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Riverbank Settlement and Humanitarian Architecture, the Case of Mangunwijaya’S Dwellings and 25 Years After, Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Riverbank Settlement and Humanitarian Architecture, the Case of Mangunwijaya’S Dwellings and 25 Years After, Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Journal of Architecture and Urbanism ISSN 2029-7955 / eISSN 2029-7947 2018 Volume 42 Issue 2: 177–187 https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2018.6900 RIVERBANK SETTLEMENT AND HUMANITARIAN ARCHITECTURE, THE CASE OF MANGUNWIJAYA’S DWELLINGS AND 25 YEARS AFTER, CODE RIVER, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA Noor Cholis IDHAM* Department of Architecture, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Jl. Kaliurang km. 14.4, 55584, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Received 03 July 2018; accepted 03 December 2018 Abstract. Code riverbank has drawn worldwide attention since 90’s when Architect Mangunwijaya involved in the dispute of urban riverside settlement in Yogyakarta. Struggling for the slum between the municipality and the dwellers gradually dwindled, and one of most significant causes was his humanitarian dwelling self-help scheme on Kampung Code. The project, which was later recognized by Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1992, was not only purposed for reducing the tension but also promoting appropriate social order by considering the natural environment vulnerability. One of the poorest and most crook riverbank zones of the city had transformed to be a better environment with positive atmosphere afterward. Unfortunately, the project was hardly followed by other dwelling construction either in the site or other parts of the bank. This paper studies how the architecture could cure the social problems as well as resolve the environmental chal- lenges and its sustainability. The social approaches done by Mangunwijaya and how he captured the high-risk of riverbank nature to the dwelling concepts were accessed. The results indicate that in spite of the riverside’s slum controversies, the architecture should be considered as a remedy both for social and natural problems. Keywords: riverbank settlement, slum architecture, building safety, disaster risk reduction, contextual structure, Kampung Code. Introduction Moreover, Code is a vital river to the region since it Code, spelled as Cho-de, is one of three main rivers flow streams not only through the city center, but also attracts in Yogyakarta Province starting from Mount Merapi and many utilizations on its space since its history. Although ending in the Indian Ocean. The river which was chosen it was cultivated intensively for vegetable plantation in its as the primary consideration for the site of Yogyakarta sul- very fertile banks, because of its accessible location and the tanate capital drifts in the middle of the city and stretch increasing urbanization, the banks have been occupied as around 60 km from north to south passing three admin- settlement area with the most crowded shelters in the city. istrative districts of Sleman, the City of Yogyakarta, and Spaces needed for water-stream overwhelmed with an in- Bantul. Although the river is not wide enough, only about habited area (see Figure 1). Although it is on the sloped bank 25 meters span, it was essential to connect the mountain under the Gondolayu Bridge with only around 3000 m2, and the sea and brings not only water but also volcanic the location is very strategic. It is just right the city’s main materials such as stones and sands which accumulate in street Sudirman and other most important places such as the bottom make the stream shallower all the time. The the three most prominent markets Kranggan, Terban, and municipality keeps the river depth by excavating periodi- Beringharjo; the central business district streets Malioboro- cally the sediment settled in the bottom of the river to Mangkubumi; and the Tugu central train station. By 90’s avoid overflowing water. However, high-intensive tropical 35 households with about 70 people resided on the riv- rains cause the river and its bank prone to flooding both erside behind the row of garages already built in the west from the upstream and the higher land on the sides. Flood side of Faridan M. Noto Street. The number of inhabitant as result of increasing water level beyond its capacity is oc- as well as the household is then always swelling from about casionally threatening the dwellers by draining millions of 70 (35) in 1992 to 168 (62) in 2001, 224 (73) in 2012, and meter cubic of volcanic materials troughs the river. 