DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding in a Mechanical Model of Bladderwort

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding in a Mechanical Model of Bladderwort ABSTRACT HYDRODYNAMICS OF SUCTION FEEDING IN A MECHANICAL MODEL OF BLADDERWORT Bladderworts, aquatic carnivorous plants, use specialized traps (with a mouth opening of about 0.2 mm in diameter) to complete their feeding strike in less than a millisecond after the trap begins to open. Suction feeding is well understood in animals with mouth diameters greater than 10 millimeters and the little we know about small suction feeders from larval fish suggests that small suction feeders are not effective. Yet bladderworts have strong suction performances despite having the same mouth size as that of fish larvae. Bladderwort generate suction flows with peak speeds of 5 m/s and reach peak speed in 1 millisecond. In contrast, larval fish reach much lower peak speeds of 1 mm/s within 10 milliseconds. Previous studies of bladderwort suction feeding have focused on the trap door mechanics rather than the mechanics of fluid flow. As it is difficult to study the real organisms due to their small size and short duration, we used fluid-dynamic scaling laws to design a dynamically scaled model and characterize the suction flows. This larger and slower model greatly facilitates the recording of data with better temporal and spatial resolution. The model comprised a linear motor and a housing with a circular test nozzle submerged in mineral oil. We combined flow visualization on bladderwort traps with measurements on the mechanical model and compare experimental data with theoretical predictions about inhalant flows. In this study, we simulated actual traps as well as traps that are smaller and slower than real traps to explore how speed affects suction performance. We also show that a dynamically scaled model provides detailed flow fields to help explore the differences between bladderwort and fish larval suction flows. Our findings largely agree with theoretical models of suction flows, which show that bladderwort traps generate flows that closely resemble inviscid flow whereas fish larvae resemble creeping flow models. This dynamically scaled mechanical model will be a valuable tool to address bio fluid-dynamic questions. Krizma Singh May 2020 HYDRODYNAMICS OF SUCTION FEEDING IN A MECHANICAL MODEL OF BLADDERWORT by Krizma Singh A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology in the College of Science and Mathematics California State University, Fresno May 2020 APPROVED For the Department of Biology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Krizma Singh Thesis Author Ulrike Müller (Chair) Biology Otto Berg Chemistry David Lent Biology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely thankful to my graduate advisor for giving me this opportunity to be a part of her Research group. This work would not have been possible or have the spirit it has without her invaluable academic and psychological support. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Otto Berg and Dr. David Lent, for their motivation and support and, to the Department of Biology. I also appreciate Dr. Deify Law, for letting me take mechanical engineering classes so that I get a better understanding of Fluid dynamics, and his guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically. I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my academic development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. I would also like to thank my fellow lab mates, Roberto Reyes and Gabriel Campa. I would like to recognize the support of my parents, brother and friends, especially Nayan Prakash that have been by my side during this journey. I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to the staff at International Student Office for giving necessary advice, guidance and arranging all facilities to make life easier as an international student. I choose this moment to acknowledge their contribution gratefully. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the funding from Department of Biology, Division of Research and Graduate Studies, National Science Foundation, and The CSU Council on Ocean Affairs, Science & Technology (COAST) award that has allowed me to present this research and supported me. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1 Bladderwort Habitat, Morphology, and Kinematics ...................................................... 3 Bladderwort Trapping Mechanism ................................................................................. 5 Mechanics of Fluid Flow ................................................................................................. 7 Theoretical Flow Models for External Flow Fields ....................................................... 9 Significance .................................................................................................................... 11 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 11 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 13 Scaling ............................................................................................................................ 13 Design of the Dynamically Scaled Model .................................................................... 14 Flow Visualization Using the Mechanical Model ....................................................... 16 Flow Analysis................................................................................................................. 