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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00108-4 - The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East Elie Podeh Index More information

Index

‘Abbas Hilmi II Khediv, 57, 81 ‘Abd al-Rahman Sa‘ud, 264 ‘Abbas Khediv, 56 ‘Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad Shaykh, 66, ‘Abbasid Dynasty, 36, 40, 125, 135 76, 255, 257, 279 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Sa‘ud, 255–259, 262, ‘Abdallah, King of Saudi Arabia, 264–265, 271–275, 294, 298 269–270 (as) Bismarck, 272 (n75) ‘Abdallah I, King of Jordan, 114 Center, 269, 279 Assassination, 172, 175, 178 Conquest of Hijaz, 50, 264 Bay‘a, 168–170 Conquest of Riad, 255, 264, 271, Crowning, 170–171 273–276, 279 Funeral, 175–176, 190–192 Cult, 272, 276–282, 294, 298 Holidays, 168–175, 183–184, 188, 196, Funeral, 265 (n50) 200–201 Heritage, 260, 281–282 Legitimacy, 174 Image, 278–280 Memory, 190, 196 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Sultan, 44 Palestine, 188 ‘Abd al-Baqi Sami, 228 ‘Abdallah II, King of Jordan, 290–291, 294 ‘Abd al-Hamid II Sultan, 41, 44, 58 Accession Day, 192–193, 203, 205 Silver Jubilee, 44 Bay‘a, 193, 198 ‘Abd al-Ilah, Regent of Iraq, 114–115 Birthday, 193 ‘Abd al-Nasser, Gamal, 71–86, 90, 93, 98, Calendar Reform, 192–193 103, 118–119, 123, 128, 134, 183, Conscription Law, 199 203, 286, 293, 298, 302 Coronation, 193–195 Charisma, 290 Heir to the Throne, 192 (n84) Commemoration, 90, 93, 98, 100 Holidays, 191–200, 203–205 Death, 84, 86 Image, 205 Father Figure, 103 Jordan First Policy, 193–195, 204 Image, 81, 85–86, 96, 293–294 Abraham (Ibrahim), 35, 95, 297 Legacy, 104, 293–294, 298 Abu Shahla Habib, 212, 217, 220 Legitimacy, 79, 103–104, 299 ‘Aflaq Michel,149–150 Nasser 56 (movie), 96 Ajami Fouad, 91, 96, 104, 239, 248 National Holidays, 71–84, 103–104 ‘Ali Caliph, 36 (n8), 109, 120, 154, 156 Nationalization of the Suez Canal, 96 ‘Ali King of Hijaz, 114 Symbolism, 71–84, 103–104 ‘Aliyya Queen, 114–115, 195

327

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00108-4 - The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East Elie Podeh Index More information

328 Index

Amal Movement, 233, 239–241, 243–244, Bay‘a (Oath of Allegiance) 248 (see also ‘Abdallah I, King of ‘Amer ‘Abd al-Hakim, 80 Jordon; Egypt; Faruq, King of And Metin, 45 Egypt; Faysal I, King of Iraq; Anderson Benedict, 10, 13 Husayn, King of Jordon; Husayn Anthem (see also under Egypt; Iraq; bin ‘Ali, King of Hijaz; Husayn Jordan; Lebanon; Saudi Arabia), 11, Saddam; Iraq; Saudi Arabia, 37–40, 16, 24, 27, 29–30, 45 47–48, 109 (n4), 116, 287, 298–299 Antoon Sinan, 139–140 Bayezid II Sultan, 41 ‘Aoun Michel, 222 Behar Moshe, 31 al-‘Aqqad Mahmud ‘Abbas, 288 Bell David, 17 al-Aqsa Mosque, 95, 175–176, 184, Berri Nabih, 224, 239–240, 243–244, 246 188–189, 190 (n76), 199, 205 Bilig Michael, 30 Burning, 199 (n105) Bodnar John, 13 Arab Celebrations, 30–33 Bourguiba Habib, 292 Arab League, 216 Boustani Emile, 236 Arab Legion (see under Jordan) Britain Arab Media, 8 Anthem, 110 Arab Press Day, 230 Coronation, 110, 115 Arab Revolt (see also under Iraq; Jordan), Model, 12, 33–34, 44–46, 61, 64, 49–50, 110–111 102–103, 109–110, 116, 160, 287 Day (Hijaz), 48–49 Royal Celebrations, 17–18, 20 Flag, 111, 198, 201 Royal Rituals, 17–18, 110 Arab World, 3–4, 13 Burke Peter, 5 ‘Arif ‘Abd al-Rahman, 129 Burton Benedict, 10 ‘Arif ‘Abd al-Sallam, 122, 129–130, 149 Byzantine Empire, 119 Arslan Majid, 212, 217–218 al-Asad Hafiz, 37, 162, 299 Calendar (see National Calendar) As‘ad Kamal, 219 (n42) Caliph, 35–40 ‘Ashura’ (see also under Iraq; Lebanon), 37 Carnival, 4, 25 al-‘Askari, Ja‘far, 118 Catroux Georges General, 250 Ataturk Kemal, 111 (n11) Celebration (see National State Celebration) Ayalon Ami, 46 Ceremonialism, 12, 31, 33, 62, 80, 285–287 Ayyubid Dynasty, 36 Ceremony, 6, 27–28 Azmeh Aziz, 46 Definition, 27–28 al-Chadirji Rifa‘t, 159 al-Badawi Ahmad Shaykh, 95 Chamoun Camille, 217, 228 Baghdad Pact (1955), 80 Chatterjee Partha, 288 al-Bakhit Ma‘ruf, 196 Chehab Fouad, 228, 230, 234–235 al-Bakr Ahmad Hasan, 129–131, 153–154, Chejne Anwar, 39 161 Churchill Winston, 108, 168 Balfour Declaration (1917), 92 Civil Religion, 17, 23, 287 Balfour Declaration Day, 188 Collective Memory, 3, 13–16 Bandung Conference (1955), 80 Colonialism, 12, 31, 33, 62, 80, 285, 288, Baqr Sidqi, 114 292, 297 al-Barudi Fakhri, 53 Commemoration, 13–15, 19, 289 Ba‘th Party (Iraq), 129–130, 133, 135–136, Consensual, 15, 104, 289–290 139, 144–146, 148, 159, 161–163 Fragmented, 15, 102–103, 289–290 Ba‘th Day, 144, 149–150, 152, 158 Imposed, 15, 104, 289 Golden Jubilee, 150 Multivocal, 15, 289–290 Holidays, 129–155, 161–162 Observances, 15–24 Ba‘th Party (Syria), 149–150 Symbolism, 15–16

