Rezensionen Zeitschrift Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Archiven Und Bibliotheken Band 97 (2017) Herausgegeben Vom

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Rezensionen Zeitschrift Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Archiven Und Bibliotheken Band 97 (2017) Herausgegeben Vom Rezensionen Zeitschrift Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken Band 97 (2017) Herausgegeben vom Deutschen Historischen Institut Rom DOI: 10.1515/qfiab-2017-0025 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. Rezensionen Übersicht 1 Allgemeines 423 5 Mittelalter (chronologisch) 488 2 Festschriften – Aufsatzsamm- 6 Frühe Neuzeit (chronologisch) 524 lungen 429 7 19.–20. Jahrhundert 3 Kongressakten – Sammelbände 451 (chronologisch) 543 4 Historische Grundwissen- 8 Italienische Landesgeschichte schaften 484 (Nord-, Mittel-, Süditalien) 569 Clariores. Dizionario biografico dei docenti e degli studenti dell’Università di Padova, a cura di Piero Del Negro, Padova (Padova University Press) 2015, 361 S., 56 Taf., ISBN 978-88-6938-044-0, € 40. Eine der ältesten Universitäten, gegründet vor 795 Jahren, rühmt sich der hervorra- genden Mitglieder ihres Lehrkörpers und ihrer Studentenschaft. Geschickt ist die Wahl des Komparativs für den Titel, denn sonst könnte Streit entstehen, ob jemand wirklich berühmt war und damit die Aufnahme verdient hat oder nicht; durch die Relativierung des Begriffs entfällt die Gefahr, denn immer kann man in Bezug auf eine gegebene Person eine andere finden, die weniger angesehen ist, die erste also ohne Zögern als „berühmter“ bezeichnen. Dieses Buch bietet mit seinen 673 biographi- schen Notizen eine neue Form der Selbstdarstellung, die in Padua eine lange Tradition hat mit den Universitätsgeschichten von Antonio Riccoboni (1598), Giacomo Filippo Tomasini (1654), Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli (1726), wozu als besondere Marksteine die drei starken Bände der Quellensammlung von Andrea Gloria aus dem Jahre 1888 kommen sowie die 1922 zum Jubiläum erschienene Edition der Promotionsakten von Gaspare Zonta und Giovanni Brotto, denen auch die Beschreibung der Frühzeit der theologischen Fakultät zu verdanken ist, ebenfalls von 1922. Bei einem Nachschlage- werk dieser Art ist die Brauchbarkeit das ausschlaggebende Beurteilungskriterium. Der Nutzen liegt vor allem in der großen Zahl der Personen aus einer bestimmten Gruppe, für die biographisches Material geboten wird zur raschen ersten Informa- tion. Für wirklich berühmte Persönlichkeiten wird man dieses Lexikon nicht vorran- gig heranziehen, etwa Nikolaus von Kues oder Nikolaus Copernicus, Torquato Tasso oder Galileo Galilei, die aber aus Gründen der Vollständigkeit selbstverständlich nicht hätten übergangen werden dürfen. Dagegen hätte der Verzicht auf einen anderen Pro- minenten nicht geschadet: Albertus Magnus. Die Behauptung, er habe zu Padua artes studiert, ausgerechnet im Gründungsjahr 1222, ist wohl eine Legende, und da er 1223 Dominikaner wurde, ist von da an der Besuch einer weltlichen Hochschule bestimmt auszuschließen. Nicht dazugehörig ist gewiss auch Papst Eugen IV.: Ein Universitäts- studium ist nicht bezeugt, es passt auch gar nicht in die Biographie des Bankiers- sohnes, der sich als junger Mann im Reformkloster S. Giorgio in Alga einem Leben QFIAB 97 (2017) DOI 10.1515/qfiab-2017-0025 424 Rezensionen der Frömmigkeit widmete. Wer sich mit der Vergangenheit Paduas beschäftigt hat, wird beim Blättern in dem Bd. durchaus an mancher Stelle den einen oder anderen Namen vermissen. Es fällt etwa auf, dass von den oben genannten sechs verdienst- vollen Historikern der Universität lediglich drei berücksichtigt worden sind, dagegen fehlen Brotto, Zonta und sogar Tomasini. Ein anderes Beispiel bietet Fantino Dandolo, sicher Paduaner Doktor der Jurisprudenz, gestorben 1459 als dortiger Bischof. Ist er nicht prominent genug? Erinnert sei noch an Polidoro und Pietro Foscari, die als Vetter beziehungsweise Neffe des regierenden Staatsoberhauptes Francesco Foscari bereits bei ihren juristischen Examina von 1436 und 1454 im Blick der Öffentlichkeit standen. Dann wurde der erste Bischof von Bergamo, später Erzbischof von Zadar. Mindestens der zweite wird sich als Kardinal und Inhaber des Bistums Padua zu den clariores unter den Absolventen der Universität gerechnet haben; im Übrigen hätte eine Fotografie seiner Figur auf dem Sarkophag in Santa Maria del Popolo zu Rom ein schöner Beitrag zum Abbildungsteil werden können. Sie haben keine Gnade gefunden vor den Augen der Verantwortlichen, die in einem jahrelangen Prozess diese gewaltige Leistung zur Reife gebracht haben. Aber es wäre