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Families in Austria

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Families in Austria 09-Adams.qxd 10/11/2004 11:30 AM Page 201 CHAPTER 9 Families in Austria RUDOLF RICHTER SANDRA KYTIR 1. INTRODUCTION War I, the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy disintegrated mainly as a result of forces of Austria is located in southern, central nationalist self-assertion and as a consequence Europe. Geographically, its territory encom- of the Versailles treaties. In 1918 Austria passes both the Eastern Alps and the Danube finally was proclaimed a republic. region and has a land surface of 83,858.3 Austria’s population is quite heteroge- sq km (32,369 sq miles). Located within a neous. Czechs, Slovaks, and Hungarians temperate climatic zone with influence of reside in eastern Austria and in the capital the moderate Atlantic climate in the west and of Vienna. There is also a small Croatian the influence of the continental climate in the and Slovenian minority around the southern east, Austria includes a wide variety of land- regions, but at present immigrants from the scapes and flora. About 46% of its surface former Yugoslavia and Turkey exceed these area is wooded. Austria’s landscapes range original minorities. About 10% of the from the mountain peaks of the Alps to hilly Austrian population are immigrants. landscapes and plains. The foothills of the There are six ethnic groups officially Alps and the Carpathians as well as the recognized in Austria. In terms of religious Vienna Basin in the east are the principal allegiances, 78% of Austrians are Roman areas of settlement and economic activity. Catholic, and 5% are Protestant. Some 4.5% According to census data for 2001, Austria of the population belong to another faith, has 8.1 million inhabitants, of whom approx- and 9% do not belong to any religious imately 98% speak German. Austria has group. common borders with eight other countries: While the alpine regions in the west Germany and the Czech Republic in the north, are agriculturally oriented, the eastern part Slovakia and Hungary in the east, Slovenia of Austria was urbanized and industrialized and Italy in the south, and Switzerland and early on. In 1995 Austria joined the European Liechtenstein in the west. At the end of World Union. 201 09-Adams.qxd 10/11/2004 11:30 AM Page 202 202 EUROPE Demographic Description the fertility rate will further decrease, and the decline will not be balanced by immigrant Austria is considered a typical social families living in Austria, who have more welfare state with low rates of infant children than Austrian families. mortality (0.5%), an extensive system of At this point we should say that reported social security, high quality of life, and high data and demographic developments in this life expectancy. In terms of demography, chapter refer mainly to data from the 1960s Austrian family patterns are quite characteris- and the 1970s. More recent figures show tic of advanced and modern industrialized more dramatic changes. societies. The number of marriages is declin- ing; at the same time, the number of divorces is rising. The fertility rate is rather low. In 2. PAIRING UP Austria about 2 million people are married or cohabiting. More than one-half of them It is remarkable that a relatively small (about 55%) have children. The number of amount of data exists about the process of single parents is steadily increasing and is pairing up or finding a partner in Austria. now up to about 400,000. Youth research in Austria suggests that While the importance of marriage has socializing mainly takes place in school and definitely decreased, one might say that the other educational institutions rather than in importance of family as an institution has cafes, discos, or in the street. increased. Family and children mean a lot In Austria during the 1950s and 1960s, it to Austrian people and more than 80% see was quite common for young people to be it as one of the most important aspects of their members of youth groups, such as voluntary life. This might explain why the number of associations, and political or religious institu- families, including cohabiting couples, with tions. However, since political and religious children, as well as single parents, has risen in institutions have been losing their credibility the last decades. While in 1971 there were during the last decades, they are now less about 2 million families, in 2001 there were important in the process of pairing up. 2.3 million families. Furthermore, the number Young people may also socialize with peers of families with children has also risen from in the context of sport activities, but few 1.3 million to 1.4 million. engage in a sports club. However, the fertility rate, in at 1.31 in Modern facilities such as the Internet are 2001, is quite low. In this context, it is inter- beginning to play an important role in the esting that although couples, and especially process of pairing up. However, it seems women, usually would like to have two that singles platforms are considered a game children or more, in most cases they have rather than a serious means of socializing only one. There is no real explanation for and pairing up among young people. Con- this gap between wishes and practice. It versely, the Internet seems increasingly to be is probably due to a combination of factors of use for people between 30 and 40 years such as the economic situation, individualis- of age to approach other people. However, tic values, and experiences with the first child there exist no representative studies dealing (first-child “shock,” according to Nave-Herz, with this phenomenon. 