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Status of Insectivorous Plants in Northeast India
Technical Refereed Contribution Status of insectivorous plants in northeast India Praveen Kumar Verma • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box # 136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India • [email protected] Jan Schlauer • Zwischenstr. 11 • 60594 Frankfurt/Main • Germany • [email protected] Krishna Kumar Rawat • CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute • Rana Pratap Marg • Lucknow -226 001 (U.P) • India Krishna Giri • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box #136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India Keywords: Biogeography, India, diversity, Red List data. Introduction There are approximately 700 identified species of carnivorous plants placed in 15 genera of nine families of dicotyledonous plants (Albert et al. 1992; Ellison & Gotellli 2001; Fleischmann 2012; Rice 2006) (Table 1). In India, a total of five genera of carnivorous plants are reported with 44 species; viz. Utricularia (38 species), Drosera (3), Nepenthes (1), Pinguicula (1), and Aldrovanda (1) (Santapau & Henry 1976; Anonymous 1988; Singh & Sanjappa 2011; Zaman et al. 2011; Kamble et al. 2012). Inter- estingly, northeastern India is the home of all five insectivorous genera, namely Nepenthes (com- monly known as tropical pitcher plant), Drosera (sundew), Utricularia (bladderwort), Aldrovanda (waterwheel plant), and Pinguicula (butterwort) with a total of 21 species. The area also hosts the “ancestral false carnivorous” plant Plumbago zelayanica, often known as murderous plant. Climate Lowland to mid-altitude areas are characterized by subtropical climate (Table 2) with maximum temperatures and maximum precipitation (monsoon) in summer, i.e., May to September (in some places the highest temperatures are reached already in April), and average temperatures usually not dropping below 0°C in winter. -
Evolution of Unusual Morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (Bladderworts and Allies) And
Annals of Botany 117: 811–832, 2016 doi:10.1093/aob/mcv172, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON DEVELOPMENTAL ROBUSTNESS AND SPECIES DIVERSITY Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification Rolf Rutishauser* Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 30 July 2015 Returned for revision: 19 August 2015 Accepted: 25 September 2015 Published electronically: 20 November 2015 Background Various groups of flowering plants reveal profound (‘saltational’) changes of their bauplans (archi- tectural rules) as compared with related taxa. These plants are known as morphological misfits that appear as rather Downloaded from large morphological deviations from the norm. Some of them emerged as morphological key innovations (perhaps ‘hopeful monsters’) that gave rise to new evolutionary lines of organisms, based on (major) genetic changes. Scope This pictorial report places emphasis on released bauplans as typical for bladderworts (Utricularia,approx. 230 secies, Lentibulariaceae) and river-weeds (Podostemaceae, three subfamilies, approx. 54 genera, approx. 310 species). Bladderworts (Utricularia) are carnivorous, possessing sucking traps. They live as submerged aquatics (except for their flowers), as humid terrestrials or as epiphytes. Most Podostemaceae are restricted to rocks in tropi- http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ cal river-rapids and waterfalls. They survive as submerged haptophytes in these extreme habitats during the rainy season, emerging with their flowers afterwards. The recent scientific progress in developmental biology and evolu- tionary history of both Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae is summarized. -
Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa
Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume. -
The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia Reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity Saura R. Silva 1 , Ana Paula Moraes 2 , Helen A. Penha 1, Maria H. M. Julião 1, Douglas S. Domingues 3, Todd P. Michael 4 , Vitor F. O. Miranda 5,* and Alessandro M. Varani 1,* 1 Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; [email protected] (S.R.S.); [email protected] (H.A.P.); [email protected] (M.H.M.J.) 2 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; [email protected] 4 J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.F.O.M.); [email protected] (A.M.V.) Received: 23 October 2019; Accepted: 15 December 2019; Published: 18 December 2019 Abstract: Utricularia belongs to Lentibulariaceae, a widespread family of carnivorous plants that possess ultra-small and highly dynamic nuclear genomes. It has been shown that the Lentibulariaceae genomes have been shaped by transposable elements expansion and loss, and multiple rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGD), making the family a platform for evolutionary and comparative genomics studies. To explore the evolution of Utricularia, we estimated the chromosome number and genome size, as well as sequenced the terrestrial bladderwort Utricularia reniformis (2n = 40, 1C = 317.1-Mpb). -
