The Russian Enclave of Kaliningrad: Territorial Specificity and Integration

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Russian Enclave of Kaliningrad: Territorial Specificity and Integration Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Russian Enclave of Kaliningrad: Territorial Specificity and Integration with the World Economy Vinokurov, Evgeny Univerisite Grenoble 2 2007 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20939/ MPRA Paper No. 20939, posted 24 Feb 2010 12:59 UTC Université Pierre Mendès France de Grenoble Centre de Recherches Economiques sur les Politiques Publiques en Economie de Marché (CREPPEM) L’enclave russe de Kaliningrad : spécificité territoriale et intégration à l’économie mondiale Thèse de doctorat « nouveau régime » en économie appliquée Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 19 novembre 2007 par : Evgeny VINOKUROV Directeur de Thèse : Ivan SAMSON, MCF HDR, UPMF, Grenoble Membres du Jury : - Vladimir MAU, Professeur d’Economie, Recteur de l’Académie d’Economie Nationale auprès du Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie, Moscou, Rapporteur - Xavier RICHET, Professeur d’Economie, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, Rapporteur - Pascal MARCHAND, Professeur de Géographie, Université Lyon II, - Claude COURLET, Professeur d’Economie, UPMF, Grenoble - Jacques FONTANEL, Professeur d’Economie, UPMF, Grenoble - David KERNOHAN, Docteur en Economie, Middlesex University Business School, Hendon, UK Table des matières Remerciements....................................................................................................................7 Abréviations ........................................................................................................................8 Introduction .................................................................................................11 L’enclave de Kaliningrad .................................................................................................11 Une succession de chocs économiques............................................................................15 Questions centrales et méthodologie................................................................................17 Intérêt de la recherche......................................................................................................19 Chapitre 1. L'économie d’enclave : limites et opportunités....................24 1. 1. Cadre conceptuel d’une théorie des enclaves .............................................................24 1.1.1. Pourquoi étudier les enclaves et les exclaves ? Intérêt d’une investigation économique...............................................................................................................24 1.1.2. Définitions et dichotomie........................................................................................26 1.1.3. Revue de la littérature.............................................................................................31 1.1.4. Le cadre conceptuel : le triangle Etat-continent / enclave /Etat entourant .........35 1.1.5. Comparaisons des types : matrice de distribution géographique et de population.................................................................................................................41 1.1.6. La question de l’accès.............................................................................................45 1.2. Etudes de cas.................................................................................................................50 1.2.1. Ceuta et Melilla.......................................................................................................50 1.2.3. Le cas de Büsingen : l’intégration d’une petite enclave .......................................65 1.2.3.1. Géographie et histoire ..........................................................................................65 1.2.3.2. Economie ..............................................................................................................67 1.2.4. Hong Kong : une enclave côtière « modèle » ?.....................................................75 1.2.5. La Prusse orientale, exclave allemande (1920-1939), prédécesseur de Kaliningrad...............................................................................................................81 1.3. Caractéristiques économiques des enclaves.................................................................86 1.3.1. Incapacité économique et régimes économiques spéciaux...................................86 1.3.2. Insularité, enclavité et exclavité.............................................................................88 1.3.3. La petite taille..........................................................................................................92 1.3.4. La vulnérabilité.......................................................................................................95 2 1.3.5. Agriculture, industrie et services : caractéristiques distinctives des enclaves......98 1.3.6. La double périphéricité.........................................................................................101 1.4. L’ouverture : condition du développement économique de l’enclave .....................103 1.4.1. Corrélation entre régimes économiques des enclaves et bien-être .....................103 1.4.2. « Effacement » de l’enclavité dans un contexte d’intégration............................108 1.4.3. Supériorité de l’approche libérale dans la politique continentale des enclaves.110 1.5. La théorie des enclaves et Kaliningrad ......................................................................117 Chapitre 2.Les caractéristiques structurelles de la transition économique.................................................................................................122 2.1. Les caractéristiques de la transformation..................................................................122 2.1.1. Les leviers structurels dans la distribution du PRB ............................................122 2.1.2. Les mutations de l’emploi.....................................................................................126 2.1.3. La transformation de l’industrie..........................................................................128 2.1.4. Les controverses sur la dynamique des investissements .....................................133 2.2. Une part importante d’économie