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Analysis of Sediment Transport on the Upstream Code River, Indonesia

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Analysis of Sediment Transport on the Upstream Code River, Indonesia Civil Engineering and Architecture 8(4): 475-482, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cea.2020.080410 Analysis of Sediment Transport on the Upstream Code River, Indonesia * Jazaul Ikhsan , Reni Kurniati, Puji Harsanto, Nursetiawan Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta P.O Box 55183, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Received February 25, 2020; Revised June 24, 2020; Accepted July 7, 2020 Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract Purpose: The Code River is one of the of cold lava floods then saved in the upstream of Mt Merapi pathways from debris flows of Mount Merapi that crosses (Ikhsan, J., 2014). According to Rahayu et al. (2014), there the centre of Yogyakarta City, Indonesia. Along the Code are two dangers of volcanic eruptions, that is primary River, there are densely populated areas, mainly when the hazards which are directly perceived by residents such as river flows through the centre of Yogyakarta City. Mount hot clouds, and secondary hazards that are perceived after Merapi is one of the most active volcanos in Indonesia, also eruption occurs in the form of cold lava flood that can in the world. Based on the data, the volcano usually erupts cause land and settlement damage. According to Ardana in 3-year periods for a small scale and nine years for a large and Purwanto (2013), cold lava floods as a secondary scale. Its eruptions produce a considerable material. The hazard can occur when the intensity of rainfall high, eruption material from Mount Merapi carried by the debris materials eruption then transported following the river flows affected the sedimentation process in rivers that channel. originated in the volcano, particularly the Code River. This The Code River is one of the pathways cold lava floods research was conducted to find out the amount of sediment of Mount Merapi and was included in the main river of the transport and its impact on the upstream area of the Code Opak watershed that crosses the centre of Yogyakarta City River. Methodology: Methods used in the determination of and densely populated areas. The densely populated areas sediment transport at Code River are Frijlink, Meyer Petter around the Code River are considered to be very unsafe and Muller, and Einstein method. Results: Based on the results, worried will affecting the areas if cold lava floods occur in it shows that according to the Frijlink method, the sediment the future. According to Ikhsan and Fahmi (2015), damage transport occurred is 19.79 – 85.43 m³/day and the to cold lava floods on the Opak River line can result in sediment transport of MPM method is 15.06 - 77.23 m³/day, changes in the flow of the river and surrounding whereas the sediment transport of Einstein's method is 8.89 ecosystems. – 70.36 m³/day. The results also showed that the According to Mao (2018), the transport of coarse calculation of sediment transport using the three methods, a sediment during flooding often shows very emotional phenomenon of erosion took place at a location between changes in flow field changes, geometry channels, observation points 1 and 2, and a phenomenon of bedforms, and sediment supply conditions. Mount Merapi sedimentation occurred at a location between observation is one of the most active volcanos in Indonesia, also in the points 2 and 3. world. Based on the data, the volcano usually erupts in 3-year periods for a small scale and nine years for a large Keywords Code River, Sediment Transport, Mount scale (Ikhsan, et al., 2009; Ikhsan, et al., 2010). Its Merapi, Frijlink Method eruptions produce a huge material. Based on the previous researches, it is known that the sediment originated from the material eruption of cold lava floods Mount Merapi. The eruption material from Mount Merapi carried by the 1. Introduction debris flows affected the sedimentation process in rivers that originated in the volcano, particularly the Code River. The river is a source of life that functions as a water And according to the BBWSSO RENSTRA ("Rencana resource, recreation, irrigation, transportation and so on. In Strategies Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Serayu Opak"), the 2010, the enormous eruption at Mt Merapi occurred and eruption is estimated to still save a mass of the material of vomited a lot of materials. After the eruption, the sediments 150 million m³, after the big eruption in 2010. According to 476 Analysis of Sediment Transport on the Upstream Code River, Indonesia Syarifuddin et al. (2017), after the 2010 eruption, more watershed of Code River. than 50 volcanic debris flow (lahar) events occurred during The sediment transport is divided into three the rainy season of 2010–2011 at Mount Merapi, classifications bedload, suspended load, and wash