Index 329

Commins David, 271 Martyrs’ Day, 74 Copts (see under Egypt) Mawalid, 55–56, 95 Cox Percy, 108–110 Mawlid al-Nabi, 62, 67–68, 84, 94–95, 102 Crown (as a symbol), 116–117 Memorial (tomb) of the Unknown Czech Arms Deal (1955), 80 Soldier, 88–89, 91, 94, 98, 100 Model of Celebrations, 102–103, 290 Danshwai Incident (1906), 81 Monarchy, 58–71 Davis Eric, 32, 163 Myth of Origin, 295–296 Deringil Selim, 45 Naqib al-Ashraf, 68 Djamal Pasha, 51, 213, 230, 233, 249 National Party, 70 Dunkirk Battle, 191 National Union, 72 Durkheim Emile, 19–20, 29–30 New Year Celebrations, 57 October War Celebrations, 87–93, Eddé Emile, 212, 215 97–100, 104, 294, 297 Egypt (see also ‘Abd al-Nasser, Gamal; Panorama, 98–99 Faruq, King of Egypt; Fu’ad, King Ottoman Rule, 55–58 of Egypt; Mubarak Husni; al-Sadat Palestinians, 84 Anwar) Pan-Arabism, 69, 78, 83, 87, 103, 290 Anthem, 56–57, 75 (n97), 87 Pharaonic Period, 66, 78, 88–89, 92, 96 Arab Socialist Union (ASU), 80, 86 Policy Day, 106 Armed Forces Day, 87–93, 97–100 Republic, 71–102 al-Azhar Shaykh, 63, 65–66, 72, 84, Revolution (1919), 60–61, 72, 81, 85 93–95, 101 Revolution (1952) (see also under Naguib Bay‘a, 80, 94, 99 Muhammad; Nasser), 96, 103 Britain, 57–63, 69–71, 80 Revolution (2011), 106 Treaty (1936), 71 Revolution Day, 71, 75–80, 84, 86–87, Withdrawal (1956), 72, 75, 77, 80–83, 91, 96–97, 103–104 104 Golden Jubilee, 97, 105 Burial of Unknown Soldier, 71, 73–74 Saudi Arabia, 83 Calendar, 57, 62, 75, 81, 104, 107, 197, Shamm al-Nissim, 55–56, 59 (n19), 75 296, 301 (n95) Constitution Day, 70 Sinai Liberation Day, 93, 100–101, 104 Coptic Holidays, 55, 106 Sufi Orders, 55, 68 Copts, 60–61, 69, 72 Syria, 75, 78 Coup, 71, 75 Taba Liberation Day, 97, 106 Disengagement Agreements, 92 Union Day, 75, 78 Evacuation Day, 73, 80, 83, 101 United Arab Republic (UAR), 75, 78, 81, Flag, 56, 61, 70–71, 75 (n97), 79–81, 85, 103, 290 87–88, 90, 100, 288 Victory Day, 80–83, 98 Holiday of the National Struggle, 60–61, War 1967, 79–80, 84, 88, 91–93, 99, 68–70, 79, 290–291 101, 103 ‘Id al-Adkha, 65, 67, 76, 83–84, 94–95, Yemen War, 79, 84 101 Eickelman Dale, 287 ‘Id al-Fitr, 67, 76, 83–84, 90, Elgenius Gabriella, 3 94, 96, 101 Elizabeth Queen Independence Day, 59–60, 68, 70–71 Coronation, 20, 115, 201 Islamic Holidays, 55, 66, 83–84, 93–95, Emblem, 16, 24, 29 101–102, 105, 298 Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty, 91 Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia, 256, 259, Liberal Constitutionalist Party, 60–61 263–264, 267–269, 272–273, 275, Liberation Rally, 71–72 278–280, 282 Mamluk Period, 66, 78 Farid Muhammad, 68, 73, 81