souterraine............................................................139 2.3. Kaliningrad en comparaison ......................................................................................144 2.3.1. Comparaisons internationales .............................................................................144 2.3.2. Comparaisons interrégionales : orientation de la production du nord-ouest de la Russie..................................................................................................................145 2.4. Le commerce extérieur et les échanges avec la Russie : une position intermédiaire entre la Russie et l’UE................................................................................147 2.4.1. La structure du commerce extérieur....................................................................147 2.4.2. Des liens forts avec le continent russe .................................................................158 2.4.3. Un commerce des services peu développé.............................................................162 2.4.4. Prévisions commerciales .......................................................................................164 2.4.5. Un degré élevé de franchise commerciale par suite de l'intermédiation commerciale............................................................................................................166 Chapitre 3. Les facteurs de compétitivité régionale...............................171 3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................171 3.2. La mesure des avantages comparatifs, de la spécialisation internationale et du commerce intra branche....................................................................................................174 3 3.2.1. La mesure des avantages et des désavantages comparatifs révélés pour la région de Kaliningrad : l'applicabilité et la pertinence des indice ACR de Balassa....................................................................................................................174 3.2.2. L’indice de l’avantage comparatif international de Lafay .................................177 3.2.4. L’avantage et le désavantage comparatif révélés de l’économie russe ..............190 3.3. Les facteurs de production de Kaliningrad................................................................192 3.3.1. La productivité du travail .....................................................................................192 3.3.2. Le coût du facteur énergie....................................................................................199 3.3.3. La part des coûts dans le rendement comme indicateur d'efficacité..................202 3.4. Les coûts d'exclave......................................................................................................204 3.5. Une typologie des facteurs compétitifs des régions: des ressources génériques aux actifs spécifiques ................................................................................................................206 3.6. Conclusion...................................................................................................................215 Chapitre 4. Le cadre extérieur du développement économique de Kaliningrad: la succession des chocs économiques de 1990-2004 et après............................................................................................................220
Recommended publications
  • A Captive Island Kaliningrad Between MOSCOW and the EU
    41 A CAPTIVE ISLAND KAlInIngRAD bETWEEn MOSCOW AnD ThE EU Jadwiga Rogoża, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, Iwona Wiśniewska NUMBER 41 WARSAW JULY 2012 A CAPTIVE ISLAND KALININGRAD BETWEEN MOSCOW AND THE EU Jadwiga Rogoża, Agata Wierzbowska-Miazga, Iwona Wiśniewska © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITORS Adam Eberhardt, Marek Menkiszak EDITORS Katarzyna Kazimierska, Anna Łabuszewska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Jim Todd GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH CHARTS, MAP, PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Wojciech Mańkowski DTP GroupMedia PuBLISHER Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl ISBN 978–83–62936–13–7 Contents KEY POINTS /5 INTRODUCTION /8 I. KALININGRAD OBLAST: A SUBJECT OR AN OBJECT OF THE F EDERATION? /9 1. THE AMBER ISLAND: Kaliningrad today /9 1.1. Kaliningrad in the legal, political and economic space of the Russian Federation /9 1.2. Current political situation /13 1.3. The current economic situation /17 1.4. The social situation /24 1.5. Characteristics of the Kaliningrad residents /27 1.6. The ecological situation /32 2. AN AREA UNDER SPECIAL SURVEILLANCE: Moscow’s policy towards the region /34 2.1. The policy of compensating for Kaliningrad’s location as an exclave /34 2.2. The policy of reinforcing social ties with the rest of Russia /43 2.3. The policy of restricted access for foreign partners to the region /45 2.4. The policy of controlling the region’s co-operation with other countries /47 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of New Trans-Border Water Routes in the South-East Baltic: Methodology and Practice Kropinova, Elena G.; Anokhin, Aleksey
    www.ssoar.info The development of new trans-border water routes in the South-East Baltic: methodology and practice Kropinova, Elena G.; Anokhin, Aleksey Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Kropinova, E. G., & Anokhin, A. (2014). The development of new trans-border water routes in the South-East Baltic: methodology and practice. Baltic Region, 3, 121-136. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-3-11 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51373-9 E. Kropinova, A. Anokhin This article offers an integrative ap- THE DEVELOPMENT proach to the development of trans-border water routes. Route development is analy- OF NEW TRANS-BORDER sed in the context of system approach as in- WATER ROUTES tegration of geographical, climatic, mea- ning-related, infrastructural, and market- IN THE SOUTH-EAST ing components. The authors analyse the Russian and European approaches to route BALTIC: METHODOLOGY development. The article focuses on the in- stitutional environment and tourist and rec- AND PRACTICE reational resources necessary for water route development. Special attention is paid to the activity aspect of tourist resour- * ces. At the same time, the development of Ö.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Kaliningrad Region?
