J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN, Vol. 20, No.l, Maret. 2013:100-118

ENVIIIiONMENTAL MANAGENIENT AT KIJNING RIVER COURSE IN MERAPI VOLCANO YOGYAI(ARTA SPECIAL REGION (Pengelolaan Lingkungan Alur Kali Kuning di Gunungapi Merapi Daersh Istimewa Yogyakartu)

Darmakusuma Darmilnto Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281

Diterirna: 7 lanuari 2013 Disetujui: 28 Februari 2013

Abstract

This Research aims at: (a) to study the influence of grain size and amount of sediment to the river course function and geometry, (b) analyzing the impact of the usihg the sediments, water and land to the river channel and (c) evaluating the current environmental management and formulating some strategies for future f iver management. Beside that Merapi Volcano is known as the most active volcano in the world and it is pointed as a National Park because of the amount of vegetation specieses. The methods of this researr:h are threehold: (l) morphometrical measurement of Kuning River e.g depth and width couplecl with the analysis of the sediment (e.g diameter. specific gravit, percentage of boulders); (2) physi,:al-environnrental aspect determination (vegetation, percentage of coverage) and (3) social- econonric survey in order to determine the household improvements, level of income, socialization of sediment related hazards as vrell as the sand mining. These three analysis were conducted in the framework of ecology and spatial concept. The results obtained in this research are: 1) Merapi eruptions materials diturbed the river channel geometry to an abnormal condition following the rules of ecology, also thc function of river as: gathering, storage and drainage of water and sediment,2) utilization of river courses for water supply, agriculture and mining in particular sand, rocks and boulders can be made a spatial planning arrangement and utilization is also to improve the welfare of local society and the District, 3) evaluation management to catchment or river course is undeveloped and have not even seen, so lt requires management that is based on Indonesian regulation and should also noticed the chartcterisi.ics of Merapi Volcano such as lahar, nuee ardente and the dense of population in the research area.

Key words: Environmental management, Merapi volcano, IUver course, and Yogyakarta Special Region.

Abstrak

Pentelitian ini bertujuam: (a) mempelajari pengaruh beseran setdinten terhadap fungsi alur sungai, (b) menganalisis dampak terlmdap alur sungai akibat pemanfaatan sedimen, air dan lahan dan (c) evaluasi terhadep pengelolaan lingkungan alur sungai dan mencari arahan untuk meminimalisasi dampak yang terjadi. Selain Gunungapi Merapi merupakan yang terakti,f di dunia, juga telah dipilih menjadi Taman Nasional larena nxempunyai s:pesies yang cukup banyak.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini melipuli: 1l) pengukuran geometri dari Kali Kuning meliputi kedalaman dan lebar lembah sungai dikaitkan clengan material sedimen yang meliputi: diameter, berat jenis dan persentase bongkah, (2) deterrninasi terhadap aspek lingkungan fisik (vegetasi dtm persentase tutupan lahan) dan (3) ,survei sosial-ckonomi urftuk melihat ,oeningkatan kesejahteractn nusyarakat dan penghasilan serta sosiolisasi terhadap bahaya sedimen termasuk penambangannya. Keliga analisis ini dirangkum melalui pendekatan ekologi dan spasial.Hasil yang diperoleh dalqm penelitian ini: I) material erupsi Merapi yang terus- menerus ntengakibatkan perkembangan geometri alur sungai menjadi tidak normal secara ekologis, sehingga fungsinya sebagai: penyimpan, penimbun dan pengaliran air dan sedinten kurang optimal: 2) pemanJinatun alur sungai untuk air bersih, pertanian dan khu,susnya penambangan pasir, batu dan bongkah dupat dibuat tata ruangnya, sehingga mempermttdah untuk mendapatknnnya dan meningkatkan keseiahtertmn masyarakat dan daerah: dan 3) arahan pengelolaan pada daerah aliran sungai maupun Maret 2013 DARMAN].O, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 101

pada alur sungai helum terlihat, sehingga diperlulan penge'lolaan berdasarkan peraturan yang telah ada dan perlu memperltatikan karakteritik Gunungapi Merapi seperti lahar dingin, awan panas dan penduduk )'ang Padat.

Kata kunci: Alur sungai, ()unungapi Merapi, Pengelolaan lingkungan dan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