17 Post-Processing of the Flow Data ................................................................................. 19 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 20 Construction of a Mechanical Device to Model Suction Feeding .............................. 20 Validation of the Mechanical Model ............................................................................ 20 Comparing Suction Flows of the Mechanical Model Simulating Two Small Suction Feeders with Published Theoretical Models ...................................... 22 Comparing Suction Feeding Flows Across Re............................................................. 24 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................... 29 Aims 1 and 2: Construction and Validation of the Mechanical Model ...................... 29 Aim 3: Examining Flow Over a Range of Reynolds Numbers ................................... 31 vi vi Page Comparison with Existing Studies ................................................................................ 32 Future Directions............................................................................................................ 34 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 36 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 41 APPENDIX A: MATLAB CODE FOR FIGURES ............................................................. 42 APPENDIX B: FLOW-FIELDS WITH MOVIE DETAILS .............................................. 48 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Characteristics of suction in bladderwort and fish larva ......................................... 2 Table 2. Scaling calculations for design purposes ............................................................... 14 Table 3. Statistical calculations ............................................................................................. 23 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. General bladderwort morphology.. ........................................................................ 4 Figure 2. Adapted from Singh et al., 2011- Opening and closing of trapdoor in U. stellaris bladder. ...................................................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis for a cylindrical coordinate system. ..................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 4. Adapted from CFD model results (Johan van Leeuwen, personal communication) ...................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution of Unusual Morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (Bladderworts and Allies) And
    Annals of Botany 117: 811–832, 2016 doi:10.1093/aob/mcv172, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON DEVELOPMENTAL ROBUSTNESS AND SPECIES DIVERSITY Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification Rolf Rutishauser* Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 30 July 2015 Returned for revision: 19 August 2015 Accepted: 25 September 2015 Published electronically: 20 November 2015 Background Various groups of flowering plants reveal profound (‘saltational’) changes of their bauplans (archi- tectural rules) as compared with related taxa. These plants are known as morphological misfits that appear as rather Downloaded from large morphological deviations from the norm. Some of them emerged as morphological key innovations (perhaps ‘hopeful monsters’) that gave rise to new evolutionary lines of organisms, based on (major) genetic changes. Scope This pictorial report places emphasis on released bauplans as typical for bladderworts (Utricularia,approx. 230 secies, Lentibulariaceae) and river-weeds (Podostemaceae, three subfamilies, approx. 54 genera, approx. 310 species). Bladderworts (Utricularia) are carnivorous, possessing sucking traps. They live as submerged aquatics (except for their flowers), as humid terrestrials or as epiphytes. Most Podostemaceae are restricted to rocks in tropi- http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ cal river-rapids and waterfalls. They survive as submerged haptophytes in these extreme habitats during the rainy season, emerging with their flowers afterwards. The recent scientific progress in developmental biology and evolu- tionary history of both Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae is summarized.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa
    Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia Reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity Saura R. Silva 1 , Ana Paula Moraes 2 , Helen A. Penha 1, Maria H. M. Julião 1, Douglas S. Domingues 3, Todd P. Michael 4 , Vitor F. O. Miranda 5,* and Alessandro M. Varani 1,* 1 Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; [email protected] (S.R.S.); [email protected] (H.A.P.); [email protected] (M.H.M.J.) 2 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; [email protected] 4 J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.F.O.M.); [email protected] (A.M.V.) Received: 23 October 2019; Accepted: 15 December 2019; Published: 18 December 2019 Abstract: Utricularia belongs to Lentibulariaceae, a widespread family of carnivorous plants that possess ultra-small and highly dynamic nuclear genomes. It has been shown that the Lentibulariaceae genomes have been shaped by transposable elements expansion and loss, and multiple rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGD), making the family a platform for evolutionary and comparative genomics studies. To explore the evolution of Utricularia, we estimated the chromosome number and genome size, as well as sequenced the terrestrial bladderwort Utricularia reniformis (2n = 40, 1C = 317.1-Mpb).