load. In Indonesia. this study, sediment transport focuses on bedload transport. The process of sedimentation is soil carried away by Bedload transport refers to the movement of bed sediments water flow and settles in a place because the discharge flow along the stream bed by rolling, sliding, or jumping and is is slowed or stopped. The discharge flow is one of the dependent on the river's morphological characteristics factors that influence the sedimentation process, the lower (Sirdari et al., 2014). Gravel and cobble transport by rivers the discharge flow the less sediment transport, while the govern channel change and is essential to higher the discharge flow, the higher the sediment transport geomorphologists and river engineers (Hsu et al., 2011). load (Sembiring et al., 2014). According to Sudira et al. According to Lemma (2019), predicting bedload transport (2013), the sedimentation process includes the process of rates contributes to river management, river engineering erosion, transport, and deposition as well as compaction by works design, accurate knowledge of sediment delivery sediment itself. According to Kusnan in Pangestu and Haki, rates, which benefits sediment-related water resources (2013), a large volume of sediment depends on the change management. The analysis of sediment transport in this of the flow velocity, due to changes in the dry season and research was conducted to determine the value of the rainy season, and changes that are influenced by the human sediment transport that occurs and how it affected the activity itself. Usman (2014), explains that the definition of watershed of the Upstream of Code River. With various sedimentation is the process of deposition of material methods of analysis of sediment transport, the methods transported by water, wind, ice, or glaciers. If the capacity used in this research are Frijlink 1952, Meyer Petter Muller of the incoming sediment in a cross-section is equal to the 1948, and Einstein 1950. amount coming out, then the river will be called balanced (Sa'ud, 2018). An unequal sediment supply and transport capacity (a river's ability to transport sediment) could 2. Material and Methods create a river to avulse or significantly change its form by eroding or depositing sediment on the bed or banks (Yager Research Location et al., 2012). According to Mananoma et al., (2005), the increase in water damage in the form of erosion and The research was located at the Upstream Code River, sedimentation is caused by changes in environmental Yogyakarta, with a length of 3.5 km. The location is function by the rate of population growth and increasing divided into three testing points, that are Kamdanen Bridge community activities. Human activities and climate change with coordinates of 7° 43' 22.4724'' N latitudes, 110° 23' may alter sand or gravel inputs into alluvial rivers, and 21.5016'' E longitudes and elevation 212,526 meters above therefore graded bedload transport can make severe sea level, Plemburan Bridge with coordinates of 7° 44' morphological changes (Li et al., 2016). The large amount 45.4236'' S latitudes, 110° 22' 37.8444'' E longitudes and of sediment from Mt.Merapi can become a threat for elevation 165,152 meters above sea level, and Ring Road people but also benefit because it can be natural resources Al-Azhar Bridge with coordinates of 7° 45' 6.4836'' S such as sand mining for a miner (Ikhsan et al., 2009). And latitudes, 110° 22' 29.8704'' E longitudes and elevation the amount of sedimentation caused by cold lava floods is 151.218.meters above sea level. Figure 1 presents the feared will bring a significant impact in the future along the research location for each location on the Code River. Civil Engineering and Architecture 8(4): 475-482, 2020 477 Figure 1. Map of research location of Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Hydrometry is carried out according to the standards of ASTM D 854-10. While the test results from granular gradation Hydrometry is the science of river measurement in the analysis obtained the percentage of filter pass 90%, 65%, field. Measurement data obtained are velocity, river width, 50 %, and 35%, and also the median diameter value, tests river depth, hydraulic radius, slope, and river discharge. are carried out using standards from SNI 03-1968-1990. River measurement steps in this study follow the river measurement procedure in Bambang Triatmodjo's book Hydrology Applied about river hydrometry. Measurements of river velocity are obtained by dividing the distance by 3. Result and Discussion time from point A to point B using the buoy method. From three research sites, the river velocity has different values, Frijlink 1952 from Kamdanen Bridge to Plemburan Bridge, there was an increase in the speed of flow. At the same time, there is a In 1952 Frijlink derived the equation for sediment decrease in the velocity of flow from the Plemburan Bridge transport as follows: ∆dm to the Ringroad AL-Azhar Bridge.
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