BACKGROUND Merapi varies between 0.5 - 4.3 million m' and spread out towards the West, South- ' Environmental issues in the world that west, South and Southeast from Senowo occur in Irtdonesia such as land degradation, River to Woro River (Ratdomopurbo et al., pollution, natural disasters and social 2006). Supervision is nessary to balance the conflict currentiy happens, due to human flow of a river disaster-prone regions activities in utillzing natural resources with included upstream to downstream. The less management system. '[his problem is disaster-prone area maps (2005) divided the unlikely to be solved by a sector, but must area into Disaster-prone zones III, Disaster- use an integrated approach. Environmental prone zones II, and Disaster-prone zones I science that encompasses elements of like in Figure 1, it seens that should be abiotic, biotic and socio-cultural course has change after the 2010 eruptions. n real contribution in solving environmental Merapi volcano (2,359 masl) is an prolrlems in an area, so that the ecological andesitic-basaltik type and is located on the irpploach is one that can be used. border of Central and Yogyakarta is one of a country which lies Province. Merapi represents the continous towards the Pacific rim volcanoes activity of eruption. Since 1961, at least ten [hroughout Asia, has more than 129 eruptions have been documented and volcanoes and is also a State with the largest produced the voluminous phyroclastic number of volcanoes in the world (16%). materials (Table I ). Although small The eruption with pyroclastic materials and conrpared to the tremendous belongs to lav4 flows often cause of human loss, others, the level of danger is quite high due damage to land and infrastructures. On the to the hot-cloud called 'Nuee-Ardente' that other hancl the people prefer to remain stay always accompanies the eruption and in a in the areo compared to other areas that are dense population area (Ratdomopurbo, more secllre, they knew the activities in the 2006). area will stayed their soul and threatened, Merapi Volcano has been selected as an but they are sltre that the activities also area of research, among other volcanoes brought the blessings namely fertility of land because the latter is an active volcano in the (Agus Sumaryono, 2002). world and lahar through ravines recent years Sediment yield of watersheds can be toward the southern part of which is a determined by measurement of sediment densely populated area, so that it can be said transport on river flows, it is seen from the is a disaster-prone area, especially in the grain size of sediments that toward area surrounding rivers where there are downstream size will be smaller. Therefore, supplies of material sediments. In addition to when associated with utilization of a disaster-prone area or the lahar reports can sedirnents by surrounding communities, be utilized as the minerals to improve the lhere will be difl'erences of activities directly welfare of the inhabitants of class C mining or indirectly depending on the backgrounds materials in the vicinity of the river. The of the people. Sediment disaster-prone areas locations is choosen Kuning River to limit and its ravines which produce sediment the use of the sediments downstream. continuously like in Merapi, mining materials of Tpe C is very much especially Problems the sarrd and stones (Sutikno et al., 2004). Based on the background, the research 'Ihe amount of sediment material from problems can be formulated as follows: l). to2 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

lj'ltotilA3l aPAStAl, rrrtaarai^t tttua^x ouxutc^tr x^luP^rtil toYottLt GUNUiIG|API iIERITPI 4ilEt nwaraE*.w olEtg |snHcwa \ooYr,(Arr^ ' obtiajgt.lr| CqF0o

h rjt.

ffii

fisltrfi ,y.r(rd!.d I 16.. - - - L:::t'- l. -l c-bn ^a.&

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Figure I Merapi Volcano Disaster Prone Area (Darmant o, 2012)

Table I Merapi Volcano Eruption Characteritics ( 196l:2006)

The Amount of the maximum LaharA.Iuue The direction of distance of Number Year Ardente LaharA.luue Ardente avalanche (Million M3) (km) I t96t 42.4 South West 6.5 2 t967-1969 10.8 West - South West 7 3 1984 4.s South West 7 4 t992 2 South West 4.5 5 1994 2.6 South West - South 1.5 6 r997 2 South West - South 6 7 1998 8.8 West - South West 6 8 2001 I West - South West 6 9 2006 2.5 South West - South 7 l0 2010 (s0) West - South (ls) Source: Ratdomopurbo (2006)

How large is the sediment of Merapi in order to minimize environmental impact ? Volcano affected the function of the river course/ravines in the south slope 7;2). How Authenticity and Depth of Research large is the amount of sediment utilization As an illustration to show the authentic resulting in environmental impact to the and depth of the research plan, it can be functionality of the river course/ravines ?; explained that this study examines how the 3). How could environmental management management of sediment material from needs to be done on the river course/ravines Merapi Volcano link between the use and Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 103 handling. Camus et al (2000), shows the sediments, if the material of sediment that development of the Merapi eruption and exist in the area of research could be spread of material sedimennya; Lavigne et harmnessed to the people for their life. al. (2000), describing the results in the form of Merapi eruptions since 1500 and its Aims of Research spread to l3 River; Aboeneh (2002), testing The aims of this research are threefold: the hydraulics model Sabo located at l). studying the influence of grain size and Boyong River check dams in the open and amount of sediment to the river course closed; Kondo (2002), described the function and the geometric in Kuning River sediment disaster such as: climatic as a part of Merapi Volcano;2). analyze the conditions, earthquakes and volcanic impact that occurred in ravines or river eruptions; Hendaryono et dl., (2002), course due the use of sediment, water and volcanic identification of sedimentary land by residents; 3). evaluate the facies; Sumaryono A (2002), examines the environmental management of river flow impact of sediment disaster caused by and existing environmental management Merapi Volcano towards water directives constitute the river flow into the sustainability in River Progo and River future. Opak. The history of Sabo in Indonesia has REVIEW REFERENCES been initiated since the Dutch by building Sabo to prevent lahar in Woro River at Review References 1930s due to the Merapi eruption in 1931, Merapi volcano is one of the famous but it was built in the downstream river. In volcano in Indonesia upto the end of this 1970 the Indonesia Government cooperated century, the periodic eruptions resulted with the Japanese Government in efforting serious disaster. The eruption characteristics to cope with disasters due to are crystalline rocks of lava, lava flows / sediment/debris flow, resulted from lava followed by pyroclastic flows volcanic activity. Hence, the construction controlled by the gravitational force. Special was carried out in the upstream with the type of debris has a term "Merapi-type nuee main purpose of controlling sediment ardente" which is characterized by flowing to downstream area, and various pyroclastic flow material derived from the Sabo facilities have been constrcted across glowing lava dome (Voight et al., 2000). the region in Indonesia, especially in Java Merapi volcano is located in (Agus Sumaryono, 2002). and Yogyakarta Special Region, densely populated that several times overcome with Benefits lava of pyroclastic deposits due to several The value of this research are expected to factors: (l) millions cubic meters coming be used to formulate a good strategy in the from periodic eruptions at an intervals of 2-5 determination of the location to construct years; (2) the intensity of high rainfall (40 sediment buildings (Sabo) so technically mm average rainfall in 2 hours), and (3) the eligible, and today by communities dense flow pattern. In addition the sediment surrounding the river can continue without transport in rivers furrows of Merapi are due disturbing existing waterworks. The results to three factors: i.e. the change of slope in of this research are expected to provide an the river channel will affect the deposition of idea about the characteristics of sediments lahar; primary source material is the debris on the lengthprofile of the selected river of lahar "Merapi type" and the flow of ash, from the upperstream to downstream. In variations of rainfall intensity and addition the results of this research are distribution of the grain affects the expected to be able to give an idea for magnitude of sediment transport (Lavigne, handling problems of utilization of river 2002). 104 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKLINGAN Vol. 20, No. I