Australia Lacks Stem Succulents but Is It Depauperate in Plants With
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Australia lacks stem succulents but is it depauperate in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)? 1,2 3 3 Joseph AM Holtum , Lillian P Hancock , Erika J Edwards , 4 5 6 Michael D Crisp , Darren M Crayn , Rowan Sage and 2 Klaus Winter In the flora of Australia, the driest vegetated continent, [1,2,3]. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a water- crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the most water-use use efficient form of photosynthesis typically associated efficient form of photosynthesis, is documented in only 0.6% of with leaf and stem succulence, also appears poorly repre- native species. Most are epiphytes and only seven terrestrial. sented in Australia. If 6% of vascular plants worldwide However, much of Australia is unsurveyed, and carbon isotope exhibit CAM [4], Australia should host 1300 CAM signature, commonly used to assess photosynthetic pathway species [5]. At present CAM has been documented in diversity, does not distinguish between plants with low-levels of only 120 named species (Table 1). Most are epiphytes, a CAM and C3 plants. We provide the first census of CAM for the mere seven are terrestrial. Australian flora and suggest that the real frequency of CAM in the flora is double that currently known, with the number of Ellenberg [2] suggested that rainfall in arid Australia is too terrestrial CAM species probably 10-fold greater. Still unpredictable to support the massive water-storing suc- unresolved is the question why the large stem-succulent life — culent life-form found amongst cacti, agaves and form is absent from the native Australian flora even though euphorbs. -
Review of Selected Literature and Epiphyte Classification
--------- -- ---------· 4 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE AND EPIPHYTE CLASSIFICATION 1.1 Review of Selected, Relevant Literature (p. 5) Several important aspects of epiphyte biology and ecology that are not investigated as part of this work, are reviewed, particularly those published on more. recently. 1.2 Epiphyte Classification and Terminology (p.11) is reviewed and the system used here is outlined and defined. A glossary of terms, as used here, is given. 5 1.1 Review of Selected, Relevant Li.terature Since the main works of Schimper were published (1884, 1888, 1898), particularly Die Epiphytische Vegetation Amerikas (1888), many workers have written on many aspects of epiphyte biology and ecology. Most of these will not be reviewed here because they are not directly relevant to the present study or have been effectively reviewed by others. A few papers that are keys to the earlier literature will be mentioned but most of the review will deal with topics that have not been reviewed separately within the chapters of this project where relevant (i.e. epiphyte classification and terminology, aspects of epiphyte synecology and CAM in the epiphyt~s). Reviewed here are some special problems of epiphytes, particularly water and mineral availability, uptake and cycling, general nutritional strategies and matters related to these. Also, all Australian works of any substance on vascular epiphytes are briefly discussed. some key earlier papers include that of Pessin (1925), an autecology of an epiphytic fern, which investigated a number of factors specifically related to epiphytism; he also reviewed more than 20 papers written from the early 1880 1 s onwards. -
Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding in a Mechanical Model of Bladderwort