    Kaliningrad region Government NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUISNESS DEVELOPMENT GENERAL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LENGTH NORWAY OF THE TERRITORY SWEDEN ESTONIA 108 КМ 108 LATVIA RUSSIA KALININGRAD LITHUANIA 15.1 REGION 205 КМ THS КМ² REGION IRELAND TERRITORY BELARUS ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER GERMANY POLAND 22 ENGLAND CITIES KALININGRAD >480 CHECH UKRAINE THOUSAND PEOPLE SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA MAIN CITIES FRANCE HUNGARY SOVETSK BALTIYSK SWITZERLAND ROMANIA >40K PEOPLE >36K PEOPLE CHERNYAKHOVSK GUSEV ITALY >37K PEOPLE >28K PEOPLE SVETLOGORSK >22K PEOPLE SPAIN BULGARIA PORTUGALPORRTUGALR Kaliningrad region Government GREECE POPULATION 60% WORKING-AGE POPULATION > 1 MIL PEOPLE DATED 01/08/2018 >10 THOUSAND PEOPLE PER YEAR >4.5 MIGRATION THOUSAND 5.2% GROWTH GRADUATES ANNUALLY UNEMPLOYMENT RATE >66 PEOPLE PER KM2 13 POPULATION DENSITY HIGHER EDUCATION 12TH PLACE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION INSTITUTIONS Kaliningrad region Government ECONOMIC 524 $ 102 $ PERFORMANCE 33 536 ₶ 6 579 ₶ PER MONTH М2 PER YEAR AVERAGE SALARY RENTAL PRIСE FOR COMMERCIAL AND OFFICE 10.2 PROPERTIES BN $ 0.06 $ 400 $ 3.7 25 800 ₶ 641.58 BN ₶ kWh PER YEAR FOREIGN TRADE ELECTRICITY PRICE INTERNET PRICE TURNOVER 0.02 $ 2018 1.2 ₶ PER MIN OUTGOING CALLS 7. 2 2.08 0.74 $ 48 ₶ BN $ BN $ PER LITER 417.4 BN ₶ 130.5 BN ₶ PRICE OF GASOLINE GROSS INVESTMENTS CAPITAL REGIONAL DONE BY PRODUCT ORGANIZATIONS 2017 2018 Kaliningrad region Government SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE >129 1 BN ₶ MIL ₶ SEZ REGIME COVERS 2 BN $ 0.02 MIL $ THE WHOLE REGION SEZ REGIME IS REGULATED TOTAL AMOUNT MINIMUM BY THE REGIONAL AUTHORITIES
    [Show full text]
  • The Baltics EU/Schengen Zone Baltic Tourist Map Traveling Between
    The Baltics Development Fund Development EU/Schengen Zone Regional European European in your future your in g Investin n Unio European Lithuanian State Department of Tourism under the Ministry of Economy, 2019 Economy, of Ministry the under Tourism of Department State Lithuanian Tampere Investment and Development Agency of Latvia, of Agency Development and Investment Pori © Estonian Tourist Board / Enterprise Estonia, Enterprise / Board Tourist Estonian © FINL AND Vyborg Turku HELSINKI Estonia Latvia Lithuania Gulf of Finland St. Petersburg Estonia is just a little bigger than Denmark, Switzerland or the Latvia is best known for is Art Nouveau. The cultural and historic From Vilnius and its mysterious Baroque longing to Kaunas renowned Netherlands. Culturally, it is located at the crossroads of Northern, heritage of Latvian architecture spans many centuries, from authentic for its modernist buildings, from Trakai dating back to glorious Western and Eastern Europe. The first signs of human habitation in rural homesteads to unique samples of wooden architecture, to medieval Lithuania to the only port city Klaipėda and the Curonian TALLINN Novgorod Estonia trace back for nearly 10,000 years, which means Estonians luxurious palaces and manors, churches, and impressive Art Nouveau Spit – every place of Lithuania stands out for its unique way of Orebro STOCKHOLM Lake Peipus have been living continuously in one area for a longer period than buildings. Capital city Riga alone is home to over 700 buildings built in rendering the colorful nature and history of the country. Rivers and lakes of pure spring waters, forests of countless shades of green, many other nations in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Seismic Hazard in the Kaliningrad Region V
    ISSN 1069-3513, Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth, 2008, Vol. 44, No. 9, pp. 691–705. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Original Russian Text © V.I. Ulomov, K.N. Akatova, N.S. Medvedeva, 2008, published in Fizika Zemli, 2008, No. 9, pp. 3–19. Estimation of Seismic Hazard in the Kaliningrad Region V. I. Ulomov, K. N. Akatova, and N. S. Medvedeva Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth (IPE), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Bol’shaya Gruzinskaya ul. 10, Moscow, 123995 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received December 17, 2007 Abstract—The paper discusses problems of seismic zoning of the Kaliningrad region, where a series of per- ceptible earthquakes occurred in 2004; the strongest event had a magnitude of Ms = 4.3 and produced shakings of an intensity of 6 in the coastal zone of the Sambiiskii Peninsula, classified as a 5-intensity zone. The enhanced seismic effect is shown to be caused by bad ground conditions, long-term action of seismic effects, resonance phenomena, and other factors. To gain additional constraints on the seismic hazard degree in the Kaliningrad region, the paper discusses an improved version of the model of earthquake sources underlying the compilation of normative maps of seismic zoning (OSR-97). Modified fragments of OSR-97 probability maps of the Kaliningrad region are constructed at different levels of probability that the seismic effect indicated in the maps will be exceeded over 50 yr. It is shown that additional seismological investigations should be con- ducted in this region. PACS numbers: 91.30.Px DOI: 10.1134/S1069351308090012 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaliningrad Study
    Kaliningrad in Europe Kaliningrad in Europe A study commissioned by the Council of Europe Edited by Mr Bartosz Cichocki Linguistic Editing œ Mr Paul Holtom, Mrs Catherine Gheribi This study has been drafted by a group of independent experts at the initiative of the Committee of Advisers on the Development of Transfrontier Co-operation in Central and Eastern Europe, an advisory body established by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Although every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this study, the Council of Europe takes no responsibility for factual errors or omissions. The views expressed in the study are those of the authors and do not commit the Council of Europe or any of its organs. Factual information correct at March 2003. © Council of Europe, 2003 Foreword Walter Schwimmer Secretary General of the Council of Europe Kaliningrad, the city and the Oblast, are these days receiving a lot of attention from international circles. The Russian Federation has been actively raising the awareness of European institutions about the peculiar situation of the region, separated by mainland Russia and surrounded by land by two countries, Lithuania and Poland, soon-to- become members of the European Union. The perspective of the enlargement of the European Union to the Russia‘s exclave immediate neighbours is raising fears that the isolation of the Oblast would deepen and its economic and social backwardness worsen. The Council of Europe has responded to these legitimate preoccupation by taking recently several initiatives. In 2002, the Parliamentary Assembly held a thorough debate which led to the adoption of Recommendation 1579 on the Enlargement of the European Union and the Kaliningrad Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Economic Space Compression in Border Areas: the Case of the Northwestern Federal District Romanova, E.; Vinogradova, O.; Frizina, I
    www.ssoar.info Social and economic space compression in border areas: the case of the Northwestern Federal District Romanova, E.; Vinogradova, O.; Frizina, I. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Romanova, E., Vinogradova, O., & Frizina, I. (2015). Social and economic space compression in border areas: the case of the Northwestern Federal District. Baltic Region, 3, 28-46. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2015-3-3 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51391-6 Economic and geographical development of the Russian Northwest ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN NORTHWEST The so-called “compression” of social SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC and economic space has been the subject of SPACE COMPRESSION quite a few studies in the past decades. There are two principle types of compres- IN BORDER AREAS: sion: communicative, that is, associated THE CASE with the development of transport and in- OF THE NORTHWESTERN formation systems, and physical, mani- FEDERAL DISTRICT fested in the rapid decrease of the number of new territories to explore. While physi- cal and communicative compression are in- terrelated, they have different spatial ex- * pressions depending on geographical con- E.