344 (97) in 2018, and has made the settlement progressively *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by VGTU Press This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 178 N. C. Idham. Riverbank settlement and humanitarian architecture, the case of Mangunwijaya’s dwellings and... overloaded. The settlement were occupied illegally without lems related to legal aspects and occupancy (Sudaryatmo, any environmental infrastructure as a characteristic of slum 2016). In case of Yogyakarta, though the three Rusun were (UN-Habitat, 2016) or poor living condition outside the built near the original kampung, most of the people still formal planning effort with negative impacts in many area prefer to stay in the slum (Ayodiya, 2014). Although those of life (Friesen, Taubenböck, Wurm, & Pelz, 2018). As the three Rusun finally occupied by people, they have some dwellings number is rapidly increasing; crime, disease, il- problems related to social degradation and carelessness literacy, and unemployment are also rise up (Nisbett, 2017). (Pratama, Rachmawati, & Kunci, 2016). One of the most important issues is regarding to safety Kampung Code, one of Code’s riverbank settlements since it close to the river with distance only two meters or on the east bank of the northern part of the city, was one less. The possibility of overflowing water from the river of the significant problems as well as very well-known so- reaches up to 30 meters (Sulistiyono, 2011). When the riv- lution for the humanitarian project as self-help dwelling er over spilled in 2010, 70% area was categorized as high- program led by Mangunwijaya in 90’s by unique archi- est risk, and thousand people were affected with the least tecture dealing with the social and environmental issues. income was the most vulnerable from the disaster (Sagita Kampung (Indonesian/Malay) or kampong (Cambodian) & Widiyanto, 2012; Setyaningrum & Giyarsih, 2012). As a was originally the term used for a waterfront settlement result, the flow of water in the peak of the rainy season or (Widodo, 2012) which lately has been adopted widely in case of flooding volcanic materials from Mount Merapi as kampong. Kampung in Indonesian cities is a residen- often over the boundary and swept away many dwellings tial part which is self-developed by the people to resolve along the river. Several houses were destructed, 898 in No- their problems. The solution of the settlement problem by vember 2010 and 1191 in March 2011, and the loss was Mangunwijaya was acknowledged by the people as well reported in billions rupiah (Radja, 2011). as global community and the municipality which means Considering the city landscape, natural, and social guarantee the appropriateness of the project. The aim of problems on the bank, the parliament has released prov- this study are to rediscover the original proposal of Kam- ince legislation of Perda No. 2 the year 2010 to rearrange pung Code project correlated to how the Architect cope and relocate the settlement. It was followed by Mayor of with the slum’s settlement problems as well as the threat Yogyakarta Decree No. 393 the year 2014, which considers of the nature and social considerations, and how those the Code settlement as highly deteriorate slum (Hutama, concepts affect the people life in the environment within 2016). Since 2016, three low-budget rental apartments 25 years after the project. The method used is by accessing or Rusunawa: Jogoyudan, Cokrodirjan, and Jumiwahan the significant documents associated to the works such as were built to relocate the people. However, the flats only the formal report of the Aga Khan Award (Al-Radi, 1992; available 8.31% from housing demand in the area (Ama- Silas, 1992) to grasp the context and original concepts of lia, 2013). Vertical housing or Rumah Susun abbreviated the design solutions and field data gathering to discover as Rusun, seems not yet as the answer for urban hous- the updated development of the settlement. ing problems in Indonesia particularly in Yogyakarta. The resettlement program is less succeeded compare to other 1. Code riverbank and the beginning of the countries because the budget that affects the number of settlements problems the Rusun is insufficient, and the location is mostly far away from the evicted communities’ original location and The Illegal settlement became a crucial issue of Code riv- employment opportunities (Rolnik, 2014). Many vertical erbank dating back in 80’s when the initial problem ap- housing projects were even resulting complicated prob- peared, followed by the struggling time, temporary final- a) b) Figure 1. Code riverbank settlements (a) Kampung Code and (b) Jogoyudan in 2018 Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 2018, 42(2): 177–187 179 ized by settled periods, and its development. Each of the 1994 but most of them failed because the programs were phases has its specific condition as follows: sporadic, lack of the people’s participation, and without The significant early settlement appeared in the 70’s social leader involvement (Kumorotomo, Darwin, & Fa- when many homeless began to occupy the bank illegally. turochman, 1995). The housing complications appeared They were lying under the bridges or constructing non- in two aspects: social and natural. Socially, the settlements permanent huts from any materials they could found provided the space for underclass, poor, and criminals as such as cartoon boards and woven bamboo which were public enemy blamed for any law-abiding incident in the quickly swept away when the river overflows (Haryadi, city (Seftyono, 2012).
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