Evolution, Gene Regulation and Functional Analysis of Bmp2 in Fish

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Evolution, Gene Regulation and Functional Analysis of Bmp2 in Fish UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE EVOLUTION, GENE REGULATION AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BMP2 IN FISH Cátia Andreia Lourenço Marques Tese para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Biomédicas Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de: Professora Doutora Leonor Cancela Doutor Vincent Laizé 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE EVOLUTION, GENE REGULATION AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BMP2 IN FISH Cátia Andreia Lourenço Marques Tese para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Biomédicas Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de: Professora Doutora Leonor Cancela Doutor Vincent Laizé 2014 Evolution, gene regulation and functional analysis of BMP2 in fish Declaração de autoria de trabalho Declaro ser a autora deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referencias incluída. ______________________________________________ Copyright Cátia Andreia Lourenço Marques. A Universidade do Algarve tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicitar este trabalho através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, de o divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. À Joaninha Almost all aspects of life are engineered at the molecular level, and without understanding molecules we can only have a very sketchy understanding of life itself Francis Crick AGRADECIMENTOS A realização e conclusão deste trabalho só foi possível com a ajuda e colaboração de algumas pessoas, às quais gostaria de demonstrar a minha gratidão. A todas elas o meu Muito Obrigada! Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer à Professora Leonor Cancela pelos conhecimentos transmitidos ao longo de todos estes anos, pelo empenho e preocupação. Obrigada por me ter recebido no seu laboratório e por ter permitido a realização deste trabalho. Ao Doutor Vincent Laizé, meu co-orientador, a quem não tenho palavras para expressar minha gratidão. Obrigada pela enorme disponibilidade, pela motivação e incentivos constantes e por toda a ajuda prestada ao longo de todos estes anos e que foram fundamentais para a realização deste trabalho. Muito Obrigada! A todos os meus colegas de laboratório, os de hoje, os de ontem, os de sempre! Obrigada pela partilha, pelos momentos bons e por estarem lá para me aturar nos dias menos bons! À Natércia e ao Gavaia por estarem disponíveis sempre que vos pedi ajuda; ao Daniel por toda a ajuda no esclarecimento de dúvidas e pelas discussões entusiásticas! À Helena, por me mostrar que ainda existem boas pessoas; à Iris, por ser uma miúda Muito fixe; à Andreia pela boa disposição e alegrias constantes (esse teu sexto sentido mata- me!); ao Mike, pela amizade ao longo de todos estes anos (gosto de ti, pá!); ao Nacho pela partilha de conhecimentos, dentro e fora do lab. Obrigada espanholito pelo incentivo! À Sara por me chamar à terra, por pôr sempre os pontos no “is”, pelo incentivo; ao Ricardo Leite, pelos ensinamentos e pela ajuda; à Anabela pelas discussões sempre com um brilhozinho nos olhos. A ciência é linda! À Vânia, a quem a máxima “primeiro estranha-se, depois entranha-se” se aplica na perfeição. Obrigada por te teres tornado uma presença constante na minha vida, obrigada pelos momentos de partilha e pela ajuda nos momentos menos bons! À Joana R., de quem aprendi a gostar Muito, obrigada pela espontaneidade, disponibilidade, compreensão, partilha e ajuda preciosa ao longo de todos estes anos. À Rafa por estar sempre lá, pela compreensão, pela amizade! À Bri por todos os momentos de partilha ao longo destes anos, pela boa disposição e presença constantes, mesmo apesar da distância. Muito Obrigada meninas, assim é muito mais fácil! À Bi, amiga de sempre. Obrigada por me ajudares a por as coisas em perspetiva e por me obrigares a relatar o progresso em percentagem (cheguei finalmente aos 100%)! ix À Gi pela cumplicidade desde sempre. À Ondina, pela disponibilidade, pela paciência e por toda a ajuda, em particular nestes últimos tempos. Ao meu cunhado, obrigada pela ajuda e acima de tudo pela disponibilidade constantes. À minha irmã, pela ajuda nos momentos mais difíceis (obrigada pelas tuas segundas- feiras), pela cumplicidade, pela partilha, pela presença tão constante na minha vida. É bom sabermos que não estamos sozinhos! Aos meus pais, pelos valores transmitidos durante toda a vida e pelo apoio e amor incondicionais. Obrigada por acreditarem em mim e por vibrarem com minhas conquistas. A conclusão deste trabalho não seria possível sem vocês. Ao João pelo amor, disponibilidade e compreensão incondicionais. Obrigada