330 Index

Farida Queen, 67 Evacuation from Lebanon, 215, 224 Faruq, King of Egypt, 62–71 (n63), 225, 249 Abdication, 71, 75, 78 Joan D‘Arc Holiday, 211, 233 Accession Day, 62–67 Mandate (see Lebanon) Bay‘a, 63 Model of Celebrations, 17–18, 33–34, Birthday, 62, 65, 73 54, 211, 250, 287 Coronation, 62–65 Revolution, 2, 5, 17–18 Girding Ceremony, 63 Franjieh Hamid, 217 Image, 81 Franjieh Suleiman, 246 Islamic coronation, 64 Freud Sigmund, 23 National Holidays, 68–71 Friday Prayer, 43 (n39) Religious Holidays, 67–68 Fromm Erich, 24 Royal Holidays, 62–67 Fu’ad, King of Egypt, 58–62 Fatah Organization, 190 Accession Day, 59, 61 Fatimid Dynasty, 35–38 Birthday, 59 Faysal, King of Saudi Arabia, Funeral, 62 259–260, 262–263, 266–267, Image, 81 272, 282 Legitimacy, 59 Assassination, 267 Cult, 263, 266 Geertz Clifford, 20 Faysal, King of Syria, 50–54, 168 Gelvin James, 51 Faysal I, King of Iraq, 58, 118, Gemayel Amin, 221–222, 226, 231 120, 160 Gemayel Bashir, 217 (n38), 221 Accession Day, 111–113, 160 Gemayel Pierre, 217, 220, 226 Bay‘a, 109–110, 287 George V King, 110 Birthday, 113, 160 George VI King, 64 Commemoration, 115, 117, 175 Gerber Haim, 30 Crowning, 108–112, 137, 169 Germany, Funeral, 113, 115, 117, 175 Model of Celebrations, 12, 287 Holidays, 108–113, 120–121 Gershoni Israel, 32, 76, 79 Legitimacy, 160 Ghazi, King of Iraq, 113–114 Statue, 125 Gillis John, 15 Faysal II, King of Iraq, 160 Glubb John, 170 Accession Day, 116–117 Ouster and Celebration, 185, 196 Bay‘a, 116 Gouraud Henri General, 207, 209, 224 (n63) Birthday, 116–117 Gross David, 241 Coronation, 115–117 Death, 117 Hafiz ‘Abd al-Halim, 97 Holidays, 114–118 al-Hakim ‘Adnan, 217 Federation of Arab Republics (FAR), Halbwachs Maurice, 13 86–87 Haldane Aylmer Sir, 109–110 Festival, 5, 25 (n77), 251 Hall Stuart, 10 Islamic (see ‘Id al-Adkha; ‘Id al-Fitr, Halliday Fred, 31 Mawlid al-Nabi) Hamadeh Sabri, 212, 217 Flag (see also under Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Hamurabi King, 148 Lebanon; Saudi Arabia), 11, 16, 24, Hanf Theodor, 222 29–30, 288 al-Haram al-Sharif, 189–190 Arab, 49, 288 Harb Boutros, 221, 227 Syria, 53 al-Hariri Rafiq, 223, 233–234 Foucault Michel, 22 Assassination, 223, 225–226, 233–234, France, 253 Bastille Day, 17, 211, 287 Hasan Crown Prince of Jordan, 192 (n84)