According to Hasan (2002) application of people's income and sediment control advanced technologies such as Sabo need to hazards. Therefore it is necessary for be considered by local conditions, both environmental management in the furrows natural and socioeconomic conditions as of the river optimaly, so that the activities well as traditional culture. Therefore, that takes place can be sustained. modifications have been developed that are tailored to the tradition, so in general the Hypothesis basic construction is noJ only perform Based on the research objectives and the preventive Sabo for the residents and land theoretical foundation the following forms of damage, but also: l). regulation hypothesis are developed: l). Sediments use of natural resources, especially sands, thickness in the river, will have greater gravels and boulders for building material, effect on the function of river as a collector, which must consider the condition of the storage and drainage of water; 2). Utilization environment; 2). sendiment mining area, of sediment and water in the river channel including the deposition of sand in order to will increase the income of the people use it does not result in harm to the surroundings the river, but could also be surrounding population; 3). to introduce the disaster for the community of miners if they direct benefit of the Sabo to the local do not follow the technical regulation of peoples, for the development of small-scale mining; 3). Environmental management of irrigation, and water resources supply as the river course that has been used are well as microhydro electricity. inefficient, and spatial-ecological approach According Ratdomopurbo (2006) Merapi is more efficient in managing river courses Volcano eruptions have characteristics in in the sense of the functions. comparison with other volcanoes such as: short time eruption intervals; volcanic gas METHODOLOGY temperature reached more than 600o C; eruption can be lava flow, lava eruptions and Three approaches have been applied in avalanches; boundary between the state of this research, namely: spatial, ecological and "inactive" and "active" is relatively unclear, spatial-ecological approach. and have a hot cloud is often known as "nuee ardente". Spatial Approach This study compares conditions of Theoritical foundation sediment deposit materials in the respective Based on the research problem and watersheds which are located at the southern literature review it could be formulated a flank of Merapi Volcano the Yogyakarta theoretibal foundation as presented in Figure Special Region. How does the distribution of 2. The geometric of river cross-sections sediment materials in the upper, middle and were measured for each location includes: lower reaches of the river flow. In addition the width of the valley, valley fornr, slope of this research was addressed to utilize the the riverbed, the thickness of sediment secondary data from various agencies of material and grain size, while the socio- previous years, is expected to be more aware economic conditions includes: the use of ofprocesses that occur on each of the river land and water in the river flow, basin. socialization about sediment hazard and the Sabo building construction in some parts of Ecologlcal Approach the furrows of the river. Alfandi (2001) Environmental Over utilization of sand deposits by Geography has the same definition with human activities can result a negative the environment, i.e. the interaction and impacts on the environment and the mining- interdependence functions in a system community, but it also can bring a positive called the eco-geography. The ecological impact, especially for the improvement of approach would emphasize on human Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 105

Merapi Volcano

River Valley/Course Alur/Lembah Sungai

Characteristics: 1. valley shape Function: 2. cros-section 1. water and sediment gathering 3. stream slope 2. water and sediment storage 4. water width and depth 3. water and sediment transportation 5. type/grain size of sedimen 6. riverside coverage

Human usages: l. water 2. sand and stone mining 3. planting in the valley and riverside 4. Sabo for protection

Negative Impacts: Positive Impacts: I Changes in river cources function l. Increase the income of Chages in characteristic/ geometric populatiort 2 of river 2. Sediment hazard mitigation 3 Sediment hazard

Eval uation/Direction of Environ mental Ma na gement Optimal Management of River Border and River Cource (Utilization and Control)

Figure 2 Theoritical Foundation (Darmanto, 2Al2) activity towards material utilization of control technology have succeeded in sediments, in addition to reviewing whether accordance with what was planned. technology like Sabo which is sediment 106 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKTiNGAN Vol.20, No. I

