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Autecology of the Black Needlerush Juncus Roemerianus Lionel N

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Autecology of the Black Needlerush Juncus Roemerianus Lionel N Gulf Research Reports Volume 7 | Issue 4 January 1984 Autecology of the Black Needlerush Juncus roemerianus Lionel N. Eleuterius Gulf Coast Research Laboratory DOI: 10.18785/grr.0704.05 Follow this and additional works at: http://aquila.usm.edu/gcr Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Eleuterius, L. N. 1984. Autecology of the Black Needlerush Juncus roemerianus. Gulf Research Reports 7 (4): 339-350. Retrieved from http://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol7/iss4/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf and Caribbean Research by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gulf Research Reports, Vol. 7, No. 4, 339-350, 1984 AUTECOLOGY OF THE BLACK NEEDLERUSH JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS LIONEL N. ELEUTERIUS Botany Section, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 ABSTRACT Juncus roemerianus generully occupies the upper half of the intertidal plane and covers about 92% or 25 ,000 hectares of marsh in Mississippi. The vegetative canopy is best described as a series of disjunct and intergrading populations. Considerable phenotypic variation and differences in standing crop exist between populations. J. roemerianus has very wide environmental tolerances in comparison to all other tidal marsh angiosperms. Soil types inhabitedby the rush range from very sandy to highly organic muds and peats, which may vary in the concentration of nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Neither soil type, nutrient concentration, water content, pH nor elevation can be used to dis- tinguish the habitat ofJ. roemerianas, because similar conditions are found in areas occupiedby pure or almost pure mono- typic stands of other plant species. Soil water salinity is cyclic in all populations of l. roemerianas examined and salinity appears to be the major edaphic factor affecting growth and distribution of the rush. The greatest concentration and fluc- tuation of salt content occurs in the near-surface soil layer and the lowest concentration of salt and most stable soil water regime occurs at increasingly lower depths. Experimental evidence indicates that the rush grows best in fresh water, with- out competition, and cannot tolerate continuous salinities greater than 30 ppt. Soil organisms which detrimentally affect the rhizomes are major factors limiting distribution of the rush into freshwater areas. Salt concentrations in the soil solu- growing appar- tion of 35 -360 ppt occurs frequently in some near-surface marsh soil layers. "I. roemerianus on "salt flats" ently survives near-surface hypersaline soil water (90-360 ppt) because of deeply penetrating, specialized roots. About five billion seeds of J. roemerianas are produced annually in Mississippi tidal marshes, but few rush seedlings are found. Ger- mination requires light,and seedling establishment is the vulnerable stage in the life cycle of the species. Vigorous mature stands are maintained by rhizome growth and the frequent removal of dead-standing leaves by physical factors such as storms, heavy rains, tides, and currents. INTRODUCTION pied by Juncus roemerianus and (2) to evaluate how they Juncus roemerianus Scheele dominates about 25,000 are related to the rush aad to areas inhabitated by other hectares or 92Vo of tidal marsh in Mississippi (Eleuterius marsh plants. From this general examination, (3) identify 1972) and about 320,000 hectares or 25% of tidal marsh and (4) provide experimental data on those exceptional fac- throughout North America (Eleuterius 1976a). Daubenmire tors affecting the growthand distribution of J. roemerianus. (1947) stated that autecological studies were impoftant be- This approach rapidly eliminates those minor factors, cause the factors affecting the most important plants of a either limiting or favorable, which can not be strongly re- community, including various stages in their life cycle, must lated to the distribution of the rush or account for varia- be understood before the ecology of the community can be tions in growth between populations. understood. Autecological studies upon angiosperms inhab- MATERIALS AND METHODS itating aquatic habitats are seriously lacking, but essential in understanding the peculiar adaptation of various species Twenty-six populations of luncus roemerianus werc (Davis and Heywood 1963, Alexander 1971). Baker (1959) sampled in the tidal marshes along the coast of Mississippi stated that discovering crucial environmental factors that af- (Figure 1). Standing crop was determined by counting and fect the plant may provide valuable information concerning clipping shoots from four or more rectangular (0.5 X 2.0 m) the evolution of the taxa. Furthermore, basic autecological frames and square (0.25rn2) frames in seven populations. information provides a foundation from which taxonomic Clipped samples were subsequently separated into living studies, genetic studies, population biology, studies on the and dead