Index 331

al-Hasani ‘Abd al-Razzak, 109 Holidays, 130, 132, 134–155, 161–164, Hashemites (see also Iraq; Jordan), 45–50, 286, 294 110, 115, 117, 119–122, 257, 264 Idologist, 164 Havel Václav, 21 Image, 133, 138–142, 148, 151 Hayes Carlton, 24 Legitimacy, 138, 144, 148–149, 151, Heikal Muhammad Hasanin, 86, 92 154, 162, 290–291, 302 Hijaz Kingdom, 45–50, 288 (as) Salah al-Din, 148 Himmelfarb Gertrude, 6 al-Husri Sati‘, 121 Hizballah Organization, 225, 240–245, al-Huss Salim, 222 248, 252 al-Huwaik Yussif, 214 Hobsbawm Eric, 4, 10 Hybridity, 12, 111, 160, 163, 286–287, Hourani Albert, 213, 249 288–289 Hrawi Alias, 237, 246 Hymn (see Anthem) Husayn (son of Caliph ‘Ali), 36 (n8), 37, 55, 68, 93, 120–121, 145, 154, 156 Ibn-Khaldun, 38 Husayn, King of Jordan, 294 Ibrahim (see Abraham) Accession Day, 203, 287 Ibrahim Pasha, 81 Army, 181 Ibrahim Sa‘d Eddin, 162 Bay‘a, 182 ‘Id al-Adkha (see also Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Birthday, 180–183, 203, 287 Lebanon; Saudi Arabia), 34–35, Coronation, 115, 176–181 150–151, 291 Crowning, 176–178 ‘Id al-Fitr (see also Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; Cult, 182, 187, 203 Lebanon; Saudi Arabia), 35–36, Funeral, 191–192 150–151, 291 Historical Narrative, 179, 182–184 ‘Id al-Ghadir, 37, 109 Holidays, 175–192, 201, 203 Ijma‘, 39 Image, 177–178, 182–183, 186, 203 Ikhwan, 264 Legitimacy, 177, 182, 191, 201, 203 Imber Colin, 42 Memory, 179, 182–184, 196 India, 20 Pan-Arabism, 183 Invention of Tradition, 10 Silver Jubilee, 179–182, 186, 203 Iranian Revolution (1979), 154, 163 Tribal Identity, 182–183, 203 Iraq (see also Ba‘th party (Iraq)) Husayn bin ‘Ali, King of Hijaz, 45–50, 58, ‘Abbasid Heritage, 135 110–111, 119, 169, 173–174, 182, Anthem, 110–111, 122–123, 134–135, 189 159–160 Bay‘a, 47 Arab Revolt, 118–119, 160 Caliph, 173 Army Day, 118–119, 123, 128, 131–132, Collar of the Order, 193 150, 155, 160 Death, 174 (n15) ‘Ashura’, 120–121, 153–154, 156 Tomb, 184 Assyrian Heritage, 116–117, 125–125, Husayn Saddam, 2, 129–130, 132, 295 161–164, 286 Babylonian Heritage, 116–117, 123 ‘Ali, Scion of, 154 (n48), 135, 295 Assassination Attempt, 164 Bay‘a Day, 137–142, 160, 299 Bay‘a, 137–141, 148 Britain, 108–120, 131, 158, 160 Birthday, 144–148, 152, 161–162, 294, Calendar, 128, 148–149, 155–160, 162, 298 164, 165–167, 290, 296, 301 Commemorative Obsession, 290–291 Constitution, 155 Cult, 131, 144–148, 161–162, 294, 298 Emblem, 122–123 Deposed, 155 Flag, 52, 53 (n70), 109–111, 118, 120, Emblem, 148 122–124, 144, 159, 288 Fear of, 162–163, 286 Freedom Monument, 125, 131–132

332 Index

Iraq (cont.) Tammuz (July) Revolutions, 130–131, Hashemite Rule, 2, 108–122, 123, 160, 146, 149, 161 162 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 124–125, Historical Narrative, 116–118, 125–126, 145, 155 129–130, 135, 145, 148–149, 158, US Occupation (2003), 2, 155–160, 160–161 164 Hybridity, 160, 163 Victory Day, 142–143 Identity, 112, 118, 120, 123, 126, Ziyarat al-Arba‘in, 120–121, 128–129, 152, 159–162, 164, 301 153, 156 Independence Day, 119–120, 157–158 Iraqi Petroleum Company (IPC), 132 Invasion of Kuwait, 131–132, 134, 144 Islamic Holidays (see also ‘Id al-Adkha; ‘Id Iran War, 131–132, 134, 144–145, 148, al-Fitr, Mawlid al-Nabi), 34–38, 43, 154, 162–163, 297 287, 292, 298 Islamic Symbols, 137, 144, 150–151, Islamic Symbols, 288 159, 163 Isma‘il, 257 Kurds, 116–117, 120, 122–123, 126, Isma‘il Ahmad, 88 132, 158–159, 302 Isma‘il Khediv, 56, 58 Holidays, 126, 152 Israel (see also Lebanon), 189, 297 Liberation Day, 2, 129, 142–144, 148, al-Isra’ wa-l-Mi‘raj (see also Jordan), 37, 155 50 Martyr’s Day, 135–137, 297 Issawi Charles, 289 Martyrs’ Mass Graves Day, 157 Iwo Jima, 88 Martyr’s Memorial, 135–137, 145 Mawlid al-Nabi, 150–151 Jahiliyya, 36, 272, 279 Monarchy, 108–122, 156, 160, 162 Jankowski James, 32, 76, 79 Mosul Festival, 152–153 Jordan, Mother of all Battles Day, 144, 146 Anthem, 171 Myth of Origin, 295–296 Arab Legion, 170–173, 178, 185–186, National Sovereignty Day, 158 196–197 Nationalization Day, 132–134 Arab Revolt, 169, 173–174, 182–186, Pan-Arabism, 120, 123, 129, 161, 189, 193, 196–198, 200–201 163–164 Arab Revolt (Renaissance) Day, Palestine and Palestinians, 125–126, 173–174, 183–186, 193, 196–198, 131–132, 147–148, 159 201–204, 297 Post-Saddam Holidays, 155–160 Arabism, 169–170, 174, 202–203 Qassem Revolution (1958), 117, 122, Army Day, 172, 184–186, 193, 198 125 Black September (1970), 203 Ramadan Revolution Day, 129–130, Britain, 168–170, 172–173, 175, 187, 149, 161 200 Rebellion 1941, 114, 131 Calendar, 200–205, 206, 290–291, 296, Religious Holidays, 120–122 301–302 Republic, 122–155 Emblem, 171, 204 Revolution Day, 123–131, 156, 161 Establishment, 118–119 Revolution of the Twenty, 108, 121, 150, Family Identity, 186–187, 189, 195–196, 158 203, 205 Shi‘i Holidays, 109–111, 117, 120–122, Flag, 169, 171 (n9), 177, 179, 182, 125–127, 144, 146, 153–155, 197–198, 200, 204–205, 288 156–158, 302 al-Haram al-Sharif, 189–190 Shi‘i Rebellions, 153–155, 157 Hashemites, 170, 173, 177–178, 183, Soviet Union, Model, 123, 128, 190–192, 195–197, 200–202, 205, 140–141, 146 291, 294