    [Show full text]
  • EU Russia Partnership on Kaliningrad
    0(02 Moscow, 12th July 2002 (85XVVLDSDUWQHUVKLSRQ.DOLQLQJUDG 7KH(8ZDQWVWRZRUNZLWK5XVVLDWRPD[LPLVHWKHEHQHILWVRI(8HQODUJHPHQW IRU5XVVLDDQG.DOLQLQJUDG. The issue of transit is important and should not be a problem if the EU and Russia co-operation in a timely fashion to ensure that those Russians who need to travel across the future territory of the EU have the proper travel documentation. The EU is ready to assist Russia in this effort and to contribute to improving the situation at the borders so that people can cross these as speedily and easily as possible. The EU is also keen on co-operating on all the other important issues which concern this part of Russia and the wider Baltic region, including economic development, energy, environmental and health issues. All citizens of Russia, including those in Kaliningrad, and the EU stand to benefit from close co-operation between the EU and Russia on Kaliningrad, the impact of EU enlargement, and the development of the wider region. &RRSHUDWLRQRQ.DOLQLQJUDGIRUPVSDUWRIWKHEURDGHU(85XVVLDSDUWQHUVKLS which has developed over the past years and which will become even more important for both the EU and Russia after EU enlargement when the shared borders become much longer than they already are. It is in the spirit of partnership that the EU wants to work with Russia on Kaliningrad and continue to strengthen the relationship between the EU and Russia which form part of a wider Europe, the development of which is crucial for both. 7KH(XURSHDQ8QLRQUHFRJQLVHVWKHXQLTXHVLWXDWLRQRI5XVVLDV.DOLQLQJUDG UHJLRQ DQG WKH SDUWLFXODU FKDOOHQJHV DULVLQJ IURP WKH IRUWKFRPLQJ HQODUJHPHQW RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ. It was for this reason that the European Commission published a Communication on “The EU and Kaliningrad” in January 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • UTLC ERA: Trans Eurasian Railway Container Operator IBS Web Talk
    TCEA22 (C) 2021 ERA UTLC UTLC ERA: Trans Eurasian railway container operator IBS Web talk Alexey Grom General Manager 10/06/2021 UTLC ERA BASE TRANSIT ROUTES Kaliningrad up close Baltiysk KCSP Dzerzhinskaya-Novaya Chernyakhovsk Vyartsilya Mamonovo Zheleznodorozhniy Buslovskaya Kaliningrad Bruzgi Svislach Brest Dostyk Izov Altynkol 5-DAY UTLC ERA SERVICES UTLC ERA organizes regular container trains through Cargo flows to/from EU Cargo flows to/from China Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan NEW GLOBAL LOGISTICS At the apex of the pandemic: air and sea • Air total cargo volumes down by >40%. • Air rates up >300%. • Up to 20% of sea sailings cancelled, total volumes down by 10-15%. • W-BOUND sea freight rates up >20%. • E-BOUND sea freight rates jumped twofold. Impact of the pandemic: rail • The “Modal Shift” phenomena – goods switching over to rail – is set to have a lasting effect on the industry, leading to us to a state of the “New Global Logistics” • "New Global Logistics" – is a paradigm shift which reflects the growing role of rail in trans-Eurasian trade • Previously, trans-Eurasian railway container transportation was expected to settle at around 3-4% of EU- China trade, but this figure already exceeded 5%, hence the status-quo is no more TREMENDOUS GROWTH OF TRANSEURASIAN TRANSIT Absolute 2019 2020 % Change Figures for UTLC ERA change Cargo volumes 333 021 546 902 213 881 64% transported, TEU Results of goods shifting over to rail: • Absolute growth of 214k TEU transported in 2020 over 2019, which amounts to 64% increase. • The total $ value of goods transported by UTLC ERA in 2020 exceeded $30 billion, accounting for 5.4% of trade between China and Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Opportunities for Kaliningrad in an Enlarged Europe
    Challenges and Opportunities for Kaliningrad in an Enlarged Europe Vladimir Yegorov Remarks at a Conference “Building Wider Europe” Vilnius, 30th November 2002 I would like to thank the convenors of this Conference and its participants for the presented opportunity to take part at this event and make a report. I think that within the framework of the European integration, the situation of the Kaliningrad oblast is undergoing a cardinal change, and before long we will find ourselves fully surrounded by states that enter into the European Union, states that are included into the area of NATO, the Euro zone and the Schengen area. In the Russian-EU Summit in Brussels, the Kaliningrad compromise, as it was perhaps rightly named by Mr Ciosek, was found, and this compromise is able to meet today the requirements of all the interested parties. I am noting this with a particular satisfaction as I personally attended this Summit. Together with the President of the Republic of Lithuania Mr Adamkus, we yesterday analysed all the aspects of implementing the Joint EU-Russian Statement and came to the conclusion that for the present time this is the most promising document. The more so, that consultations between Lithuania and Russia have starred, and it is an extremely vigorous start, as it will he necessary to transform all of the 15 provisions of this Joint Statement into technical regulations in order to implement the idea of this compromise document. I must say that it is not only the transit issue that poses problems for the Kaliningrad oblast. The participants of this Conference are well aware of the fact that only a decade ago the Kaliningrad oblast was a closed area where no foreigners were allowed to enter, the port was closed for foreign ships, and even the citizens of the Soviet Union were not able to visit such regions as Baltysk without previously obtaining an invitation, then their documents had to be processed by the Department of Internal Affairs of their place of residence, and only afterwards they could start planning their trip to Kaliningrad.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Kaliningrad Region?
