Pavel Mikhaç'lovich Litvinov Papers
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Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War *
SLIGHTLY REVISED 27.VII.2009 CHAPTER NINE CAUGHT IN A CLEFT STICK : SOVIET DIPLOMACY AND THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR * MICHAEL JABARA CARLEY The late British historian John Erickson wrote that the Spanish Civil War put the Soviet government into a cleft stick; caught between helping the Spanish Republic against a military, fascist uprising and alienating a new found, but milquetoast French ally. 1 The mutiny in Spain was directed against the recently elected centre-left coalition, the Popular Front, which included Spanish communists. It should have been normal for the Soviet Union to want to help workers and communists fighting against a right- wing, fascist mutiny. France too had just elected a Popular Front government, but the French coalition was fragile. Its most conservative element, the Radical party, was unwilling to get involved in Spain for fear of inflaming domestic political tensions or risking civil war. The British Conservative government also took a dim view of active involvement in the civil war and of Soviet intervention to support the Spanish Republicans, even if they were the legitimately elected, legal government. Most British Conservatives had a special aversion for the Soviet Union, and saw its involvement in Spain as a threat to spread communism into Western Europe. The Soviet government did not have the leisure to consider the Spanish problem outside the larger issue of its security in Europe. In January 1933 Adolf Hitler had taken power in Germany. The Soviet government immediately saw the danger even if the Soviet Union had maintained good or tolerable relations with the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. -
The Polish "Sickness" and Franco-Soviet Relations, 1934-1939
THE POLISH "SICKNESS" AND FRANCO-SOVIET RELATIONS, 1934-1939 Shawnessy Yevonne Johnson B.A. Honours, Carleton University, 1995 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History O Shawnessy Yevonne Johnson 1997 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY October 1997 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or by other means, without permission of the author. National Library Biblloth&que nationale 191 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acqutsitiomt Bibliographic Services se~ces+bliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pennettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sell reproduire, priter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownerstup of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis, ~eithirthe droit d'auteur qui protege cette thtse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent itre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorkation. APPROVAL Name: Shawnessy Yevonne Johnson L Degree: Master of Arts (History) Title of Thesis: The Polish "Sickness" and Franco-Soviet Relations, 1934-1939 Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Ian Dyck Dr. ~icdard&, Debb Se ior Supervisor &ed& of History ~r=tin Kitchen Professor of History pr. -
Antanas Smetona and Foreign Diplomats
chapter 9 Antanas Smetona and Foreign Diplomats After Lithuania received diplomatic recognition and established diplomatic rela- tions with other states, diplomatic missions from foreign countries began to gather in Kaunas, forming a diplomatic corps. Heading the missions were plenipotentiary representatives, or ministers. (The ussr called the heads of its diplomatic mission “polpreds,” a contraction for the Russian title “plenipotentiary representatives.”) The United States had no diplomats in Kaunas, only consuls, since the United States mission resided in Riga, and so the highest-ranking American diplomat in the Baltic states would come to Kaunas only on occasion. Over the years, the dip- lomatic corps gradually grew, but it remained small enough that the diplomats knew each other intimately. They socialized together since there was not much entertainment in Kaunas, which in the 1920s had barely 100,000 inhabitants. The diplomats considered their service in Kaunas a hardship, uncomfortable, and even difficult. In the 1920s most houses in Kaunas did not have modern conveniences; water from wells was unsuitable for drinking; sidewalks consisted of wooden planking. Americans drank only mineral water, at first even using it for washing up. Since Lithuania had no diplomatic relations with Poland, there were no Polish diplomats in Kaunas. The Americans did not socialize with Soviet diplo- mats because their countries had no diplomatic relations. Diplomats of low rank represented Great Britain and France. But their significance for this study is great. Diplomats and consuls wrote reports to their governments about life in Kaunas and in Lithuania, about political developments. They had contacts with representatives of the government; at will they socialized with opposition leaders, invited them as guests, and became friendly with some. -
In Soviet Approaches to International Politics and Law
Pace International Law Review Volume 2 Issue 1 Article 1 September 1990 "New Thinking" in Soviet Approaches to International Politics and Law John N. Hazard Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Recommended Citation John N. Hazard, "New Thinking" in Soviet Approaches to International Politics and Law, 2 Pace Y.B. Int'l L. 1 (1990) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol2/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PACE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 2 1990 LECTURE "NEW THINKING" IN SOVIET APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND LAWt John N. Hazardtt No more startling evidence of "new thinking"1 among So- viet policy makers formulating attitudes toward foreign policy and international law could be found than Soviet Foreign Minis- ter Shevardnadze's admission in 1989 that the much-debated t The third annual Blaine Sloan Lecture was delivered on March 15, 1990. Presented in honor of Blaine Sloan, Professor Emeritus of International Law and Organization at Pace University, the lecture series is delivered each year to the University and Law School community in order to promote scholarly debate in international law. tf B.A., LL.B., J.S.D., LL.D.; Nash Professor Emeritus of Law, Columbia University. The phrase "new thinking" first appears in M. GORBACHEV, PERESTROIKA: NEw THINKING FOR OUR COUNTRY AND THE WORLD xiii (Perennial Libr. -
September 20, 1968 Yu. Andropov to the CPSU CC
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified September 20, 1968 Yu. Andropov to the CPSU CC Citation: “Yu. Andropov to the CPSU CC,” September 20, 1968, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, RGANI, F. 80, Op. 1, D. 513, Ll. 58-60. Obtained and translated by Mark Kramer. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/188129 Summary: This memorandum from KGB Chairman Andropov to the CPSU Politburo follows up on the initial report from Andropov, Shchelokov, and Malyarov. The document highlights the “malevolent views” of the group that held an unauthorized demonstration in Red Square on 25 August 1968, singling out Pavel Litvinov, Larisa Bogoraz, Viktor Fainberg, and Vadim Delaunay for particular opprobrium. Andropov stresses that the KGB will intensify its crackdown on opposition figures who try to “spread defamatory information about Soviet reality.” Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Blavatnik Family Foundation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document Secret Copy No. 1 USSR ___ Committee of State Security of the USSR under the USSR Council of Ministers ______ 20 September 1968 No. 2205-A Moscow To the CPSU CC By way of addendum to our No. 2102 from 5 September 1968, I am reporting that the Moscow procurator, in contact with the Committee of State Security, has completed the investigation and is remanding to the court the criminal case charging L. I. BOGORAZ-BRUKHMAN (the wife of the imprisoned writer [Yulii] Daniel), P. M. LITVINOV, K. I. BABITSKII, V. I. FAINBERG, V. A. DREMLYUGA, and V. N. DELAUNAY. The guilt of these people in staging disturbances on Red Square on 25 August 1968 was confirmed by the testimony of multiple witnesses and by material evidence that was confiscated. -