Index 333

Historical Narrative, 169–170, 173, 179, Kundera Milan, 23 182–184, 190–191, 193, 195–198, Kurds (see Iraq) 201 Kuwait, 33, 127, 131–132, 134, 144 ‘Id al-Adkha, 174, 178, 192–193 ‘Id al-Fitr, 169, 175, 188, 192 Lacey Robert, 280 Identity, 174, 180, 182, 188, 198–201 Lahoud Emile, 224, 238, 242–243 Independence Day, 169–174, 180, Lane Christel, 4, 28 184–188, 193, 195, 196–198, 201 Lane Edward, 55 Iraq, 172–173, 176, 178, 200 Lawrence of Arabia, 198 al-Isra’ wa-l-Mi‘raj, 189–190, 192–193, Laylat al-Qadr (see also Jordan), 37 199, 205 Lazarus-Yafeh Hava, 36 Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty, 182 (n51) Lebanon Karameh Day, 190–191, 197, 199–200, Anthem, 209–210, 225, 227, 245, 251 291, 297 Arabism, 209, 214–215, 250 Laylat al-Qadr, 199 Army Day, 216, 221, 223, 224 (n63), Martyr’s Memorial, 184–185, 198 234–238, 250 Mawlid al-Nabi, 174, 188, 200 ‘Ashura’, 238, 245 Mother’s Day, 191 Association for Honoring the Martyrs, Muslim Brotherhood, 189 214–215, 229, 231, 252 Myth of Origin, 173, 184, 186, 195– Assumption of Mary Holiday, 246–247 196, 198, 200–201, 203–204, 295 al-Bakiyatayn Statue, 214, 228 Nasser, 183, 201 Bay‘a, 216 Ottoman Rule, 173 Bchamoun Village, 212, 218–219, 223 Palestinian Commemoration Days, 169, Calendar, 250–254, 290, 296, 301 188–189, 193, 195, 200–201, 203, Cedar, 210, 215, 234–235 205 Cedar Revolution, 225, 253 Religious Holidays, 169, 174–175, Christian Holidays, 245–247 188–189, 199, 205 Christians, 208–201, 212–214, 218, 220, Shmmagh (red-checkered head kufiya), 229, 233, 245–249, 252 183, 198, 205 Civil Society Involvement, 215, 220, War, 1948, 172, 184, 188 222, 225, 229, 252–253, 285, 290 War, 1967, 184, 186 (n63), 190, 203 Civil War (1840–1861), 207 West Bank, 175 Civil War (1975–1976), 219–220, 222, 224, 227, 229–230, 236–237, 247, Ka‘ba, 49, 67, 258, 260, 269 286, 290–297 Kamil Husayn Sultan, 58 Collective Memory, 220, 241 Kamil Mustafa, 68, 70–71, 73–74, 81, 87 Confessional System, 208, 215–219, Museum, 73 (n88) 221, 236, 239–240, 246, 250, Karami ‘Abd al-Hamid, 217 253–254 Karateke Hakan, 40 Constitution, 212 Karbala, 37, 120 Djamal Pasha, 213, 230, 233, 249 Kedourie Elie, 9 (n1) Druze Community, 207–208, 217–218, Kertzer David, 20–21 220, 223, 229, 233, 246 Khalid, King of Saudi Arabia, 259, 263, Education System, 220, 224, 227, 252 267–268, 272 Emblem (see also Cedar), 209–210, 235, al-Khalil Samir, 162 251 Khalili Laleh, 32 Faysal King, 224 (n63) al-Khuri Bishara, 212, 217–218, 220, 224 Flag, 54, 209–210, 212–213, 216, (n61), 226, 234, 247 220–221, 223, 225, 227–228, King (title), 46 234–235, 242, 245, 251–252 Kiswah, 258 Flag Day, 221, 227–228, 251