Spatial-Ecological Approach 3). Socio-economic variables: main-job; This approach is a combination of spatial family involve; income; distribution of and ecological approach to describe how the sediment; sex; education; warnings and environmental state of the abiotic constraints regulation setting or not. (river courses and sediment materials), biotics (vegetation cover) and social-culture Materials (problems of demography) in each The main materials used in the study: I ). watershed start in the upper-middle-lower Topographic maps or Digital RBI Scale l: reaches of the river as well as between 25000, BAKOSURTANAL Sheet: 'watersheds. This approach is expected to be Kaliurang (2008), Pakem (2008), determined a model of sustainable Yogyakarta (2001), and Timoho (1999); 2). environmental management, for tackling the Disaster Prone Areas map of Merapi sediment hazards. Volcano in Central Java and Yogyakarta The research method is survey method Special Region Scale l: 50000 in 2002, the that emphasys on primary and secondary Directorate of Volcanology and Geological data of sediment which is from the Merapi Hazard Mitigation, to know the disaster- Volcano that went into the valley of the river prone areas. in the southern part of Yogyakarta Special Region. The study conducted at Kuning Equipments and Instruments for River that hopely data will be available. Compiling Data Devices for the field and analysis: l). Population and Sampling Equipment for field measurements: Laser In this study population is called Opak Distance Meter "Leica Disto "Switzerland" Watershed up to meeting with , and "Elst Chausset" Israel (cross-section, while the sample area are Boyong/Code slope of river), ribbon meters (distance), River, Kuning River and GendoVOpak Geology Compass "Brunton" USA, Garmin River. Because this study is related to the GPS "Maps 60 CSx" Taiwan and the ehvironment, the research variables includes Garmin "eTrex", the sample bottles and physical, biotic, and socio-economic jalons; 2). Hardware (CPU, monitor, components. However, in this analysis that printer, scanner) is used for typing, most variables are of the physical calculation and printing of the final of the components, some components of the socio- dissertation; 3). The software for mapping economic variables and biological " ArcView 3.2". component only the percentage of vegetation cover on the valley and border of the river Collecting and Compiling Data and the types of crops grown in the valley of l. The preparation phase: a). Secondary the river. data collection and litterature studies; b). Geometric data collection of River; c). Research Variables Collection of maps of Merapi Volcano; d). The variables for each physical, biotic The orientation of the field to determine the and socio-economics components are as points of measurement, obseivation follows: l). Variable physical components: location of the interviews and sampling include valley shape; slope of the river; sites; e). Preparation equipment, work maps elevation of river channel cross-section l:25000 scale maps RBI, determination sample locations; diameter of the grain point of measurement and sampling and material; color; specific gravity; wide cross- research permits. section width of water in rivers and river 2. Field survey phase: a). Cross-section basins; 2). The value of biological measurements; b). Sediment samplings; c). components: the type of plant that is in the Interviews with residents, miners and river channel including the demarcation of community leaders on problems related to the river and the percentage of land cover; the utilization of sediment materials and Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D. : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 107

the socializqtion of Melapi Volcano sediment analyzed in the laboratory: sediments were hazards. analyzed granulated with a sieve method to 3. Analysis and data processing phase: a). obtain the size of its diameter, color of the Laboratory analysis; b). Analysis of the mp; sediment using a standard book of color c). Proving the hypothesis by comparing the and also determination the specific gravity measurement results and analysis of of each sample. terrestrial laboratory results and the results of Vegetation data consist of crop-types interviews in each section in the upstream, and percentage of land-cover in the border midstream and downstream with the of rivers and river valleys. Results of standards or regulations. interviews data are conducted and tabulated to be prepared for further analysis, the Collecting and Analyzing Data parameters used for the analysis is selected Flowchart is a sequence of steps related to the purpose of this study. performed from data collection of both Data of field measurements were primary and secondary and getting research inventoried, made into tabulations and then results which consistent with the research calcula-tions required for data analysis and foundation of theory. In addition, in if possible can be illustrated in the form of determining the upper-middle-downstream thematic maps. For each measurement river gradients can be distinguished from a location cross-sectional profile is measured, rowof 5mlkm, 1.67 m/kmand I m/km and than in each watershed is made (Gabler et al, 2007). longitudinal cross section.

Data Collecting Result Analysis Data collection includes the direct There are two approaches to be used as mebsurements of parameters and secondary the basis of analysis in this study, data through instansional surveys. Primary ecological approach which examines the data are: cross section of the river, the width relationship between environmental and slope of the riverbed measured using the components that exist in this study between Laser Distance Meter, the cross sections and abiotic-biotic and socio-economic-cultural sampling locations is chosen by using a (the width of valley and types of vegetation Topographic Map of l:25000 scale and GPS, is influence by people) and as well as the and camera images to get a picture of the spatial approach that will describe the field activities. In additiotr, interviews environmental management in each Sub- conducted surrounding the mining areas, to basin of the research conducted as the miners, Mining Company and described in the background of this Government Agencies who caffy out the research. supervisions. Proving the first hypothesis using Secondary data include thematic maps descriptive and comparative analysis of related to research such as l:25000 scale data from field measurements, conducted at lnaps of topography (RBI), Prone Hazard each site section at the upper-middle- Areas Mup, and research results from several downstream in the watershed and among agencies such as the "Sabo Technical Center" watersheds, which are equipped with Yogyakarta, GMU Center for Disaster photographic images. Studies , Project Merapi Yogyakarta, The second hypothesis proved through Yogyakartd Directorate of Volcanology and descriptive and comparative analysis of both government and private agencies data from field interviews and analysis of associated with this research. existing thematic maps and map the results I of field observations, which were then Evaluation Data compared between each location of the Sediment materials samples were upstream-middle-downstream section in the 108 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

