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Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate. -
Status of Insectivorous Plants in Northeast India
Technical Refereed Contribution Status of insectivorous plants in northeast India Praveen Kumar Verma • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box # 136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India • [email protected] Jan Schlauer • Zwischenstr. 11 • 60594 Frankfurt/Main • Germany • [email protected] Krishna Kumar Rawat • CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute • Rana Pratap Marg • Lucknow -226 001 (U.P) • India Krishna Giri • Shifting Cultivation Division • Rain Forest Research Institute • Sotai Ali • Deovan • Post Box #136 • Jorhat 785 001 (Assam) • India Keywords: Biogeography, India, diversity, Red List data. Introduction There are approximately 700 identified species of carnivorous plants placed in 15 genera of nine families of dicotyledonous plants (Albert et al. 1992; Ellison & Gotellli 2001; Fleischmann 2012; Rice 2006) (Table 1). In India, a total of five genera of carnivorous plants are reported with 44 species; viz. Utricularia (38 species), Drosera (3), Nepenthes (1), Pinguicula (1), and Aldrovanda (1) (Santapau & Henry 1976; Anonymous 1988; Singh & Sanjappa 2011; Zaman et al. 2011; Kamble et al. 2012). Inter- estingly, northeastern India is the home of all five insectivorous genera, namely Nepenthes (com- monly known as tropical pitcher plant), Drosera (sundew), Utricularia (bladderwort), Aldrovanda (waterwheel plant), and Pinguicula (butterwort) with a total of 21 species. The area also hosts the “ancestral false carnivorous” plant Plumbago zelayanica, often known as murderous plant. Climate Lowland to mid-altitude areas are characterized by subtropical climate (Table 2) with maximum temperatures and maximum precipitation (monsoon) in summer, i.e., May to September (in some places the highest temperatures are reached already in April), and average temperatures usually not dropping below 0°C in winter. -
Evolution of Unusual Morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (Bladderworts and Allies) And
Annals of Botany 117: 811–832, 2016 doi:10.1093/aob/mcv172, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org REVIEW: PART OF A SPECIAL ISSUE ON DEVELOPMENTAL ROBUSTNESS AND SPECIES DIVERSITY Evolution of unusual morphologies in Lentibulariaceae (bladderworts and allies) and Podostemaceae (river-weeds): a pictorial report at the interface of developmental biology and morphological diversification Rolf Rutishauser* Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland * For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 30 July 2015 Returned for revision: 19 August 2015 Accepted: 25 September 2015 Published electronically: 20 November 2015 Background Various groups of flowering plants reveal profound (‘saltational’) changes of their bauplans (archi- tectural rules) as compared with related taxa. These plants are known as morphological misfits that appear as rather Downloaded from large morphological deviations from the norm. Some of them emerged as morphological key innovations (perhaps ‘hopeful monsters’) that gave rise to new evolutionary lines of organisms, based on (major) genetic changes. Scope This pictorial report places emphasis on released bauplans as typical for bladderworts (Utricularia,approx. 230 secies, Lentibulariaceae) and river-weeds (Podostemaceae, three subfamilies, approx. 54 genera, approx. 310 species). Bladderworts (Utricularia) are carnivorous, possessing sucking traps. They live as submerged aquatics (except for their flowers), as humid terrestrials or as epiphytes. Most Podostemaceae are restricted to rocks in tropi- http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/ cal river-rapids and waterfalls. They survive as submerged haptophytes in these extreme habitats during the rainy season, emerging with their flowers afterwards. The recent scientific progress in developmental biology and evolu- tionary history of both Lentibulariaceae and Podostemaceae is summarized. -
Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa
Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume. -