334 Index

Lebanon (cont.) Pope Visit (1997), 247 Formation of Greater Lebanon, 207–209 Press Day, 229–230 French-Lebanese Treaty (1936), 214 Qana Massacre, 241, 245, 252, 297 French Mandate, 207, 209–211, Rashaya Castle, 212, 218–219, 223 212–215, 223–225, 229, 233–234, Resistance and Liberation Day, 241–245, 249–250, 252 249, 297 French Mandate Holidays, 209–215, 250 Rituals, 216–217, 221, 223, 226–227 Good Friday, 248–249 al-Sadr Mussa Commemoration Day, Higher Islamic Shi‘i Council, 238 238–241, 253 Historical Narrative, 212–214, 216–218, Shi‘i Community, 208–209, 215, 220 (n47), 222–223, 229, 233–234, 217–218, 223, 238–239, 241–246, 241, 250, 252 248, 290 ‘Id al-Adkha, 245–246, 249 St. Maroun’s Day, 245, 247 ‘Id al-Fitr, 245, 249 Sunni Community, 208–209, 215, 217, Identity, 208–209, 212, 215, 222, 246, 249 236–237, 244, 247–248, 250–251, Syria, 209, 220, 222, 224–225, 231 254 (n82), 237, 252 Independence Day, 54, 209–213, 215– Syrian Withdrawal, 225–226, 238, 227, 231, 235, 242, 249–250, 253 252–253 Independence Rebellion (1943), Ta’if Agreement (1989), 220, 222, 237, 211–213, 250, 253 240 Independence Rebellion (2005), Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 218, 226 225–228, 253 Islamic Holidays, 247–249 Lenin Vladimir, 294 Israel, 216, 221, 223–224, 240, 252 Lewis Bernard, 46 War, 1982, 221, 223–224, 226 Lewis Raphaela, 41–42 War, 2006, 244, 248 Lockman Zachary, 57 Withdrawal, 225, 238, 241–242, 244, Long David, 255, 271 249, 252 Jerusalem Day, 225 Machiavelli Niccolo, 22 Lisan al-Hal, 210–211 Mackey Sandra, 261 Malkiyya Battle (1948), 237 Mahfuz Naguib, 75, 104 Maronite Church, 247 Mahmud II, Sultan, 44 Maronite Community, 207–208, 210, Makiya Kanan, 125 212, 215, 217, 246–247, 249 al-Ma‘ni Fakhr al-Din, 216–217, 220, 233, Martyrs’ Day, 51–52, 213–215, 226, 235, 249–250, 295 228–234, 249–250, 252–253, 297 Manning Frank, 25 Martyrs’ Memorial, 226, 228–229, al-Maraghi Mustafa, 63 230–232, 236 Marx Karl, 289 (n13) Martyrs’ Square, 214–215, 224–226, Massad Joseph, 168 228–229, 231, 233 Master Commemorative Narrative, 14, 104 Mount of Lebanon District, 207, 209, 216 Masucarati Marino, 228 Muslim Community, 213–214, 220, 229, Matar Fouad, 134 233, 245–249, 252 Mawalid, 36–37, 55–56 Myth of Origin, 211–215, 295 Mawlid al-Nabi (al-Mawlid al-Nabawi) National Pact (1943), 215, 218, 226, (see also Egypt; Iraq; Jordan; 251–252 Lebanon; Saudi Arabia), 36, 291 National Unity Day, 253, 291 Mehmet II, Sultan, 42 Ottoman Empire, 207, 216, 229, 234, Memory, 13–14, 17, 289 249, 252 Official, 13–14 Palestine and Palestinians, 216, 219 Popular, 13 Phoenician Heritage, 249 Vernacular, 13

