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Identifying of Groundwater Pollution in Lower Code Watershed, Yogyakarta

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Identifying of Groundwater Pollution in Lower Code Watershed, Yogyakarta PROC. INTERNAT. CONF. SCI. ENGIN. ISSN 2597-5250 | EISSN 2598-232X Volume 1, October 2017 | Pages: 23-26 Identifying of Groundwater Pollution in Lower Code Watershed, Yogyakarta Muryanto1*, Suntoro1, Totok Gunawan2, Prabang Setyono1 1Departement of Environmental Science, Sebelas Maret University, Jalan Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia 2Departement of Geography, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia *Email: [email protected] Abstract. Muryanto, Suntoro, Gunawan T, Setyono P. 2017. Identifying Of Groundwater Pollution in Lower Code Watershed, Yogyakarta. Proc Internat Conf Sci Engin 1: 23-26. The water source of the people residing in Code Watershed is currently accessed from water wells, which are privately owned by most of the house. The urban area in the watershed is highly populated and its waste is disposed of into the ground, which contaminates groundwater. Therefore, an urban area located in a higher topography poses threats to the groundwater quality downstream. The research found that the groundwater in the lower part of Code Watershed was polluted because it received the waste discharge from the city upstream and, at the same time, had to deal with the existing pollution in it. Keywords: Household waste, groundwater, groundwater pollution INTRODUCTION sampling procedure for biological parameter analysis is fatal because the results of the laboratory analysis will Water is very important in human life. Human and other be significantly different from when the water sampling living beings are unable to live without it. The follows the procedure correctly. Therefore, a groundwater used by the local people is polluted by comprehension and a knowledge of correct water domestic wastes that are discarded into the ground. sampling procedure are necessary. Groundwater is used to fulfill daily water needs, namely, for cooking, bathing, washing, etc. The water resource Data Acquisition of the people living in Code Watershed is mostly The data acquisition technique in this research was field acquired using water wells, which are privately owned observation, which aimed to monitor the field condition by most of the houses in the watershed. When the urban directly since the beginning of the survey until the area located in a higher topography in a watershed is implementation of the research. The urban area, along densely populated and its waste is disposed of into the with the downstream area of the city and the upstream ground, it potentially contaminates the groundwater area of Opak River (the lower stream of Code downstream. Watershed) were observed during the research. The data used in this research were as follows: Primary Data: The research data were obtained MATERIALS AND METHODS directly from the results of laboratory-scale research. The water samples obtained from the predefined points Research Object were analyzed in the laboratory. These served as the The research object is groundwater in Code Watershed. primary data namely, physical, chemical, and biological The groundwater was sampled two times from areas characteristics of water quality. outside the city and two times from areas close to Opak River (the lower stream of Code River). The volume of Research Materials each sample was 1 liter, stored in a bottle that was The research used the following materials: groundwater initially cleaned and rinsed with sample water. The samples in Code Watershed and HCl 1 N. sample has to fill up the bottle, then the bottle has to be properly closed in order to avoid contact with air. For Research Equipment iron (Fe) content analysis, the water sample has to meet The equipment used in this research was as follows: 4 the following requisites, namely: (1) it has to fill up the pieces of 1-liter sample bottles, 4 pieces of sample 100-ml sample bottle; (2) there has to be no air bubble bottles for bacteria analysis, 4 pieces of 100-ml sample inside the bottle; (3) it has to be added with a bottles for iron content analysis, 1 piece of water dipper preservative, i.e. Chloride Acid; and (4) it has to be for collecting water sample, 1 piece of water sampler, 1 airtight. In order to analyze biological parameters, the piece of EC meter for measuring electrical conductivity sample bottles were sterilized and then dried. The in the field, stationary, a set of computer for processing preservation of water samples for biological parameters digital data and writing thesis, Global Positioning involves a cold condition and an isothermic box filled System (GPS) for pinpointing the location of water with ice for sample transportation. A mistake in water 24 PROC. INTERNAT. CONF. SCI. ENGIN. 1: 23-26, October 2017 samples in the field, and the Indonesian Topographic method. This method was used to determine the Map (RBI) in a scale of 1: 25,000. pollution level relative to the allowed presence of each parameter in the water. The concept of Pollution Index Research Steps (PI) is different fromthat of the Water Quality Index. 