watershed and among watersheds, Environmental River Course Conditions supplemented with photographs of the of Kuning Watershed field. Results of measurements of the River The third hypothesis was verified by course environmental conditions of each evaluating the river channel management watershed consists of: width, shape, slope that can minimize the environmental and depth of the valley, water depth, grain- impacts optimally. The rules of technical size, specific-density of material, the and scientific standards that already exist percentage of bolders, the percentage has to be considered as a standard of landcover on the boundary and the river technical building Sabo and river flows. valley as well as the socio-economic conditions of the interview taken at the Definitions of Research upper-middle-lower reaches is shown in The flow of a river or stream (river) Table 2 environmental conditions in Kuning is a stream of water flowing in the plot big River. and small, in general, the calculation is linked between the velocity of water flow Discussions in a river cross section is often referred to The discussion is divided into two parts, as discharge (discharge) (Morisawa, the environmental condition in Kuning River l e68). and in the Kuning Watershed. Watershed (DAS) is a region or area of the stream or river channel systems that Watershed Analysis for Physical and are interconnected to each other atu the Biotic Components river will flow out through one exit The parameters of physical condition of (Linsley, 1949). Meanwhile, according to the River reviewed in the research include: the Seyhan (1977) watershed is an area elevation; width, depth and shape of the bounded by the separator topography, Valley; the depth of water; the width of the which can accommodate, store and drain Groove that is watery; grain size of the rainwater that falls in the region through material; the percentage of bongkah; heavy the river system and will exit through the type material and the biotic conditions for ttoutlettt. parameters is the percentage of vegetation Sediments can be defined as cover. Based on the Table 2 or previous fragmental material carried in suspension discussions of watershed components of or deposited by water or wind power physical condition and biotic conditions, (Linsley, 1949). then the spatial explaination is as follows: Border of river is defined as the right a. physical condition parameters that are: and left side of the river floodplain, elevation, width of the valley, depth of riverbank erosion, floodplain ecology, as valley, slopes, streams, water depth, and well as the banks of the security (Agus wide river on the river water showed that Maryono, 2005) in each of the watershed following the ecological approaches. Calculation of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION intermediates and based on their results of the average number does not indicate An overview of the three watersheds significant difference, so it can be said who became the object of research derived that physical condition of the geometry from the Topography Map scale of l: distribution following the spatial- 25,000 Sheet 1408 Yogyakarta Edition I ecological approach. Elevation is 2003. Kuning River has a length of 30 km decreasing toward downstream; the up to the conjunction with and valley width toward downstream is an area of 42 krrt2 and then will be narrowing due to the use by residents; measured several cross section along the depth of valley is lowering towards river longitudinal track. downstream; further downstream slope Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D. : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 109

Tabel 2 Environment Conditions in Kuning River

Parameters: KU-I KU.2 KU.3 KU.4 KU.5 KU.6 KU.7 Village Pangukrejo Grogol Pokoh Yapah Sambirejo Bakungan Tegalsari Elevation (m) 875 650 398 265 205 120 75 Letitude 07 35'53' 37'05', 40'08" 42', 17" 43',36" 47',02" 49'39" Longitude I l0 26',20" 25'42" 25'50', 26'20" 26',26" 26'.22" 26',12" Physlcal Conditions ValleyFormU/V V U UU UU U Valley width (m) 42 106 633 49.t6 28 37.3 24 Valley depth (m) 49.4t 22.42 8.53 6.21 9.1 5.4 4.72 Distance between location (km) 0.25 2.55 6.2s 4.3 2.25 7.25 5.65 Stream slope 0.2500 0.0882 0.0403 0.0309 0.0267 0.0117 0.0080 Water storage Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Water depth (m) 0.5-l.0 0.15 0. r 5 0.15-0.30 dry 0.3-0.8 0.5-0.6 Width of water (m) r.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 r.0-2.0 3.0-5.0 3.0-5.0 4.0-5.0 7.0-10.0 Max. grainsize (mm) <45 <32 <32 > 64 <64 <64 <32 Persentage ofboulders 5 0 00 00 0 Specific gravity grlcc 2.55 2.41 2.7t 2.5 2.44 2.58 2.61 Color Black Black Black Black Dark grey Black Black Mining Materials No Yes No No No No No Biotic Condition Vegetation cover (%) 20-25 2s-30 2s-30 25-30 25-30 2s-30 25-30 Social Conditions Main Job/miner/othe 23 l"l 15l3ll2 22 t8 Monthly income (thousand) 300-3600 200-3500 440-3000 Education NS-UN NS-HS NS-HS Family involve ( Oll /2/314 ) 8lt5l2l2lv2 l7lt2il tr l5lt013t2 Status(M/F) 27 t3 251 5 27 t3 Farest distribution In province In province In province Emergency sign (yes/no ) l5/15 t513lt2 6124- Agree regulation (yes/no) 19ltt 3ltsl.r2 t3n7 Source: primary data

flattened; water level is deeper towards color variations ranging from dark gray- downstrearn, and the width of water in black. the valley is grater towards downstream. c. Biotic parameters as indicated by the b. Physical parameters: the grain size percentage of vegetation cover seems to material, the percentage of boulders, have the same percentages that is material density, and colors indicate the between 25-30.oh, only Pangukrejo (KU- following. Material grain size and l) is 20-25%. percentage of boulders follow the rules of getting into the downstream ecological Watershed Analysis for Social Economy granules and the percentage decreases, Components this occurs because the material of Socio-economic conditions of each smaller grain size can be taken over by watershed based on interviews with the flow of water further downstream. residents surrounding the river on the For the density of the material varies upstream-middle-downstream for each between 1.95-2.71 of its material and river, interviews some of the parameters associated with sand mining activities can be ll0 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

