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Benguela Current (MPCBM*OUFSOBUJPOBM 8BUFST"TTFTTNFOU #FOHVFMB$VSSFOU (*8"3FHJPOBMBTTFTTNFOU 1SPDIB[LB , %BWJFT # (SJGGJUIT $ )BSB . -VZFZF / 05PPMF . #PEFOTUFJO + 1SPCZO 5 $MBSL # &BSMF " 5BQTDPUU $BOE3)BTMFS Global International Waters Assessment Regional assessments Other reports in this series: Russian Arctic – GIWA Regional assessment 1a Caribbean Sea/Small Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 3a Caribbean Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 4 Barents Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 11 Baltic Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 17 Caspian Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 23 Gulf of California/Colorado River Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 27 Yellow Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 34 East China Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 36 Patagonian Shelf – GIWA Regional assessment 38 Brazil Current – GIWA Regional assessment 39 Amazon Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 40b Canary Current – GIWA Regional assessment 41 Guinea Current – GIWA Regional assessment 42 Lake Chad Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 43 Indian Ocean Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 45b East African Rift Valley Lakes – GIWA Regional assessment 47 South China Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 54 Sulu-Celebes (Sulawesi) Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 56 Indonesian Seas – GIWA Regional assessment 57 Pacifi c Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 62 Global International Waters Assessment Regional assessment 44 Benguela Current GIWA report production Series editor: Ulla Li Zweifel Editorial assistance: Johanna Egerup, Malin Karlsson Maps & GIS: Rasmus Göransson Design & graphics: Joakim Palmqvist Global International Waters Assessment Benguela Current, GIWA Regional assessment 44 Published by the University of Kalmar on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme © 2005 United Nations Environment Programme ISSN 1651-940X University of Kalmar SE-391 82 Kalmar Sweden United Nations Environment Programme PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. CITATIONS When citing this report, please use: UNEP, 2005. Prochazka, K., Davies, B., Griffi ths, C., Hara, M., Luyeye, N., O’Toole, M., Bodenstein, J., Probyn, T., Clark, B., Earle, A., Tapscott, C. and R. Hasler. Benguela Current, GIWA Regional assessment 44. University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect those of UNEP. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or cooperating agencies concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areas or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been peer-reviewed and the information herein is believed to be reliable, but the publisher does not warrant its completeness or accuracy. Contents Executive summary 9 Abbreviations and acronyms 11 Regional defi nition 13 Boundaries of the region 13 Physical characteristics 15 Socio-economic characteristics 16 Assessment 19 Freshwater shortage 20 Pollution 25 Habitat and community modifi cation 30 Unsustainable exploitation of fi sh and other living resources 35 Global change 40 Priority concerns for further analysis 43 Causal chain analysis 45 Freshwater shortage in the Orange-Vaal River Basin 45 Unsustainable exploitation of inshore fi nfi sh in the Benguela Current 48 Policy options 54 Addressing modifi cation of stream fl ow 54 Addressing unsustainable exploitation of inshore fi nfi sh resources 56 Conclusions and recommendations 58 References 60 Annexes 67 Annex I List of contributing authors and organisations 67 Annex II Detailed scoring tables 68 Annex III List of conventions and specifi c laws that aff ect water use in the region 73 Annex IV List of national policy and legislation 74 The Global International Waters Assessment i The GIWA methodology vii CONTENTS Executive summary The Benguela Current region (GIWA region 44) includes the entire be the major contributor to Freshwater shortage in the region. Pollution extent of the Benguela Current system and the freshwaters that drain of freshwater resources through a number of avenues is also considered into it. The region spans fi ve countries, including Angola, Namibia, to be severe in the region, as are the impacts of changes in the water Botswana, South Africa and Lesotho. The total coastline of the region table due to overabstraction of aquifers with long replenishment times. extends some 4 590 km from the Angolan enclave of Cabinda in the Although some measures are in place to address the problems of north to Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of the African continent. The freshwater shortage in the region, the outlook for 2020 remains poor. combined Exclusive Economic Zones of the three coastal states covers some 1.9 million km2, with an estimated 1.4 million km2 falling within Almost all forms of pollution of freshwater systems are assessed as the Benguela Current region. being severe, resulting in the overall assessment that the GIWA concern Pollution is severe in the freshwater systems of the Benguela Current The cold, northwards-fl owing Benguela Current system to a large extent region. The primary issue of concern related to pollution of the marine controls the climate of the region, which is for the most part arid or environment is that of oil spills, which have profound environmental semi-arid. The climate in turn infl uences the human dimensions of the and economic impacts. Microbiological pollution, and pollution by solid region, with the drier western areas being more sparsely populated than waste are considered to be moderate, although highly localised, while the wetter eastern parts. The region is characterised by high variability, pollution by suspended solids as a result of marine mining activities is both in natural processes such as rainfall and upwelling, and also in also considered moderate but more diff use. The prognosis for 2020 is of socio-economic processes, with the highly industrialised Gauteng further deterioration of all types of pollution across the region. Province of South Africa contrasting dramatically with subsistence- based activities in Angola. The variability in the human dimensions The modifi cation and loss of freshwater habitats and communities translates into diff ering anthropogenic activities in diff erent parts of of the Benguela Current region is assessed as severe. All major the region, and hence into diff ering environmental impacts across the freshwater habitats are considered to have undergone some form region. A major diff erence in the environmental impacts is evident of transformation, and much loss of habitats and ecosystems was between the freshwater and marine systems of the region, and these also evident. In the marine environment, modifi cation and loss of systems were therefore assessed separately. ecosystems and habitats is assessed as moderate. Of particular concern are coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves. The projection for the Environmental impacts surrounding the unsustainable use of future is that habitats and communities within the Benguela Current freshwater resources are severe in the region, while the impacts of this region will continue to be transformed, and that further losses of environmental degradation on the social and economic dimensions habitats and ecosystems will occur. are considered moderate to severe. This, together with the backdrop of the natural aridity of the area, resulted in the GIWA concern of Due to a low level of activity related to freshwater fi sheries in the Freshwater shortage being highlighted as a priority for further analysis. Benguela Current region, and the overwhelming importance of M o d i fi c a t i o n o f s t r e a m fl o w t h r o u g h the construction of dams and the marine fi sheries, the GIWA concern of Unsustainable exploitation overabstraction of water for agriculture and industry was considered to of fi sh and other living resources was assessed only in the marine EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 environment. Overall the impacts of the concern are assessed as through dam construction and overabstraction of water as immediate being moderate in the region. Overexploitation was by far the most causes of the environmental impacts. Root causes of this issue include important contributing issue, with stocks of many marine resources political decisions such as prioritisation of industrial water use, lack being considered overexploited at present, and with resultant declines of coordination among departments, demographic considerations, in catches having been documented. As a general overview, it would economic policies, and improvements in technology, particularly appear as if the larger commercial fi sheries are more sustainably irrigation technology. A suite of policy options for addressing these managed at present, than are the smaller, and particularly the artisanal, root causes was developed. This revolved around the three thematic fi sheries. The future outlook is of sustainable commercial fi sheries, but areas of changing the way water is perceived and used, eff ecting holistic of a worsening of the current unsustainable exploitation in the smaller planning, and improving existing management of water resources. and less valuable
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