components and the number of leaves counted. breeding system, and other more specific studies on ecologi- Seventy-five of the longest living leaves in each population cal relationships can be initiated. An adequate understand- were selected randomly and measured for stand height ing of adaptation and the factors regulating important spe- (average maximum leaf length attained). Standing crop of cies over large tracts of salt marsh would also provide the erect shoots was obtained by drying to constant weight in a most valuable information to expediently assess and man- forced air oven at 50oC for 24 hours and then weighing. age these complex and valuable ecosystems in view of con- Soil water salinity was determined from soil cores about tinuous loss, pollution, and the increased pressure of human 50 cm in length, obtained by using thin-walled stainless population growth on coastal areas. steel tubes with an inside diameter of 72 mm. Three cores The objectives of the present study are (l) to examine were taken seasonally from each habitat. Slices of the core the general characteristics of the intertidal habitats occu- about 2 cm thick were taken from the top or surface layer and at positions equivalent to 30 and 45 cm depths. Soil Manuscript received June 25, 1 984; accepted September 10, 1 984. water was extracted from these slices by vacuum filtration. 339 340 ELEUTERIUS Mt S S lS S I t p, SOUND Upstream Limit of Tidal Marsh 0 3mi l-----rJ 0 3km studied are indicated by Figure l. Map of the study area on the Mississippi coast. The location of populations of luncus roemerianus numbers. fluorescent lamps at A1l samples were subjected to uniform vacuum extraction perature and placed under Gro-lux pistil- (60 cm of mercury). Soil water salinity was determined :SZS tu* (360 foot candles). Seeds from perfect and a population in the Davis with an American Optical refractometer, Model 10402 with late flowers were collected from tested' a direct-read-out scale in ppt, and compared to determina- Bay area. Approximately 1200 seeds were about 8400 seeds tions made with a Martex salinometer and a conductivity To test the general viability of seed, components of bridge. Soil water was also extracted by the method de' representing hermaphroditic and female solidified agar in petri scribed by Eleuterius (1980a) and compared to the vacuum seven populations were sown on were also filtration method. No significant differences were found be- plates and placed under Gro-lux lamps. Seeds under continuous tween the three methods used to determine salinity. Hydro- floated on saline solutions and placed on germina- gen ion concentration (pH) was determined in the field light for 6 weeks to test the effect of salinity weekly' with a Corning model 6 portable meter and compared to tion. Counts of germinated seed were made prepare saline solu- wet soil samples determined with an Orion meter in the Artificial sea mix (Rila) was used to the effect of salin- laboratory. A total of 234 soil samples were taken. The tions of different concentrations to test plant types and to de- same soil cores were used for determinations of salinity, or- ity on germination of seed from both growth of ganic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas- termine the effect of salinity on vegetative randomly in each of sium from the 26 populations of Juncus roemerianus , lusir,g mature plants. Plants were selected grown a mixture of standard methods described by Black (1965). Similar soil several different populations and in potting soil' Then the samples were also gathered and analyzed from populations ll2 sand and l12 commercial organic plants and soil mixture of Spartina altemiflora, Distichlis spicata, Scirpus olneyi, porous clay pots containing the were placed in large plastic buckets containing salt solutions and C ladium i amaic e n s e. were adjusted 3 cm Elevations in the marsh were determined using a survey' of different concentrations' Water levels Four replications of each or's transit and stadia rod in reference to a bench mark lo- below the soil surface in each pot. were grown in untreated tap cated in the sea wall on East Beach, Ocean Springs, Missis- treatment were used. Controls evaporation and transpiration was sippi, described in detail in Eleuterius and Eleuterius (1979). water. Water lost through to the surface of the soil To determine if light was required for germination, seeds replaced by adding distilled water 20-20'20 soluble fertilizer (Robert of Juncus roemerianus were collected, placed on solidified mixture. A solution of as a complete nutrient source agar in petri dishes in light and dark boxes at room tem' Peters Co., Inc.) was used AUTECoLoGY oF JUNjUS RoEMERIANUS 34r TABLE 1 Estimates of living shoot density (LSD), living leaf density (LLD), average maximum length of living leaves (LLL), living standing crop (LSC) and dead standing crop (DSC) and total standing leaf crops (fSC) m-2, for seven different populations of luncus Roemerianus. Comparison of these data shows that some populations are structurally similar while others are very different, See the map in Figure I for location of stations.
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