seen in Table 2. Based on Table 2 the largest> 64 mm. Among all segments, 4 socioeconomic conditions are as follows: of them are classified as <45 mm. If the a. The number of household in the middle slope is n'rostly associated with a greater part of Kuning River is lesser than the than 0.0242, based on the theory of grain others due to the high diversity of size <45 mm needs to have a carrier with a livelihood of local people. This area is speed of l0-100 cm / sec (Morisawa, 1968). also classified as suburb therefore the Eventhough the river is considered as people have another job (teacher, perennial system, the discharge during the government official and private sectors). dry season is extremely low therefore the b. Utilization for the active and intensive sediment load is also low. During the rainy mining of sand and boulder is in the season, the river discharge trends to upstream of Kuning River (KU-2) is increase, consequently the stream potensial controlled by the abundance of volcanic is also high. Therefore the greater grain size materials and the high accessibility. are transported. The tendency of the relationship River Course as Reservoir and Supplier between the gradient of the river with Flow of Sediment and Water sediment grain size measurements in the Kuning River groove is divided into laboratory, does not apply to sediment-sized seven segments ranging from KU-lto KU-7 (boulders). The percentage of boulders is not as listed in Table 2. The width and depth of more than 5% in KU- I found in river the valley of each segment were measured, channel with a slope of > 0.0242.The results as well as the distance of each segment. As showed that the distribution of sediment in well as the characteristic measurement is the the river channel is not normal, in terms of measurement made for a moment, so it is sediment grain size gradations is not good in recording a moment or regarding the Kuning River. Towards downstream dynamics of the changes that will occur. On sediment grain size should decrease, but it the basis of this consideration, the function varies significantly. Utilization of the river of the river as a sediment maximum depends on the presence of sediment reservoir can be calculated as follows. material, in addition to Kuning River it is The results of calculation (distance of not to much material so the use for cross-sections multiply by depth and width agricultural activities that many noticeable. of valley) in Table 2 is 13,939,959 m3, and if divided by 7 then the result is 1,991,422 m3 Analysis in the watershed which is the maximum capacity. The This section discussed the condition of movement of sediment on the river flow is the physical components, biotic components, influenced by water discharge, is also and socioeconomic components in Kuning influenced by the gradient of the river, size Watershed which is an area between the two and amount of sediment. In general, the watersheds that are the path of the lahar, gradient flow of Kining River is 875 m I Boyong Watershed that represent before the 28.5 km or 30.70 m / km and equal to 0.031 2006 eruption and Gendol Watershed as a when calculated on a segment by segment representative after the eruption of 2006 of the river then there is a variation of a until just before the eruption in 2010. river then there is a variation of a gradient Longitudinal and cross-section of the ranging from 0.250 to 0.0080. The river river planned starting from the upstream- gradient variations affect the capacity to middle-downstream cross-section made channel sediments, although not taking into interval of 100 meters and reaching account the characteristics of sediment, both elevation 100 amsl the interval changed to the grain size and volume of sediment. 25 meters, as consideration for Kuning River The results of measurements in must reach or meeting with Opak River. laboratory sediments show the variation of Shape, width, and depth of valley: sediment grain size, the lowest <32 mm and almost all valleys show a U-shaped because Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 111

440000

PROVINS! JAWA TENGAH

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Figure 3 Cross-section of Kuning Watershed (Darmanto, 2012) of the depth is smaller than the width, 42 meters so it is expressed as V-shaped except one in Kuning River (KU-l) valley; the upperstream is wider, and because the depth of the valley 49.41 becoming shorter towards the middle upto meters longer than the width of the valley downstream. tt2 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

Conditions of water depth and water Social Economy Conditions in Table 2 width at river courses Kuning River the seems that several social-economic first cross-sectional profile shows the parameters which related with sand and water, because the water is a spring which boulder rninings surrounding the river called Umbul Wadon at 87 5 meters amsl. course that by interview has shown in Overview for the water depth at each cross methods. Parameters include: name, section of the river from upstream to location, age, gender, marital status, downstream in each watershed depth is not education, dependents, household more than two meters. The width of water expenditures, years of work, employment running over the valley gives an overview status, family involvement, marketing, of similarities between watersheds the vehicle, incorne, risk to the environment, width is greater towards downstream. regulations and rules. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) Retrieval / Minings material: the can be stated that the sample of respondents locations in Kuning River is mainly in KU- from a population of miners whether yes or 2, because the Kuning River does not track not, so the hypothesis is declared or made: the flow of lava. As an illustration of H0: Respondents miners homogeneous mining activities on the river after the (samples come from the same population) eruption of Merapi Volcano in October Hl: Respondents miners are not 2010, the utilization of mining of sand and homogeneous (the sample does not come stone will start from the easiest access at from the same population). the bridge or sabo which covered by Value of the variance (F) at the 5% sediment. significance is 1.24 while the F critical value (FCR) of the table was 19.33, for F Vpgetation / land cover in the river

Table 3 Statistical Result using Student't Test in Research Area

Parameters Boyong/ Code Boyong/ Kuning River River Gendol/ Opak River Gendol/ Opak River Kuning River Elevation (m) rejected rejected rejected Valley width (m) rejected rejected rejected Valley depth (m) rejected rejected accepted Stream slope accepted accepted accepted Max. Grain size (mm) accepted accepted accepted Specific gravity (grlcc) accepted accepted accepted Vegetation cover (%) accepted rejected reiected Source: Table 2