1. Preparation The former index is meant for determining the proper This step included preliminary study, research permit use of an entire water body or a river segment. PI-based application, and the procurement of research tools, water quality management can provide stakeholders materials, and the other necessary instruments. with an input for considering the use or allocation of a 2. Water Sampling water body and the improvement or reversion of This step included groundwater and spring water deteriorated water quality due to the presence of toxic sampling. Spring and groundwater were sampled elements. PI is comprised of various groups of using water dipper and water sampler and then independent and representative water quality poured into the bottles that were firstly rinsed with parameters. In this research, PI was determined using sample water. In addition, this step included the the following procedures and requisites: analysis of groundwater and spring water samples in a. If Lij represents the concentration of each water the Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Quality, quality parameter cited in the standards of water Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University. allocation (j) and Ci represents the concentration of 3. Analyzed Parameters water quality parameter (i) obtained from water The parameter analysis is based on Governor sample analysis in the predefined locations along a Regulation no. 20/2008 on Water Quality Standards river, then PIj is the pollution index for water in Yogyakarta Special Region, including standard of allocation (j) physics, chemistry and biology parameters. Physical parameters analyzed in this research are temperature, PIj = f(C1/L1j, C2/L2j,....,C1L1j) TSS, TDS, turbidity, and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters consist of pH, dissolved oxygen b. Every value of Ci/Lij shows a relative pollution (DO), BOD, COD, free ammonia (NH3 -N), nitrate caused by the improper concentration of water (N03-), nitrite (N02-), sulphate (SO4-2), chloride quality parameter. (Cl-), and total iron (Fe). The biological parameter is c. Ci/Lij = 1 represents a critical value. This value is the total coliform. expected to be met by the standards of water quality allocation. Laboratory Analysis d. If a parameter has C /L > 1, then the concentration of The next step was to analyze the water samples in the i ij this parameter has to be reduced or set aside when laboratory, which in this case was the Laboratory of arelated water body is used for allocation (j). If this Hydrology and Water Quality, Faculty of Geography parameter is the determinant of a water allocation, UGM. The parameters analyzed in the laboratory were then an absolute water treatment has to be as follows: turbidity (measured using turbidimeter), performed. temperature (using mercury thermometer), pH (using pH e. The Pollution Index model uses various parameters meter), electrical conductivity (using EC meter), of water quality, therefore, its application requires Dissolved Oxygen and BOD (measured using Winkler the average and maximum values of all C /L bottle and volumetric method), COD (using i ij permanganate method), free ammonia (NH -N), nitrate 3 PI = {(C /L ) ,(C /L ) } (N0 -), nitrite (N0 -), sulfate (SO -2), and total iron (Fe) j 1 1j R 1 1j M 3 2 4 (using spectrophotometer), chloride (using volumetric- where: titration method), and total coliform (using multiple-tube (C /L ) is the average value of C /L fermentation with three tubes). 1 1j R 1 1j (C1/L1j)M is the maximum value of C1/L1j Data Analysis m is a balance factor evaluated at critical value. The research data analysis included: When the critical values of PI , (C /L ) , and a. Analysis on physical parameters (i.e., temperature, j 1 1j R (C /L ) are 1, then the value of m is 1√2. TSS, TDS, turbidity, and electrical conductivity), 1 1j M Therefore: chemical parameters (i.e., pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), BOD, COD, free ammonia (NH3-N), nitrate 2 2 - - -2 - PIj= √ (C1/L1j) M + (C1/L1j) R (N03 ), nitrite (N02 ), sulfate (SO4 ), chloride (Cl ), and total iron (Fe)), and biological parameters (i.e., 2 total coliform). The evaluation of PIj b. The determination of environmental quality status. 0 ≤ PIj ≤ 1 : within the standards 1< PI ≤ 5 : slightly polluted The water quality status was determined in Water j 5< PI ≤ 10 : moderately polluted Quality Monitoring Activity using one of the proposed j PI > 10 : severely polluted methods in the Decree of the Minister of Environment j No. KEP-115/MENLH/2003, i.e., Pollution Index (PI) Muryanto, et.al – Identifying Of Groundwater Pollution in Lower Code Watershed, Yogyakarta 25 f. The procedure for using the equation is as follows: The water sampling considered the administrative a) Collecting the concentration of pollutant boundary as well as the map of water aquifer in the area. parameter (Ci) as the main data in this equation Afterward, the spring water and groundwater samples b) Determining the standards (Lij) obtained from the local residential wells in the study c) Calculating Ci/Lij area were analyzed immediately in the laboratory of d) Calculating (C1/L1j)R and (C1/L1j)M water quality in order to preserve data accuracy.
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