ABSTRACT HYDRODYNAMICS OF SUCTION FEEDING IN A MECHANICAL MODEL OF BLADDERWORT Bladderworts, aquatic carnivorous plants, use specialized traps (with a mouth opening of about 0.2 mm in diameter) to complete their feeding strike in less than a millisecond after the trap begins to open. Suction feeding is well understood in animals with mouth diameters greater than 10 millimeters and the little we know about small suction feeders from larval fish suggests that small suction feeders are not effective. Yet bladderworts have strong suction performances despite having the same mouth size as that of fish larvae. Bladderwort generate suction flows with peak speeds of 5 m/s and reach peak speed in 1 millisecond. In contrast, larval fish reach much lower peak speeds of 1 mm/s within 10 milliseconds. Previous studies of bladderwort suction feeding have focused on the trap door mechanics rather than the mechanics of fluid flow. As it is difficult to study the real organisms due to their small size and short duration, we used fluid-dynamic scaling laws to design a dynamically scaled model and characterize the suction flows. This larger and slower model greatly facilitates the recording of data with better temporal and spatial resolution. The model comprised a linear motor and a housing with a circular test nozzle submerged in mineral oil. We combined flow visualization on bladderwort traps with measurements on the mechanical model and compare experimental data with theoretical predictions about inhalant flows. In this study, we simulated actual traps as well as traps that are smaller and slower than real traps to explore how speed affects suction performance. -
BOTANY Aquatic Angiosperms of Bor Talav KEYWORDS : Aquatic Angiosperms , Bor Talav , (Gaurishankar Lake) Area of Bhavnagar Gaurishankar Lake
Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 BOTANY Aquatic Angiosperms of Bor Talav KEYWORDS : Aquatic angiosperms , Bor talav , (Gaurishankar Lake) Area of Bhavnagar Gaurishankar lake. City, Gujarat-India. Botany Department, Sir P.P.Institute of Science, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar Bharat B. Maitreya University, Bhavnagar. ABSTRACT Aquatic plant species having special kind of adaptations and mostly grow in availability of water and these plants are known as hydrophytes. Micro to macro habit structure form the vegetation in pond or lake ecosystem . When water level decrease in periphery of water bodies Helophyte vegetation are found in muddy and marshy area. The present research work elab- orates the Angiosperm floral diversity in one of the water bodies or wetlands in Bhavnagar city. There are many natural and season- al wetlands . The present research work of aquatic angiosperms in Gaurishankar lake known as bortalav in Bhavnagar city. Observa- tion and collection of 91 species of angiosperms grown in aquatic and marshy wetland areas of Bortalav.There are habitat like Free Floating, Floating rooted, submerged, muddy ,marshy and moist soil. 39 sp. of collected plant species found as moist place, whereas 19 sp in marshy area. The floral diversity showed 79 Genera and 91 species belonging to 40 families. The total plant species with their botanical name, family, adaptation , Habit and Habitat is presented . Poaceae with 14 species was the most dominantind fam- ily followed by, Cyperaceae (08 species) -
Investment in Carnivory in Utricularia Stygia and U. Intermedia with Dimorphic Shoots
Preslia 79: 127–139, 2007 127 Investment in carnivory in Utricularia stygia and U. intermedia with dimorphic shoots Investice do masožravosti u Utricularia stygia a U. intermedia s dvojtvarými prýty Lubomír A d a m e c Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Section of Plant Ecology, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Adamec L. (2007): Investment in carnivory in Utricularia stygia and U. intermedia with dimorphic shoots. – Preslia 79: 127–139. Utricularia stygia Thor and U. intermedia Hayne are aquatic carnivorous plants with distinctly di- morphic shoots. Investment in carnivory and the morphometric characteristics of both types of shoots of these plants were determined in dense stands growing in shallow dystrophic waters in the Třeboň basin, Czech Republic, and their possible ecological regulation and interspecific differences considered. Vertical profiles of chemical and physical microhabitat factors were measured in these stands in order to differentiate key microhabitat factors associated with photosynthetic and carnivo- rous shoots. Total dry biomass of both species in dense stands ranged between 2.4–97.0 g·m–2. The percentage of carnivorous shoots in the total biomass, which was used as a measure of the invest- ment in carnivory, ranged from 40–59% and that of traps from 18–29% in both species. The high percentage of total biomass made up of carnivorous shoots in both species indicates both a high structural investment in carnivory and high maintenance costs. As the mean length of the main car- nivorous shoots and trap number per plant in carnivorous shoots in both species differed highly sig- nificantly between sites, it is probable that the investment in carnivory is determined by ecological factors with low water level one of the potentially most important. -
Fern News 64