Table 4 Statistics Analysis of Variance'One-way analisys' Mining Respondent in Research Area

Watershed Location Total Average Boyong/Code Kuning Gendol/Opak Upperstream 3l 30 32 93 3r Middle 2 30 30 62 20.7 Downstream 3l 30 30 91 30.3 Total 64 90 92

Average 2r.3 30 30.7 Xave :27.3 Source: Table2

I Rp 150,000,- to Rp 160,000,- for each Environmental Management at The River truck. Courses The existence of this mining activity River channel is one manifestation of the causes a negative impact on water quality environment, on which there is a component conditions in rivers. Hence the river of abiotic, biotic and cultural. Abiotic monitoring of water quality conditions is components consist of the river basin with needed on rivers that have mining activity. morfometry variations, bed material, The results of water quality sediment and water; biotic components of measurements for the three rivers that plants and animals; is reflected in the become the object of research from the cultural component of human activities that Office of Environmental Impact (KPDL) include social activities, economic and Sleman District from 2003 to 2009 include cultural. Environmental component of the the following elements: BOD, COD, SO+, river should be managed properly to support Cl, NO: and Fe results showed the same the implementation of sustainable dominance for the three river studied, the development which is the principle of element of COD and SOq outstanding value national development. Environmental ranges on average between25-45 mg I L. management such as the above description is a complex activity and requires the tl4 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

integration that includes planning, Utilization of Material Resources utilization, control, maintenance, monitoring Resource material (sand and stone) on and enforcement (UUPLH, 2009). Kuning River is not available like in Coverage of environmental management is Boyong/Code and Gendol/Opak River, but so vast, not only government that has the only a few at the upstream segment of the ability to execute it, and not individual mining activity in KU- I and KU-2 . At persons may be able to do it. The ability of a location KU-1 just a few mining activities, person is limited in environmental because access to the valley is difficult and rhanagement, provide feedback, criticism or its a tourism area. In KU-2 is the dominant suggestions follow the activities of the mining sites along the Kuning River, a government ever done in one sYstem relatively new building of sabo (2007) and environment or in one ecosYstem. mining have entered sabo upstream to 200 Associated with the research for this meters. Toward the middle to lower part of disertation component of the environmental the river during the study did not indicate management of rivers that were evaluated any mining activity. Moreover, because the are limited to the utilization and control. presence of the Pelawangan Hill upper the Utilization and control of selected elements Kuning River so that awake from Merapi in this study, because these elements can be lava, so not much material in sediments judged by anyone (individual persons) and along the river it can be seen on the had rrothing to do directly with the authority conditions at each cross section. of the bureaucracy. Here is described the use and control of the river for water supply, Utilization of Water Resources mining of sand and boulders, as well as for Water resources in river basins are located agricultural activities in Kuning River. on the slopes of strato volcanoes are generally abundant, but their spatial distribution varies Utilization and Control Kuning River according to the position and slope. Fairly Courses good water conditions ranging from KU- I to Substance use and control the flow of the KU-7, this is because the location of KU- Kuning River following the utilization I is a spring called Umbul Wadon and is the targets related to environmental main source of water for the district of management that has been described in the Sleman and the city of Yogyakarta. Boyong / Code River. Natural resources Consistency of the water in the Kuning River found in the river channel sediments (sand can not be done, because there are no data and stone), water, pldnts and animals, and records on the river discharge/flow as well as social environment. Utilization of natural in Boyong River existing data flow of the resources should be based on the carrying river at several locations. capacity, with attention to the sustainability Utilization of water for agriculture is of processes and functions of the generally associated with the weir and sluice environment, sustainable productivity, as there. Along the Kuning River there are six well as safety, quality of life and welfare of buildings Sabo (SDA Libang Center, 2006) the community. which is used for security or for inigation Control in this study is limited to damage sediments. Availability of water in the of the physical environment of the river. Kuning River is insufficient for irrigation Activities in the control are of prevention, water in rice fields which include the Kuning mitigation and recovery. In the present study Watershed evident in the dry season many of is limited control on the idea or ideas in fallow rice fields, which need to be supported prevention, mitigation and recovery, not an from the source water from other river basins. action activities. Signs of natural resource For example, water from through utilization and environmental control are Mataram Ditch used to irrigate rice fields applied broadly in line at Kuning River. downstream Boyong, Kuning and Opak River. Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 115