Index 335

Merriam Charles, 21–22 Arab, 3, 8, 16, 30–33 Mesopotamia, 126, 152, 163–164 Australia, 12 al-Midfa‘i Jamil, 115 Britain, 12, 33 Miliband Ralph, 289 (n13) Colonialism, 3–4, 12 Moore Sally, 20, 29 Commemoration, 11, 13–15 Morocco, 20, 117, 299 Definition, 24–27 Mosse George, 12, 22 Fear, 22 Mouawwad René, 217, 222 Features, 291–299 Mubarak Husni, 90, 94–95 Flag, 11, 16, 24 Image, 99 Formal, 291 Legitimacy, 99 France, 17–18, 33 National Holidays, 95–102, 104–105 Germany, 12 Mubaya‘h (see Greece, 1 Bay‘a (Oath of Allegiance)) Indifference, 302–303 Mudar Badran, 179 Informal, 291 Muhammad, Prophet, 37, 40–43, 55, 68, Italy, 18 109, 175, 189, 196–197, 201, 203, Japan, 18 (n44) 205, 256, 259, 264, 280 Legacy, 45 Muhammad VI, Sultan, 44 Memory, 13–15 Muhammad ‘Ali, 56, 58, 63–64, 66, 81 Nazi Germany, 18, 22, 33 Centennial, 57 Ottoman Empire, 7 Citadel, 63, 96 Post-Colonialism, 4 Dynasty, 66–67, 71 Psychology, 23–24 Muhammad Rashad, Sultan, 44 Reasons for Holding, 19–24, 45 Muhi al-Din Zakaria, 97 Religious, 3–4, 7, 23–25, 292–293 Murad II, Sultan, 42 Rome, 1, 22 Mustafa I, Sultan, 43 Secular, 25, 292–293 Mu‘ta Battle, 184 Soviet Union, 4, 18, 21–22, 33 Myerhoff Barbara, 20, 29 Theory, 9–30 United States, 12, 24 Naguib Muhammad, 71–74, 76, National Symbol, 6, 11, 28–29 97, 103 Definition, 28–29 al-Nahhas Mustafa, 63, 65, 67, 69 Nationalism, 3, 9–12, 30–31, 299–300 Najada Movement, 217 Colonialism, 9 Naqash Yitzhak, 121 (n41), 122 Ethno-Symbolism, 3, 9–10, 300 al-Naqib ‘Abd al-Rahman, 109 Middle East, 9, 31 Narriman Queen, 67 Nazli Queen, 64, 68 Nasrallah Hasan, 241–245, 248 Nile River, 56–57, 76 Nasser (see ‘Abd al-Nasser, Gamal) Nile Valley, 67 Nasserism, 118–119, 203, 223, 286 Noor Queen of Jordan, 181, 187, 193, 195 Model in the Arab World, 128–129 (n91) Nation-State, 9, 17 Nora Pierre, 3, 14, 27, 32 European Model, 9, 17 National Anthem (see Anthem; Egypt; October Revolution (1917), 21 Iraq; Jordan; Lebanon; Saudi Ortner Sherry, 29 Arabia) Osman Ghazi, 43 National Calendar, 2–3, 16, 20–21, Ottoman Empire, 3, 40–45, 51, 53, 55–58, 285–287, 289, 290–291, 302 119 National Identity, 19–20, 24 Accession Day, 44, 58 National State Celebration, 1, 4, 16–24, Anthem, 45 289, 293–294 Beyat (Bay‘a), 40–42 Anthem, 11, 16, 24 Calendar, 44–45, 57–58

336 Index

Ottoman Empire (cont.) Symbolism, 84–95, 104–105 Egypt, 44 Visit to Jerusalem, 95 Flag, 45 al-Sadir Muhammad Baqir Ayatollah, 154 Girding of the Sword Ceremony, 41–43 al-Sadr Mussa (see also Lebanon), Independence Day, 53 238–241, 244, 253 Sultan, 41–45 Said Edward, 288–289 Owen Roger, 7 al-Sa‘id Nuri, 118 Ozouf Mona, 5, 301 Salah al-Din, 73, 78, 87 (n134), 148 Salibi Kamal, 208, 212, 220, 251–252 Palestine (see Iraq; Jordan), 81 Sanders Paula, 35 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), San-Remo Conference (1920), 32, 108, 207 190 Sa‘ud, King of Saudi Arabia, 115, 259–260, Palestinian Commemorations, 297 265–266, 272–273, 282 Pan-Arabism, 119, 123, 183, 201, 286 Saudi Arabia Pan-islam, 286 ‘Abd al-Nasser, 260 Phalange Movement, 217, 226 Accession Day, 264–271, 282 Philby Harry St. John, 258–259, 262 Anthem, 263, 281 Piscatori James, 287 Arabism, 266, 272 Post-Colonialism, 30–31 ‘Ashura’, 283 Basic Law (1992), 256, 269–271, 281 Qadhafi Mu‘amar, 97 Bay‘a, 262, 264–271, 282 Qadisiyya War (see also under Iraq), 145, Bay‘a Commission, 270–271 148, 162, 184 Calendar, 283–284, 290, 292, 296, Monument, 148 (n119) 301–302 al-Qa‘ida, 264, 267 Centennial, 274–280, 283, 292 Qassem ‘Abd al-Karim, 124, 127, 163 Colonialism, 7, 255, 284, 292 Assassination Attempt, 127 Establishment, 255, 257, 264, 271, 277 Holidays, 122–129, 160–161 Flag, 256, 265, 271, 273, 275, 279, 281, Legacy, 129 288 al-Qaylani Rashid ‘Ali, 114 Hajj, 256–261, 279, 281 Quraysh Tribe, 41, 87, 288 Rituals, 258, 260 Ramadan, 35–37, 256, 261–263, 275, 292 Hashemites, 257, 264 Ranya, Queen of Jordan, 193–195, 198, Hijri Calendar, 256, 281 205 Historical Narrative, 255, 257, 264, 269, al-Rasheed Madawi, 276, 280 272–274, 278, 280, 282 al-Rashid Harun, Caliph, 116 ‘Id al-Adkha, 256–257, 261, 271–272, Ritual, 6, 28–29 281 Definition,28–29 ‘Id al-Fitr, 256, 261–264, 270–272, 275, Roman Pageants, 1, 22 281 Rousseau Jean-Jacques, 19 Iran-Iraq War, 263 Iranian Revolution, 283 al-Sadat Anwar, Islamic Democracy, 271 Assassination, 95, 97–98 Islamic Holidays, 7, 256–264, 266, Corrective Movement, 86, 91, 294 281–284 de-Nasserization, 86 Islamic Identity, 256, 259, 263, 266–267, Image, 84, 87–88, 91 281, 283–284, 292 Legitimacy, 86–87, 91 al-Janadriyya, 269, 279 Memorial, 88–89, 91, 94, 98, 100 Jihad, 250, 256 Memory, 98, 101, 294 Legitimacy, 258, 266, 272, 274, 279, National Holidays, 84–95, 104 281–283 October Manifesto (1974), 95 al-Masmak Castle, 273, 276–279