ASSOCIATION Of W2?» M 64 ISSN 0811-5311 DATE— MARCH 1994 6,-0.2}- ****************************************************************** LEADER: Peter Hind, 41 Miller Street, Mount Druitt, 2770 SECRETARY: Moreen Woollett, 3 Currawang Place, Como West, 2226 TREASURER: Joan Moore, 2 Gannet Street, Gladesville, 2111 SPORE BANK: Dulcie Buddee, 4 Leigh Street, Merrylands, 2160 ****************************************************************** 9:5gBN75gRVE¥70F7EQBDeHBNEilStANDeeeeeiw Contributed by Calder Chaffey In November 1993 eight of us SGAPpers. seven also belonging to the Fern Study Group, spent a week (Two of us two weeks) on Lord Howe Island. Ne were Geoff ahd Ann Long, Qllan and Moreen Noollett, Roy and Beatrice Duncan and Calder and Keith Chaffey. Our leader was Ian Hutton who gave us his generous and unstinting help, and the benefit of his enormous knowledge of the flora and fauna of Lord Howe Island. Anyone interested in Lord Howe Island must have a copy of Ian‘s book, ”Lord Howe Island” in which he discusses the natural history flora and fauna of the Island. He also describes most trees, shrubs and Climbers with a key. There is also a fern list. The new edition to appear shortly will describe all discovered ferns as well as other expanded Chapters. His ”Birds of Lord Howe Island Past’and Present" is also a must. Both books are obtainable from him c/o P.O. Box 6367. Coffs Harbour Plaza. New, 2450. Ne sighted and identified specimens of all except two of the 180 native trees, shrubs and climbers, including 57 endemic species. Some of us were especially interested in the ferns. Of the 56 species we found 51 of which 26 were endemic. -
New Handbook for Standardised Measurement of Plant Functional Traits Worldwide
CSIRO PUBLISHING Australian Journal of Botany http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT12225 New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide N. Pérez-Harguindeguy A,Y, S. Díaz A, E. Garnier B, S. Lavorel C, H. Poorter D, P. Jaureguiberry A, M. S. Bret-Harte E, W. K. CornwellF, J. M. CraineG, D. E. Gurvich A, C. Urcelay A, E. J. VeneklaasH, P. B. ReichI, L. PoorterJ, I. J. WrightK, P. RayL, L. Enrico A, J. G. PausasM, A. C. de VosF, N. BuchmannN, G. Funes A, F. Quétier A,C, J. G. HodgsonO, K. ThompsonP, H. D. MorganQ, H. ter SteegeR, M. G. A. van der HeijdenS, L. SackT, B. BlonderU, P. PoschlodV, M. V. Vaieretti A, G. Conti A, A. C. StaverW, S. AquinoX and J. H. C. CornelissenF AInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC) and FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. BCNRS, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. CLaboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553 du CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France. DPlant Sciences (IBG2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany. EInstitute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA. FSystems Ecology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological Science, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. GDivision of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhtattan, KS 66506, USA. HFaculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. -
CPN 36(1) Spreads
DIFFERENTIATION OF UTRICULARIA OCHROLEUCA AND U. STYGIA POPULATIONS IN T EBO BASIN,CZECH REPUBLIC, ON THE Ř Ň BASIS OF QUADRIFID GLANDS BARTOSZ J. P ACHNO • Institute of Botany • Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology • Ł Jagiellonian University • Grodzka 52 • PL-31-044 Cracow • Poland • [email protected] LUBOMÍR ADAMEC • Institute of Botany • Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic • Section of Plant Ecology • Dukelská 135 • CZ-379 82 T ebo • Czech Republic • [email protected] ř ň Keywords: physiology, taxonomy: Utricularia ochroleuca, U. stygia. Introduction Utricularia ochroleuca R. Hartm. is an amphibious/aquatic carnivorous plant occurring rel- atively rarely throughout Europe and North America in peat bogs and shallow standing dystroph- ic waters (Taylor 1989; Schlosser 2003). This species rarely flowers, is sterile, and is possibly of hybridogenic origin (i.e. U. minor × U. intermedia; Thor 1988). Thor (1988) split this taxon into two species, U. ochroleuca s. str. and U. stygia Thor (see Figure 1), on the basis of minor differ- ences in corolla morphology, the number of leaf teeth tipped with bristles, and, especially, in the structural details of the quadrifid (i.e. four-armed) ×-shaped glands (hairs) in their carnivorous traps. The rarity of flowering, the unreliability of the tooth number on the leaves as a determina- tion marker, preventing from easy determination (the numbers greatly overlap; Thor 1988; Schlosser 2003), and the rarity of these two species in Central Europe contributed partly to the neglect or refusal of the Thor’s concept of U. stygia as a separate species (in the Czech Republic e.g., Holub & Procházka 2000; Adamec & Lev 2002; Sirová et al.