    Kaliningrad region Government NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUISNESS DEVELOPMENT GENERAL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LENGTH NORWAY OF THE TERRITORY SWEDEN ESTONIA 108 КМ 108 LATVIA RUSSIA KALININGRAD LITHUANIA 15.1 REGION 205 КМ THS КМ² REGION IRELAND TERRITORY BELARUS ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER GERMANY POLAND 22 ENGLAND CITIES KALININGRAD >480 CHECH UKRAINE THOUSAND PEOPLE SLOVAKIA AUSTRIA MAIN CITIES FRANCE HUNGARY SOVETSK BALTIYSK SWITZERLAND ROMANIA >40K PEOPLE >36K PEOPLE CHERNYAKHOVSK GUSEV ITALY >37K PEOPLE >28K PEOPLE SVETLOGORSK >22K PEOPLE SPAIN BULGARIA PORTUGALPORRTUGALR Kaliningrad region Government GREECE POPULATION 56.5% WORKING-AGE POPULATION > 1 MIL PEOPLE DATED 01/08/2018 ~13 THOUSAND PEOPLE > . PER YEAR 3 7 MIGRATION THOUSAND 4. % GROWTH GRADUATES 4 ANNUALLY UNEMPLOYMENT RATE >67 PEOPLE PER KM2 9 POPULATION DENSITY HIGHER EDUCATION 12TH PLACE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION INSTITUTIONS Kaliningrad region Government ECONOMIC 556 $ 88 $ PERFORMANCE 39 661 ₶ 6 579 ₶ 2 PER MONTH М PER YEAR AVERAGE SALARY RENTAL PRIСE FOR COMMERCIAL AND OFFICE 10.3 PROPERTIES BN $ 0.08 $ 347 $ 5.8 25 800 ₶ BN ₶ 670 kWh PER YEAR FOREIGN TRADE ELECTRICITY PRICE INTERNET PRICE TURNOVER 0.02 $ 1.2 ₶ PER MIN OUTGOING CALLS 7.1 1.6 0.65 $ 48 ₶ BN $ BN $ PER LITER 460,9 BN ₶ BN ₶ PRICE 103 OF GASOLINE GROSS INVESTMENTS CAPITAL REGIONAL DONE BY PRODUCT ORGANIZATIONS Kaliningrad region Government SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE >128.4 1 BN ₶ MIL ₶ SEZ REGIME COVERS BN $ 0.02 MIL $ THE WHOLE REGION >1.7 SEZ REGIME IS REGULATED TOTAL AMOUNT MINIMUM BY THE REGIONAL AUTHORITIES OF DECLARED
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Railway Network Evolution on the Kaliningrad Region's Landscape Environment Romanova, Elena; Vinogradova, Olga; Kretinin, Gennady; Drobiz, Mikhail
    www.ssoar.info The effect of railway network evolution on the Kaliningrad region's landscape environment Romanova, Elena; Vinogradova, Olga; Kretinin, Gennady; Drobiz, Mikhail Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Romanova, E., Vinogradova, O., Kretinin, G., & Drobiz, M. (2015). The effect of railway network evolution on the Kaliningrad region's landscape environment. Baltic Region, 4, 137-149. https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2015-4-11 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51411-4 E. Romanova, O. Vinogradova, G. Kretinin, M. Drobiz This article addresses methodology of THE EFFECT OF RAILWAY modern landscape studies from the NETWORK EVOLUTION perspective of natural and man-made components of a territory. Railway infras- ON THE KALININGRAD tructure is not only an important system- REGION’S LANDSCAPE building element of economic and settle- ENVIRONMENT ment patterns; it also affects cultural landscapes. The study of cartographic materials and historiography made it possible to identify the main stages of the * development of the Kaliningrad railway E. Romanova , network in terms of its territorial scope and O. Vinogradova*, to describe causes of the observed changes. * Historically, changes in the political, eco- G.
    [Show full text]