The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia Reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article The Terrestrial Carnivorous Plant Utricularia reniformis Sheds Light on Environmental and Life-Form Genome Plasticity Saura R. Silva 1 , Ana Paula Moraes 2 , Helen A. Penha 1, Maria H. M. Julião 1, Douglas S. Domingues 3, Todd P. Michael 4 , Vitor F. O. Miranda 5,* and Alessandro M. Varani 1,* 1 Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; [email protected] (S.R.S.); [email protected] (H.A.P.); [email protected] (M.H.M.J.) 2 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; [email protected] 4 J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.F.O.M.); [email protected] (A.M.V.) Received: 23 October 2019; Accepted: 15 December 2019; Published: 18 December 2019 Abstract: Utricularia belongs to Lentibulariaceae, a widespread family of carnivorous plants that possess ultra-small and highly dynamic nuclear genomes. It has been shown that the Lentibulariaceae genomes have been shaped by transposable elements expansion and loss, and multiple rounds of whole-genome duplications (WGD), making the family a platform for evolutionary and comparative genomics studies. To explore the evolution of Utricularia, we estimated the chromosome number and genome size, as well as sequenced the terrestrial bladderwort Utricularia reniformis (2n = 40, 1C = 317.1-Mpb). -
Evaluating the Adaptive Evolutionary Convergence of Carnivorous Plant Taxa Through Functional Genomics
Evaluating the adaptive evolutionary convergence of carnivorous plant taxa through functional genomics Gregory L. Wheeler and Bryan C. Carstens Department of Evolution, Ecology, & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America ABSTRACT Carnivorous plants are striking examples of evolutionary convergence, displaying complex and often highly similar adaptations despite lack of shared ancestry. Using available carnivorous plant genomes along with non-carnivorous reference taxa, this study examines the convergence of functional overrepresentation of genes previously implicated in plant carnivory. Gene Ontology (GO) coding was used to quantitatively score functional representation in these taxa, in terms of proportion of carnivory- associated functions relative to all functional sequence. Statistical analysis revealed that, in carnivorous plants as a group, only two of the 24 functions tested showed a signal of substantial overrepresentation. However, when the four carnivorous taxa were analyzed individually, 11 functions were found to be significant in at least one taxon. Though carnivorous plants collectively may show overrepresentation in functions from the predicted set, the specific functions that are overrepresented vary substantially from taxon to taxon. While it is possible that some functions serve a similar practical purpose such that one taxon does not need to utilize both to achieve the same result, it appears that there are multiple approaches for the evolution of carnivorous function in plant genomes. Our approach could be applied to tests of functional convergence in other systems provided on the availability of genomes and annotation data for a group. Submitted 27 October 2017 Accepted 13 January 2018 Subjects Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Studies, Genomics, Plant Science Published 31 January 2018 Keywords Carnivorous plants, Gene Ontology, Functional genomics, Convergent evolution Corresponding author Gregory L. -
Universidade Estadual Paulista Câmpus De
Campus de Botucatu UNESP - UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊN CIAS GENÔMICA ORGANELAR E EVOLUÇÃO DE GENLISEA E UTRICULARIA (LENTIBULARIACEAE) SAURA RODRIGUES DA SILVA Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Câmpus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica) BOTUCATU - SP - 2018 - Insti tuto de Biociências – Departamento de Botânica Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n CEP 18618 - 000 Botucatu SP Brasil Tel 14 3811 6265/6053 fax 14 3815 3744 [email protected] Campus de Botucatu UNESP - UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊN CIAS GENÔMICA ORGANELAR E EVOLUÇÃO DE GENLISEA E UTRICULARIA (LENTIBULARIACEAE) SAUR A RODRIGUES DA SILVA PROF. DR. VITOR FERN ANDES OLIVEIRA DE MI RANDA ORIENTADOR PROF. DR. ALESSANDRO DE MEL L O VARANI Coorientador Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Câmpus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciên cias Biológicas (Botânica) BOTUCATU - SP - 2018 - Instituto de Biociências – Departamento de Botânica Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n CEP 18618 - 000 Botucatu SP Brasil Tel 14 3811 6265/6053 fax 14 3815 3744 [email protected] 2 Campus de Botucatu FICHA CATALOGRÁFIC A ELABORADA PELA SEÇÃO TÉCNICA DE AQUISIÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO DIVISÃO TÉCNICA DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - CAMPUS DE BOTUCATU - UNESP Silva, Saura Rodrigues. Genômica organelar e evolução d e Genlisea e Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) / Saura Rodrigues da Silva. – 2018. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, 2018. Orientador: Vitor Fernandes Oliveira de Miranda Co - orientador: Alessandro de Mello Varani Assunto CAPES: 1. Sistemática Vegetal CDD 581.1 Palavras - c have: Utricularia ; Genlisea ; genômica de organelas; ndhs; Evolução de organelas. -