    [Show full text]
  • Utricularia Australis R. Br. (Lentibulariaceae): an Addition to the Carnivorous Plants of Odisha, India
    SPECIES l REPORT Species Utricularia australis R. Br. 22(69), 2021 (Lentibulariaceae): an addition to the carnivorous plants of Odisha, India Sweta Mishra1, Subhadarshini Satapathy1, Arun Kumar Mishra2, Ramakanta Majhi2, Rajkumari Supriya Devi1, To Cite: Sugimani Marndi1, Sanjeet Kumar1 Mishra S, Satapathy S, Mishra AK, Majhi R, Devi RS, Marndi S, Kumar S. Utricularia australis R. Br. (Lentibulariaceae): an addition to the carnivorous plants of Odisha, India. Species, 2021, 22(69), 130-133 ABSTRACT Utricularia australis, a carnivorous aquatic plant species is reported here as a Author Affiliation: new record for the flora of Odisha, India from Rairangpur Forest Division, 1 Biodiversity and Conservation Lab., Ambika Prasad Odisha. The botanical description, ecology, distribution and associate plants of Research Foundation, Odisha, India the species have been provided along with colour photographs for easy 2Divisional Forest Office, Rairangpur Forest Division, identification in the field. Odisha, India Corresponding Author: Keywords: Utricularia australis; carnivorous plants; Rairangpur Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Lab., Ambika Prasad Research Foundation, Odisha, India Email-Id: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Peer-Review History Odisha is a home of diverse, rare and endemic flora and fauna due to the Received: 18 March 2021 widespread landscapes, soil types, variety of vegetation and micro climatic Reviewed & Revised: 20/March/2021 to 15/April/2021 conditions. Regardless of tough hilly terrain, wetlands and valleys, the region Accepted: 16 April 2021 has been explored from floral wealth point of view by many organizations like Published: April 2021 Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Universities, Research foundations and NGOs leading to the Peer-Review Model identification of many plant species.
    [Show full text]
  • Enzymatic Activities in Traps of Four Aquatic Species of the Carnivorous
    Research EnzymaticBlackwell Publishing Ltd. activities in traps of four aquatic species of the carnivorous genus Utricularia Dagmara Sirová1, Lubomír Adamec2 and Jaroslav Vrba1,3 1Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, BraniSovská 31, CZ−37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; 2Institute of Botany AS CR, Section of Plant Ecology, Dukelská 135, CZ−37982 Trebo˜, Czech Republic; 3Hydrobiological Institute AS CR, Na Sádkách 7, CZ−37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic Summary Author for correspondence: • Here, enzymatic activity of five hydrolases was measured fluorometrically in the Lubomír Adamec fluid collected from traps of four aquatic Utricularia species and in the water in Tel: +420 384 721156 which the plants were cultured. Fax: +420 384 721156 • In empty traps, the highest activity was always exhibited by phosphatases (6.1– Email: [email protected] 29.8 µmol l−1 h−1) and β-glucosidases (1.35–2.95 µmol l−1 h−1), while the activities Received: 31 March 2003 of α-glucosidases, β-hexosaminidases and aminopeptidases were usually lower by Accepted: 14 May 2003 one or two orders of magnitude. Two days after addition of prey (Chydorus sp.), all doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00834.x enzymatic activities in the traps noticeably decreased in Utricularia foliosa and U. australis but markedly increased in Utricularia vulgaris. • Phosphatase activity in the empty traps was 2–18 times higher than that in the culture water at the same pH of 4.7, but activities of the other trap enzymes were usually higher in the water. Correlative analyses did not show any clear relationship between these activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Trap Size and Age
    ABSTRACT ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ACTIVE TRAPS IN THE CARNIVOROUS PLANT UTRICULARIA AUSTRALIS: EFFECTS OF TRAP SIZE AND AGE Carnivorous plants form traps, which require resources that would otherwise go to photosynthetically more active tissue. Added to this cost of trap construction can be the cost of setting and resetting the trap if the trap is active (such as a Venus flytrap). The carnivorous plants with the most active traps are in the genus Utricularia (bladderwort). A bladderwort trap can fire up to several hundred times over its lifespan. The cost of setting and resetting the trap arises from expelling water from the tap lumen. As lumen volume scales with trap size, active cost scales with trap volume. Given that cost scales with trap size, we expect that the increased cost of larger traps is balanced by increased benefits in the form of larger or more prey captured. In this study we explored the effects of trap size on active costs and prey capture success. We developed a new method to quantify the volume of water expelled from each trap using a fluorescent dye. We found that the volume of water expelled increased with increasing trap size and that larger traps catch more prey. We also found that age effects did not confound size effects. We conclude that in bladderworts, both costs and benefits of traps scale with trap volume. Furthermore, studies that explore the cost of active traps need to take into account trap size as a confounding factor. Maxwell R. Hall May 2018 ASSESSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ACTIVE TRAPS IN THE CARNIVOROUS PLANT UTRICULARIA AUSTRALIS: EFFECTS OF TRAP SIZE AND AGE by Maxwell R.