Index 337

Mawlid al-Nabi, 257, 288 Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Myth of Origin, 255, 264, 274–275, 269–270 295 Sunnis (see also Lebanon), 16, 38 National Day, 257, 259, 271–275, Sykes Mark, 49 281–282, 291–292, 297 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 50 National Holidays, 7, 266–267, Symbolism, 15–16 281–282 Syria (see also Lebanon), 32, 162, 207 National Identity, 261, 263, 266–267, Kingdom, 50–54, 108, 168, 214 273–274, 281, 283–284, 292 Martyrs’ Day, 51–52 National Museum, 269, 273, 279 Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), 209 National Symbols, 273–275, 281 Oil Embargo, 266 Ta’if Agreement (see Lebanon) Palestine, 263 Talal, King of Jordan, 176–178, 190–191, Psychology, 274 196, 201 Ramadan, 256, 261–263, 275 Tawfiq Khediv, 81 Religious Establishment, 264, 266, 271 Thaqla Salim, 217 (n68), 273–283 Third World, 3, 30–31, 77, 118 Shi‘is, 283 Toledano Ehud, 56 Schechner Richard, 28 Tolstoy Lyof, 1 Schwartz Barry, 13, 300 Trans-Jordan (see Jordan) Selim Jawad, 125, 131–132 Tunisia, 292 Selim I Sultan, 43 Turner Victor, 25, 29 Selim II Sultan, 43 Seniora Fouad, 226 ‘Ubayd Makram, 69 Shafiq Ahmad, 60 ‘Umar Caliph, 43 Shari‘a, 7, 256, 265 ‘Umar Makram, 81 Shepilov Dmitri, 80 Umayyad Dynasty, 39–40 Shi‘is (see also Iraq; Lebanon), 16, 37 Umm Kulthum, 66, 76 Shils Edward, 20 ‘Urabi Ahmad, 81 Shryock Andrew, 183 Rebellion, 72, 81 Sivan Emmanuel, 32 ‘Usayran ‘Adil, 217 Slam Sa‘b, 217 Smith Anthony, 9–10, 19–20, 30, 102, 285, Van-Grunebaum Gustav, 45 300 Victoria Queen Smith Robert, 24–25 Diamond Jubilee, 57 Soviet Union, Golden Jubilee, 44, 57 Model of Celebrations, 123, 128, 140–141, 146, 287 Wafd Party, 59–61, 68–70, 79 Spillman Lyn, 12 Wahhabism, 255–257, 265, 267, 271, 273, Srirupa Roy, 303 280, 282–283, 294, 299 Stalin Josef, 140–141, 145, 161, 163, 294 War, 1948, 114 Stalingrad Battle, 83 War, 1956, 83 Subaltern Studies, 31 War 1967, 79–80, 84, 88, 91–93, 99, 101, Suez Canal 103, 134 Celebration (1869), 56 al-Wardy, ‘Ali, 109 Celebration (1975), 91–93 Warner Lloyd, 20 Centennial, 93 (n152) Wataniyya, 286 Crossing, 87–88, 91, 98–100 Weeden Lisa, 32 Nationalization (1956), 77, 96 Weitman Shasa, 30 al-Sulh Riad, 212, 217–218, 220, 224 Winter Michael, 55 (n61), 228, 235 World Islamic League, 189

338 Index

Yakan ‘Adli, 60 Zangid Dynasty, 36 Yamani Ahmad Zaki, 256 Al-Zarqawi Abu Mus‘ab, 198 Yarmuk Battle, 184, 196–197 Zayn Queen, 177 University, 196–197 Zerubavel Eviatar, 2–3, 16, 123, Yazid Caliph, 248 296–298 Young Michael, 20 Zerubavel Yael, 13–14 Zeynab Sayyida, 36 (n8) Zaghlul Sa‘d, 59–61, 68–69, 81 Ziyarat al-Arba‘in al-Zahawi Jamil, 120 (see also Iraq), 37