Template for Electronic Submission of Organic Letters
Anais VII Simpósio da Amazônia Meridional em Ciências Ambientais: Resumos Expandidos I – Scientific Electronic Archives. Vol 11: 2018, Special Edition ANAIS VII SIMPÓSIO DA AMAZÔNIA MERIDIONAL EM CIÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS: RESUMOS EXPANDIDOS – VOL I. “Amazônia de transição: Origem, desenvolvimento e perspectivas futuras" Realização Apoio Sinop, MT, 2018 103 Anais VII Simpósio da Amazônia Meridional em Ciências Ambientais: Resumos Expandidos I – Scientific Electronic Archives. Vol 11: 2018, Special Edition UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO CÂMPUS UNIVERSITÁRIO DE SINOP INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS NATURAIS, HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS NÚCLEO DE ESTUDOS DA BIODIVERSIDADE DA AMAZÔNIA MATO-GROSSENSE COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO VII SIMAMCA ADILSON PACHECO DE SOUZA ANDERSON BARZOTTO ANDRÉA CARVALHO DA SILVA CRISTIANO ALVES DA COSTA DANIEL CARNEIRO DE ABREU DÊNIA MENDES DE SOUZA VALLADÃO DOMINGOS DE JESUS RODRIGUES EDJANE ROCHA DOS SANTOS FABIANA DE FÁTIMA FERREIRA FABIANO ANDRE PETTER FELICIO GUILARDI JUNIOR FLÁVIA RODRIGUES BARBOSA GENEFER ELECIANNE RAIZA DOS SANTOS JACQUELINE KERKHOFF JEAN REINILDES PINHEIRO JULIANE DAMBROS KLEBER SOLERA LARISSA CAVALHEIRO DA SILVA LEANDRO DÊNIS BATTIROLA LUCÉLIA NOBRE CARVALHO LÚCIA YAMAZAKI LUIS FELIPE MORETTI INIESTA MARLITON ROCHA BARRETO MONIQUE MACHINER RAFAEL CAMILO CUSTÓDIO ARIAS RAFAEL SOARES DE ARRUDA RAFAELLA TELES ARANTES FELIPE RENATA ZACHI DE OSTI ROBERTO DE MORAES LIMA SILVEIRA SHEILA RODRIGUES DO NASCIMENTO PELISSARI SOLANGE MARIA BONALDO TALITA BENEDCTA SANTOS KÜNAST URANDI -
Suzana Maria Dos Santos Costa FLORA DO PARQUE NACIONAL
Suzana Maria dos Santos Costa FLORA DO PARQUE NACIONAL DO VIRUÁ (RR): Plantas aquáticas e palustres com ênfase em Lentibulariaceae CAMPINAS 2012 CAMPINAS 2012 i ii iii FINANCIAMENTO CAPES – PNADB (Programa Nacional de Apoio e Desaenvolvimento da Botânica) PROCAD – Amazônia (Programa de Cooperação Acadêmica) CAPES e CNPq – bolsa de estudos (nível de mestrado) pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, IB/UNICAMP iv Agradecimentos aos especialistas À Kátia Cangani (INPA – Melastomataceae), Msc. Rosemeri Morokawa (UNICAMP – Apocynaceae), Msc. Marcelo Monge (UNICAMP – Asteraceae), Msc. Nállarett Cardozo (UNICAMP – Rubiaceae), Msc. Gisele Oliveira (IBt/SP – Xyridaceae) e ao Prof. Dr. Marccus Alves (UFPE – Cyperaceae) pelas confirmações e determinações em sua respectivas especialidades. v Agradecimentos À meu pais, Dona Ozana e Seu Lucas, por me mostrarem desde minha infância a importância de buscar Conhecimento, sempre respeitando meus colegas, e que me apoiaram da maneira que puderam nas minhas empreitadas. Às minhas irmãs, Rosana e Luciana, com quem dividi e ainda divido importantes experiências na vida. À toda minha família; aos vivos, com quem festejarei no retorno à terras sergipanas, e aos falecidos, cuja memória manterei acesa enquanto viver. Aos amigos de ontem e de hoje. Aos que connheço desde o Colégio de Aplicação/UFS, especialmente Driele e Thiago Ranniery. Aos que me acompanharam durante a graduação na UFS e por todos os laboratórios que passei (Camila, Andrezza, Ivan, Dante, Júnior, Dani- “sister” , Daniel, Crislaine, Jamylle, Thiago Ranniery de novo!, Neidjoca e tantos mais!) e ao pessoal do zoológico do Parque da Cidade. Aos amigos e colegas de Manaus (Martinha, Kátia, Fernanda, Nállarett, Clóvis,...) e Campinas (Tiago “Padre”, Anna, Gabi, Décio, Shimizu, Luciana, Marcelinho, Marcela, Tamires – pois é, Tamires, cê aparece no bolo da Unicamp!! – Nazareth, Talita, Carol, Zildamara, e uma infinidade de outros nomes!). -
Native Vascular Plants
!Yt q12'5 3. /3<L....:::5_____ ,--- _____ Y)Q.'f MUSEUM BULLETIN NO.4 -------------- Copy I NATIVE VASCULAR PLANTS Endangered, Threatened, Or Otherwise In Jeopardy In South Carolina By Douglas A. Rayner, Chairman And Other Members Of The South Carolina Advisory Committee On Endangered, Threatened And Rare Plants SOUTH CAROLINA MUSEUM COMMISSION S. C. STATE LIR7~'· '?Y rAPR 1 1 1995 STATE DOCU~ 41 ;::,·. l s NATIVE VASCULAR PLANTS ENDANGERED, THREATENED, OR OTHERWISE IN JEOPARDY IN SOUTH CAROLINA by Douglas A. Rayner, Chairman and other members of the South Carolina Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plants March, 1979 Current membership of the S. C. Committee on Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plants Subcommittee on Criteria: Ross C. Clark, Chairman (1977); Erskine College (taxonomy and ecology) Steven M. Jones, Clemson University (forest ecology) Richard D. Porcher, The Citadel (taxonomy) Douglas A. Rayner, S.C. Wildlife Department (taxonomy and ecology) Subcommittee on Listings: C. Leland Rodgers, Chairman (1977 listings); Furman University (taxonomy and ecology) Wade T. Batson, University of South Carolina, Columbia (taxonomy and ecology) Ross C. Clark, Erskine College (taxonomy and ecology) John E. Fairey, III, Clemson University (taxonomy) Joseph N. Pinson, Jr., University of South Carolina, Coastal Carolina College (taxonomy) Robert W. Powell, Jr., Converse College (taxonomy) Douglas A Rayner, Chairman (1979 listings) S. C. Wildlife Department (taxonomy and ecology) INTRODUCTION South Carolina's first list of rare vascular plants was produced as part of the 1976 S.C. En dangered Species Symposium by the S. C. Advisory Committee on Endangered, Threatened and Rare Plants, 1977. The Symposium was a joint effort of The Citadel's Department of Biology and the S. -
Felipe Rezende De Lima¹; Welington Luiz De Araújo2
Caracterização da diversidade bacteriana associada à planta carnívora Utricularia breviscapa (LENTIBULARIACEAE) Felipe Rezende de Lima¹; Welington Luiz de Araújo2 Estudante do Curso de Ciência Biológicas: e-mail: [email protected] Professor da Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes: e-mail: [email protected] Área do Conhecimento: Genética de Microrganismos e Ecologia Microbiana. Palavras-chave: Utricularia; planta carnívora; diversidade bacteriana; ecologia microbiana. INTRODUÇÃO Plantas carnívoras apresentam diferentes adaptações para capturar e digerir a presa, incorporando nutrientes importantes como N, P, S, K e Mg (ADAMEC, 1997; ELLISON & GOTELLI, 2001). Entretanto, a capacidade de digerir a presa é pouco conhecida, acreditando-se que este processo seja em parte desempenhado por enzimas secretadas por fungos e principalmente bactérias presentes na planta hospedeira (JUNIPER et al,1989; CHASE et al., 2009; ELLISON & GOTELLI, 2009). Utricularia breviscapa pertence à família Lentibulariaceae, apresentando folhas modificadas denominadas utrículos, o qual é um armadilha capaz de capturar sua presa através de sucção por meio de pressão hidrostática interna negativa (FERTIG, 2001; JOBSON et al., 2004). OBJETIVOS O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar a diversidade bacteriana associada à estolões e utrículos de Utricularia breviscapa. METODOLOGIA A coleta do material vegetal foi realizada em Santo Antônio de Leverger (MT) e em Mogi das Cruzes (SP). As bactérias associadas aos utrículos e aos estolões foram isoladas e identificadas por meio de sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA. A análise estatística foi feita com o auxílio do programa BioEstat 4.0. Por meio da ferramenta Mothur (SCHLOSS, P.D., et al.) foram calculados os estimadores de riqueza ACE e CHAO1 e os índices de diversidade Shannon (H) e 1-Simpson. -
Enzymatic Activities in Traps of Four Aquatic Species of the Carnivorous
Research EnzymaticBlackwell Publishing Ltd. activities in traps of four aquatic species of the carnivorous genus Utricularia Dagmara Sirová1, Lubomír Adamec2 and Jaroslav Vrba1,3 1Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, BraniSovská 31, CZ−37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; 2Institute of Botany AS CR, Section of Plant Ecology, Dukelská 135, CZ−37982 Trebo˜, Czech Republic; 3Hydrobiological Institute AS CR, Na Sádkách 7, CZ−37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic Summary Author for correspondence: • Here, enzymatic activity of five hydrolases was measured fluorometrically in the Lubomír Adamec fluid collected from traps of four aquatic Utricularia species and in the water in Tel: +420 384 721156 which the plants were cultured. Fax: +420 384 721156 • In empty traps, the highest activity was always exhibited by phosphatases (6.1– Email: [email protected] 29.8 µmol l−1 h−1) and β-glucosidases (1.35–2.95 µmol l−1 h−1), while the activities Received: 31 March 2003 of α-glucosidases, β-hexosaminidases and aminopeptidases were usually lower by Accepted: 14 May 2003 one or two orders of magnitude. Two days after addition of prey (Chydorus sp.), all doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00834.x enzymatic activities in the traps noticeably decreased in Utricularia foliosa and U. australis but markedly increased in Utricularia vulgaris. • Phosphatase activity in the empty traps was 2–18 times higher than that in the culture water at the same pH of 4.7, but activities of the other trap enzymes were usually higher in the water. Correlative analyses did not show any clear relationship between these activities.