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Label Plant Structures with Doubtful Or Mixed Identities? Zootaxa
    Plant structure ontology: How should we label plant structures with doubtful or mixed identities?* By: BRUCE K. KIRCHOFF†, EVELIN PFEIFER‡, and ROLF RUTISHAUSER§ Kirchoff, B. K., E. Pfeifer, and R. Rutishauser. (Dec. 2008) Plant Structure Ontology: How to label plant structures with doubtful or mixed identities? Zootaxa. 1950, 103-122. Made available courtesy of ELSEVIER: http://www.elsevier.com/ ***Note: Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: This paper discusses problems with labelling plant structures in the context of attempts to create a unified Plant Structure Ontology. Special attention is given to structures with mixed, or doubtful identities that are difficult or even impossible to label with a single term. In various vascular plants (and some groups of animals) the structural categories for the description of forms are less distinct than is often supposed. Thus, there are morphological misfits that do not fit exactly into one or the other category and to which it is difficult, or even impossible, to apply a categorical name. After presenting three case studies of intermediate organs and organs whose identity is in doubt, we review five approaches to categorizing plant organs, and evaluate the potential of each to serve as a general reference system for gene annotations. The five approaches are (1) standardized vocabularies, (2) labels based on developmental genetics, (3) continuum morphology, (4) process morphology, (5) character cladograms. While all of these approaches have important domains of applicability, we conclude that process morphology is the one most suited to gene annotation. Article: INTRODUCTION For practical investigation of morphology and phylogeny reconstruction, most botanists still work with metaphors or concepts that view morphological characters as “frozen in time,” as static “slices” of a continuous process.
    [Show full text]
  • Seber Gc Me Jabo Par.Pdf
    RESSALVA Atendendo solicitação do(a) autor(a), o texto completo desta dissertação será disponibilizado somente a partir de 29/07/2018. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA - UNESP CÂMPUS DE JABOTICABAL FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DE Utricularia sect. Utricularia (LENTIBULARIACEAE) BASEADA EM DOIS loci NUCLEARES E UM ESPAÇADOR CLOROPLASTIDIAL Guilherme Camara Seber Agrônomo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA - UNESP CÂMPUS DE JABOTICABAL FILOGENIA MOLECULAR DE Utricularia sect. Utricularia (LENTIBULARIACEAE) BASEADA EM DOIS loci NUCLEARES E UM ESPAÇADOR CLOROPLASTIDIAL Guilherme Camara Seber Orientador: Prof. Dr. Vitor Fernandes Oliveira de Miranda Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Agronomia (Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas) 2016 Seber, Guilherme Camara S443f Filogenia molecular de Utricularia sect. Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) baseada em dois loci nucleares e um espaçador cloroplastidial / Guilherme Camara Seber. – – Jaboticabal, 2016 x, 64 p. : il. ; 29 cm Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, 2016 Orientador: Vitor Fernandes Oliveira de Miranda Banca examinadora: Fábio Pinheiro, Alessandro de Mello Varani Bibliografia 1. Lentibulariaceae. 2. Utricularia. 3. Utricularia sect. Utricularia. I. Título. II. Jaboticabal-Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias. CDU 631.52:581.137.2 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Seção Técnica de Aquisição e Tratamento da Informação – Serviço Técnico de Biblioteca e Documentação - UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. DADOS CURRICULARES DO AUTOR Guilherme Camara Seber, nascido em 05/09/1991, possui graduação em Engenharia Agronômica pela UNESP – Câmpus de Botucatu, onde realizou estágio acadêmico e adquiriu experiência na área de Melhoramento Genético de Grandes Culturas. Recebeu bolsa de iniciação científica (CNPq) atrelada ao projeto intitulado “Seleção Individual com Teste de Progênies em Crambe”.