2002). Nevertheless, social scientists found In young people’s minds, values such that couples’ wish for children has decreased, as family and friends play an essential role and it has become normal to have one or and are of great importance for their well- even no child. If this development continues, being. According to the Vienna Youth Health 09-Adams.qxd 10/11/2004 11:30 AM Page 203 Families in Austria 203 Report in Austria (2002) aside from the 2 years later at the age of 22.5 (Pfeiffer & family, whose importance remains stable, Nowak, 2001). Figures from the Family and friends represent the most important social Fertility Survey (Doblhammer, Lutz, & reference group for young people. (See also Pfeiffer, 1996) show that 23% of men born Großegger, 2001.) between 1966 and 1970 had not moved out More than 50% of young people in Austria of their parents’ home by the age of 30. Some between the ages of 15 and 24, especially girls, young people return to their parental home wish for a permanent partnership and plan for later on as a consequence of separation or children in their 20s or 30s. Boys and some financial difficulties. girls in their teens prefer to enjoy youth before seriously pairing up and beginning a family. Generally speaking, young people connect 3. FERTILITY AND SOCIALIZATION partnership to faithfulness, trust, and having fun, but cohabiting seems unimportant to In Austria nearly all children (98.3%) are them at this time. born in a hospital. Austria has a very low Studies on adolescent sexuality indicate fertility rate. In 2001 it was at 1.31, corre- that most adolescents first have sexual inter- sponding to a reproduction rate of 0.63. course between ages 16 and 19. This has not This decline in population provokes severe changed noticeably during the last 25 years. sociopolitical problems, which at present At the age of 16, 50% of adolescents have are intensely discussed by politicians, social already had sexual intercourse, and about scientists, and other experts. 25% will first have intercourse after the age Although the fertility rate is higher among of 18. In Austria the number of teenage immigrants, who represent about 10% of the mothers is negligible and decreasing. Austrian population, this will not make up While in the late 1960s and early 1970s for the population loss within the scope of people married at the age of about 20, at the next generation. This development has present they marry closer to 30. Conse- far-reaching consequences for the pension quently, the mean age at the time of marriage schemes in Austria, which are based on the has risen considerably. This is due to the fact transfer of insurance contributions from the that people prefer to date someone without working population to retirees. On the other sharing a household or living together in hand, it can be argued that a smaller popula- nonmarital cohabitation or marrying right tion of young people would save expenses in after having met. The time delay of marriage relation to childcare or the educational creates a new phase in life, the so-called system. postadolescence or early adulthood that is Low fertility remains a fundamental very characteristic for young people in characteristic of the country’s family system, Austria between ages 20 and 30. They might and family policy consults fertility rates for have a partner, but they are not likely to live family-related decisions. Low fertility results together. Some cohabit, but this does not from multiple political, social, and eco- mean that they are getting married. They find nomic factors that have an important impact themselves in an ambivalent situation, trying on people’s preferences: the feasibility to to be independent while in constant touch combine work and family, financial circum- with their parents. stances, need for personal freedom, housing In Austria young women leave their conditions, and the perception of society parental home for the first time on average at as child-friendly. In Austria a large number the age of 20, and young men leave about of care institutions are available, and on 09-Adams.qxd 10/12/2004 10:55 AM Page 204 204 EUROPE average 80% of children between 3 and 6 number of men living in single households years old attend kindergarten.
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