22, 88, 153, 204–206, 322, 386, soil 90–94, 96, 151, 176, 212, 285, 315, 323, 419, 422, 423, 427, 428, 430, 432–437, 335, 337–339, 341, 342, 346, 347, 349, 439 351, 353, 356, 358, 360, 364, 366, 430 air 88 ferralitic 358 soil 88 inundated 234 tendrils 175 moisture 149 tentacles 353–355 swampy 233 termites 296, 298, 346 water capacity 313, 314 thawing 430 spill over 121, 125 thermophily 174 stable isotope analysis 33 therophytes 77 starvation 156, 157, 253 thornbush 39, 270 stem 82 throughfall 458 Subject Index

nutrient concentration 90 absorption index 24 thylakoid 107, 109, 115, 121, 122, 130, black 60, 62 408–410 climate effect 34 tides 227 white 60, 62 Tillandsioideae 186, 193, 194 water content timing relative 200 phenological 326 water potential 152, 181, 182, 195, 200, 236, Tintenstrich 389 326, 333, 434 tocopherol 195 leaf 150 tonoplast 158 water potential gradient 189 trade winds 59 water relations 35, 72, 181, 197, 200–202, transpiration 35–37, 88, 119, 151, 158, 181, 204, 433 188, 189, 200, 249, 251–253, 286, 314, water storage 152, 157, 183, 287, 330, 331, 315, 321, 323, 328, 331, 333, 334, 336, 438 343, 427, 430, 432 mosses 171 cuticular 157 water storage capacity 196, 200 transpirational cooling 252, 427 water storage parenchyma 286 tree 323 water storage tissue 198 saplings 136, 175 water stress 326 tree rings 149 water transport 152 tree seedling 149 water use efficiency (WUE) 36, 158, 181, trichomes 186, 196, 213 188, 189, 199, 207, 246, 251–253, 317, bromeliad 155 320 epidermal 183, 186, 192, 210 wetland 60, 304, 353 triplet state 121 wilting 150 tropics 12 wood density 152 cold 1, 3, 4, 419 dry 1, 4 X warm 1, 3, 4 wet 1, 4 xanthophyll 111, 121, 122, 124, 126, 254, turgor pressure 200, 201, 203, 317, 424, 434 256, 408 tussock 423, 424, 429 xanthophyll cycle 25, 121, 124, 136, 255, 334, 405 V xeromorphy 328, 432 xerophytes 185, 380 vacuole 158, 161 xylem 152, 188, 237 vapour pressure deficit 156 water potentials 181 variation xylem conductivity 236 spatiotemporal 72 xylem sap 189 vegetation index 23, 24 xylem tension 236 velamen radicum 210, 211 xylem vessels 179 vines 165, 175, 191 xylohemicryptophytes 82, 367 violaxanthin 121–123 xylopodia 82, 330, 367 Viscaceae 188 vitrification 412 Y vivipary 237, 238 volume flow 182 yerbazal 299, 300 vulcanism 362 Young’s modulus 178 várzea 60

W Z water 13, 195, 197, 305, 306, 313–315, zeaxanthin 121–123, 136, 195, 254, 393, 407 321–323, 328, 331, 333, 370, 401, 404, zeaxanthin cycle 121–124 405, 407, 409–412, 419, 434, 438 zono-biomes 18