müßig, ihre Aus- wahlkriterien grundsätzlich in Frage stellen zu wollen, und dies gar mit einer Liste weiterer Namen von Personen zu begründen, die vielleicht nicht hätten übergangen werden dürfen. Im Verhältnis zu den 673 Behandelten wäre die Menge ohnehin ver- schwindend gering. Allerdings sei nicht verschwiegen, wie bedauerlich die Festset- zung ist, niemanden aufzunehmen, der oder die später als 1985 gestorben ist. Es ist nicht ersichtlich, dass eine Verschiebung der Grenze um 25 Jahre wirkliche Probleme mit sich gebracht hätte, abgesehen von der größeren Zahl. So aber bedeutet diese Entscheidung den Verzicht auf die Ausnutzung von lebendigem Wissen: in vielen Fällen hätten die Kenntnisse lebender Personen über ihre akademischen Lehrer oder über ältere Kollegen in die biographischen Skizzen einfließen können. Schade, dass man eine solche Gelegenheit zur Bewahrung individuellen Wissens über die Lebens- läufe weiterer hervorragender Persönlichkeiten nicht genutzt hat. Das Bildmaterial im Anhang ist vielfältig: Darstellungen von Personen, bei deren frühesten allerdings von Porträtähnlichkeit keine Rede sein kann (Beispiel: Francesco Zabarella, Taf. VII; als authentische Darstellung hätte dagegen die Figur des Grabmals in der Paduaner Kathedrale dienen können), wechseln ab mit Szenen aus der Geschichte der Univer- sität, darunter der Aufstand des 8. Februar 1848 (Taf. XL: Stich zum 50-jährigen Jubi- läum). Insgesamt besticht der Bd. durch die elegante Aufmachung. Dieter Girgensohn Markus Friedrich, Die Jesuiten. Aufstieg, Niedergang, Neubeginn, München (Piper) 2016, 736 pp., ill., ISBN 978-3-492-05539-0, € 39. Cinque anni dopo la sua monografia sulla Compagnia di Gesù, recensita in QFIAB 92 (2012), pp. 705–708, con il suo nuovo lavoro Markus Friedrich offre al mondo accade- QFIAB 97 (2017) Allgemeines 425 mico e ai lettori colti un affresco della storia dell’ordine dai suoi inizi fino ai recenti sviluppi a partire dal Concilio Vaticano Secondo per giungere ad anni recentissimi. La scelta appare azzeccata per due motivi principali: se da un lato i gesuiti godono da quasi trent’anni di un’ottima salute storiografica e possono vantarsi di essere l’ordine cinquecentesco più studiato in assoluto, dall’altro l’elezione di Jorge Mario Bergoglio al soglio pontificio, il primo figlio di sant’Ignazio della storia della Chiesa a uscire dal cono d’ombra del presunto „papa nero“, ha risvegliato nel pubblico generale un interesse verso la Compagnia di Gesù che non si limita alle trivialità proposte più e più volte nella pubblicistica e figlie, consapevoli o meno, di quella secolare pole- mica antigesuitica che, come hanno mostrato le ricerche di Sabina Pavone nel suo volume recensito in QFIAB 83 (2003), pp. 569–570, offre a chi le guardi con la dovuta attenzione dei tratti molto somiglianti a quella antigiudaica. Niente di tutto questo è presente nel libro di Friedrich, che è studioso noto e rinomato di cose gesuitiche a livello internazionale e che, pur nello stile di alta divulgazione, non indulge mai in un facile sensazionalismo, sia esso ostile o simpatetico, e conduce l’indagine con il consueto controllo critico. Il volume prende le mosse nel prologo da un luogo famo- sissimo e tipico di ogni ricostruzione della Compagnia di Gesù – il ferimento di Loyola durante l’assedio francese alla fortezza di Pamplona nel maggio 1521, che diventerà poi, nella polemica gesuitica antiprotestante, il pendant apologetico del bando di Lutero a Worms – per poi illustrare in cinque capitoli e un epilogo lo sviluppo pla- netario dell’ordine in situazioni storiche e ambienti culturali tra loro affatto diversi nel corso dell’età moderna e contemporanea: si pensi al loro ruolo a corte, nel conte- sto urbano o nelle terra di missione; al loro rapporto, ben più complicato di quanto comunemente si assuma, con il potere civile ed ecclesiastico, anch’esso storicamente variegato e multiforme; al processo di istituzionalizzazione del carisma ignaziano originario e alla sua trasformazione in relazioni giuridiche e gerarchiche sempre da ridefinire e rinegoziare; allo scontro confessionale, ma anche al rapporto complicato con la Curia romana e le strutture della Chiesa cattolica, e ciò solo apparentemente in contrasto con il famigerato quarto voto di obbedienza al pontefice quoad missiones. Questo è il merito principale di Friedrich: da profondo conoscitore della materia egli rinuncia programmaticamente a offrire una ricostruzione che anche solo tenti di dare un’immagine unitaria dei gesuiti, e privilegia, con una scelta assolutamente condivi- sibile, un quadro che renda giustizia alla varietà
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