Utilization of Land Resources and basis, whereas for the carrying through the Environmental valley of the river should lookout the depth As noted earlier that Kuning River the valley and the concentration utllization especially in the valley and the distribution of population in order to be border rivers, including the location of effective and efficient. Management the mining sand and stones in KU-l and KU-2, Merapi Volcanic hot-cloud must consider KU-l mine in the local-local only in being a the opening of the crater which is the main KU-2 starts from building near the upstream street of the slide, and then allowed to sabo then leads to the time of research has follow the river valleys naturally. gone up to 200 meters upstream; utilization If the planned needs building structures, for agriculture includes various types of must be selected at locations that is safe plants such as elephant grass, banana, from the settlement, so it is likely that at coconut, bamboo, clereside from KU-3 to Merapi Volcano eruption events of 2010 if KU-7. Sectional profile of the valley up to in Gendol River is no Sabo, the glide the clear border on KU-l and KU-2, is distance will reached more than l8 generally more downstream even less clear kilometers in the District of Cangkringan as it is covered by agricultural use. River (Atyanto, 2010) . Need for research on the water came from the KU-l to the KU-7 in speed of the hot clouds glide on a river accordance with the utilization of valley, so that their distance can be agricultural and fish pond, the width of one estimated, but because the river is not meter watery initially increases until it straight possibility of additional distance reaches l0 meters wide with water depths that occurred not too far away. varying between 0.15- I .0 rneter. Evaluation/Referral socialization to Evaluation/Referral of Proposed residents Environmental Management fi'om the Detail needs to be done regularly and research base that emphasizes some of the continuously about: early warning, principles of environmental management evacuation routes, shelter locations either thats utilization and protection as follow. permanently or temporarily. Location of the shelter both people and pets should be Evaluation/Referral management of river located in a safe zone or region of the basins of lava Merapi eruption hazards. The existence of Need to consider the condition of the the people should live in accordance with crater and the material at the peak of Merapi the zoning that has been determined, given lava is likely to be in the river valleys, this that the interval of Volcano Merapi activity is to determine the position of the location is relatively short and type of the Sabo that need to be agreed by the government and local communities to Evaluation Before and After the 2010 avoid conflict. If there is good coordination eruption of Merapi Volcano between governments and communities Evaluation related to the eruptions that around the river, the construction of Sabo occurred in October and Novemb er 2010 is will be supported by the community and needed to compared with the eruption that society in the mining process will follow the usually happens with this devastating rules or requirements for their safety and the eruption, so it can be estimated how the Sabo. best management to do. Evaluation conducted before and after the eruption of Evaluation/Referral management of river Merapi Volcano will base upon the field basins of hot clouds (Nuee Ardente) conditions at each location of the river in Material whiph is spread through the wind the watershed on existing cross-section by direction should be disseminated on a regular showing field photographs. 116 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKI-JNGAN Vol. 20, No. I

socialization to the community and local Kuning Watershed government on early warning systems and Wadon Spring is the main source of emergency response in particular associated water for the peoPle of YogYakarta, with the activity of Merapi Volcano should especially Sleman and Yogyakarta City were be schedule routinely and the availability of damaged by lava from Merapi. As a result of Disaster Prone Area Map that follow the this incident the northern parts of Sleman are latest development of Merapi should be ready not getting clean water, so for some time in and easy to be find; b). Sabo technological turns they get supply of clean water through development which will be built by the the submission of water tluough water government should be compromise with the tankers. Effect of lava flood in the Kuning population surrounding the Sabo to get the River is as in Boyong / Code River and best deal; c) need to be cornmunicated that further to the south of South Ring Road. Sabo's technology consists of a vegetative Differences between segments of the KU-2 nature and of civil engineering, as well as cross-section when making measurements in necessary to determine that sediment material this study (October 2009) under the section around the Sabo can be taken or used for after the eruption of Merapi Volcano month development and welfare of the people; d) of October to November of 2010. Photos handling nuee ardente to be studied more taken after the eruption is conducted in about the characteristics that can be simulated January of 201l, because the time is still off by eliminating the natural structures including limits to the public prior to coming to the Sabo, if necessary then search the sabo in safe area. location of the dense residential occupants.

Acknowledgment CONCLUSIONS A gratefull thanks to the Director of the Based on the results and discussion in this Center of Environmental Studies Gadjah study and according to the research objectives Mada University, the Chief Editor of the to be achieved, then it can be concluded as Journal of Man and Environment and follows: Riviewer, which make my manuscript of Due to the sliding material of Volcano research could be submitted into this journal. Merapi problems occur in the river flow as a This manuscript is a small part of the PhD function of the storage, accumulation, and thesis of the author. river discharge in Kuning River. Utilization of the river by the public in the location and of local government enterprises REFERENCES caused the smooth functioning of the river water delivery from upstream to downstream, Agus Maryono. , 2005. Eco-Hydraulic, thus hampering and narrowing the areas. Development of the River. Masiers in Mining activity of Merapi Volcano sediment Systems Engineering Graduate School of material in the form of sand, gravel and Gadjah Mada University. boulders as well as the utilization of the river Agus Sumaryono. 2002. Sediment Disaster valley for farming are the two things that give Impact Against the Sustainability of rise to both negative effects that inhibit the Water Resources. Proceedings, National drainage of water from upstream to Symposium on Sediment Disaster downstream rivers and the positive impact Prevention. Cooperation with the Ministry that increased the income for the Districts and of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure for the welfare of the community around the Directorate General of Water Resources location of activities. by Japan International Cooperation Environmental management directives for Agency (JICA). a sediment disaster-prone areas are: a). Atyanto Dharoko dkk, 2010. Rencana Tata Maret 2013 DARMANTO, D.: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ttl

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Yogyakarta. Sutikno, Widiyanto, Langgeng WS, Andri Voight B, R and Wirakusumah Sukhyar Kurniawan and Taufik HP , 2004. A.D. 2000. Introduction to special issue Potential of Natural Resources and The on Merapi Volcano. Journal of management of Volcano Merapi to Vulcanology and Geothermal Research, Support Community Life Around. 100 (2000) pp. l-8. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Comprehensive Report of Research Widoyo Alfandi. 2001 . Epistemologi Competitive Grant X, Fiscal Year 2002' Geografi. Gadjah Mada University Press, 2004. Research Institute of UGM. Yogyakarta