    [Show full text]
  • Prey Composition in the Carnivorous Plants Utricularia Inflata and U. Gibba (Lentibulariaceae) from Paria Peninsula, Venezuela
    Prey composition in the carnivorous plants Utricularia inflata and U. gibba (Lentibulariaceae) from Paria Peninsula, Venezuela Elizabeth Gordon1 & Sergio Pacheco2 1 Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, A.P. 47058, Caracas 1041, Venezuela; [email protected] 2 Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, A.P. 47058, Caracas 1041, Venezuela Received 14-XII-2005. Corrected 24-IV-2006. Accepted 28-II-2007. Abstract: Carnivorous aquatic plants, genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae), capture small aquatic organisms, such as rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans, by means of anatomical structures named bladders. The present study aimed to determine prey size and composition in U. gibba and U. inflata, which were collected from a small lake and an herbaceous wetland, respectively, located in Paria Peninsula (Sucre State, Venezuela). Water pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were measured in situ at each sampling location, and water samples were collected to determine N-Kjeldahl, total-P, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, and Cl-. Fifty bladders from each plant species were measured and their contents were analyzed. N-Kjeldahl and total-P values were similar in both sites, and were also similar to values reported for eutrophic ecosystems, although Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ con- centrations and in situ water parameter values were higher in the herbaceous wetland. Bladder content showed the following zooplankton groups: rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, annelids, rhizopodeans, and insects; and the following phytoplankton divisions: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Euglenophyta. U. inflata presented smaller and fewer bladders, but higher abundance and total algal and animal morphospecies richness than U.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Flora of Central Europe Utricularia Intermedia Hayne, U
    Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 44 (2020) 125520 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ppees Review Biological flora of Central Europe: Utricularia intermedia Hayne, U. ochroleuca R.W. Hartm., U. stygia Thor and U. bremii Heer ex Kölliker T Lubomír Adamec Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 01, Třeboň, Czech Republic ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Utricularia intermedia Hayne, U. ochroleuca R.W. Hartm., U. stygia Thor and U. bremii Heer ex Kölliker Aquatic carnivorous plants (Lentibulariaceae, Lamiales) are the four rarest and critically endangered European Utricularia (bladderwort) European distribution species from the generic section Utricularia. They are aquatic, submerged or amphibious carnivorous plants with Critically endangered species suction traps which grow in very shallow, standing dystrophic (humic) waters such as pools in peat bogs and fens Ecophysiological traits (also pools after peat or fen extraction), shores of peaty lakes and fishponds; U. bremii also grows in pools in old Ecological requirements shallow sand-pits. These Utricularia species with boreal circumpolar distribution (except for U. bremii) are still Overwintering Conservation commonly growing in northern parts of Europe (Scandinavia, Karelia) but their recent distribution in Central Europe is scarce to very rare following a marked population decline over the last 120 years. All species have very thin linear shoots with short narrow to filamentous leaves bearing carnivorous traps (bladders, utricles) 1−5 mm large. The first three species form distinctly dimorphic shoots differentiated into pale carnivorous ones bearing most or all traps, and green photosynthetic shoots with only a few (or without) traps, while the last species usually forms non-differentiated (monomorphic) or slightly differentiated shoots.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanical Analysis of Prey Capture in the Carnivorous Southern
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Biomechanical analysis of prey capture in the carnivorous Southern bladderwort (Utricularia australis) Received: 13 February 2017 Simon Poppinga 1, Lars Erik Daber1, Anna SofiaWestermeier 1,2, Sebastian Kruppert3, Martin Accepted: 4 April 2017 Horstmann 3, Ralph Tollrian3 & Thomas Speck1,2 Published: xx xx xxxx We recorded capture events (CEs) of the daphniid Ceriodaphnia dubia by the carnivorous Southern bladderwort with suction traps (Utricularia australis). Independent to orientation and behavior during trap triggering, the animals were successfully captured within 9 ms on average and sucked in with velocities of up to 4 m/s and accelerations of up to 2800 g. Phases of very high acceleration during onsets of suction were immediately followed by phases of similarly high deceleration (max.: −1900 g) inside the bladders, leading to immobilization of the prey which then dies. We found that traps perform a ‘forward strike’ during suction and that almost completely air-filled traps are still able to perform suction. The trigger hairs on the trapdoors can undergo strong bending deformation, which we interpret to be a safety feature to prevent fracture. Our results highlight the elaborate nature of the Utricularia suction traps which are functionally resilient and leave prey animals virtually no chance to escape. Aquatic carnivorous bladderworts (Utricularia spp., Lentibulariaceae, Lamiales) possess submerged suction traps (‘bladders’) which are the fastest motile trapping devices in the plant kingdom1, 2. They are several millimeters long3, hollow and water-filled and possess glands which continuously pump water out of the trap lumen by an energy-demanding process4. Thereby, a negative hydrostatic pressure is generated inside the bladders and the lateral, flexible trap walls deform and store elastic energy5–7.
    [Show full text]