pela enorme ajuda, em especial nestes últimos momentos. Obrigada por estares sempre ai e por amparares todos os golpes. Sem ti tudo teria sido muito mais difícil. À minha Joana, por tudo! Obrigada por me teres ensinado a viver mais intensamente, por fazeres com que tudo valha sempre muito mais a pena. Obrigada pela alegria, pela espontaneidade. Vamos brincar?! A produção deste trabalho teve o financiamento da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, à qual expresso os meus agradecimentos. Referência da bolsa SFRH/BD/39964/2007. Muito obrigada! x ABSTRACT Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily with a central role in bone formation and mineralization. BMP2, a founding member of this family, has demonstrated remarkable osteogenic properties and is clinically used to promote bone repair and fracture healing. Lack of basic data on factors regulating BMP2 expression and activity have hampered a better understanding of its role in bone formation and bone-related diseases. The objective of this work was to collect new functional data and determine spatiotemporal expression patterns in a fish system aiming towards a better understanding of BMP2 function and regulation. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gilthead seabream BMP2 gene was inferred from luciferase reporter systems. Several bone- and cartilage-related transcription factors (e.g. RUNX3, MEF2c, SOX9 and ETS1) were found to regulate BMP2 transcription, while microRNA 20a was shown to affect stability of the BMP2 transcript and thus the mineralogenic capacity of fish bone-derived host cells. The regulation of BMP2 activity through an interaction with the matrix Gla protein (MGP) was investigated in vitro using BMP responsive elements (BRE) coupled to luciferase reporter gene. Although we demonstrated the functionality of the experimental system in a fish cell line and the activation of BMP signaling pathway by seabream BMP2, no conclusive evidence could be collected on a possible interaction beween MGP and BMP2. The evolutionary relationship among the members of BMP2/4/16 subfamily was inferred from taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. BMP16 diverged prior to BMP2 and BMP4 and should be the result of an ancient genome duplication that occurred early in vertebrate evolution. Structural and functional data suggested that all three proteins are effectors of the BMP signaling pathway, but expression data revealed different spatiotemporal patterns in teleost fish suggesting distinct mechanisms of regulation. In this work, through the collection of novel data, we provide additional insight into the regulation, the structure and the phylogenetic relationship of BMP2 and its closely related family members. Keywords: bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), BMP signaling pathway, matrix Gla protein (MGP), transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, molecular phylogeny, gene expression patterns, protein structure modelling xi RESUMO O sistema esquelético confere suporte e proteção ao organismo, permite o armazenamento de minerais e desempenha funções hematopoiéticas. Um dos seus principais componentes é o osso, um tecido conectivo especializado e constituído por uma matriz extracelular extensamente mineralizada. O processo de mineralização envolve mecanismos extremamente complexos que estão sujeitos a um rigoroso controlo a nível molecular, no qual estão envolvidas várias proteínas responsáveis pela diferenciação celular e pela síntese de matriz extracelular. Dentro deste conjunto de proteínas, destacam-se alguns fatores de crescimento essenciais ao mecanismo de mineralização tecidular, como é o caso das proteínas morfogenéticas do osso (BMPs). As BMPs pertencem à superfamília de fatores de crescimento de transformação β (TGFβ) e estão envolvidas em vários processos durante a embriogénese, organogénese, proliferação e diferenciação celular e mecanismos de formação óssea. Atualmente estão descritos e caracterizados mais de vinte membros pertencentes a esta família, que foram divididos em várias subfamílias, de acordo com a semelhança da estrutura primária das suas proteínas. A subfamília BMP2/4/16 à qual pertence a BMP2 foi uma das primeiras a ser identificada e caracterizada. A BMP2 é uma das proteínas que possui uma maior capacidade osteogénica e é, desde há muito tempo, considerada um potencial agente terapêutico para o tratamento de doenças relacionadas com o osso, sendo mesmo utilizada em alguns casos clínicos de fraturas ósseas. O conhecimento dos processos de formação óssea, bem como os mecanismos de regulação da BMP2, são por isso de extrema importância para uma melhor compreensão dos processos subjacentes ao desenvolvimento e progressão de algumas doenças ósseas.
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