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Root Yields, Sucrose, and Glutamic Acid Content of Sugar Beets As Influenced Yb Soil Moisture, Nitrogen Fertilization, Variety, and Harvest Date

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Root Yields, Sucrose, and Glutamic Acid Content of Sugar Beets As Influenced Yb Soil Moisture, Nitrogen Fertilization, Variety, and Harvest Date Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-1956 Root Yields, Sucrose, and Glutamic Acid Content of Sugar Beets as Influenced yb Soil Moisture, Nitrogen Fertilization, Variety, and Harvest Date Donald G. Woolley Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Woolley, Donald G., "Root Yields, Sucrose, and Glutamic Acid Content of Sugar Beets as Influenced yb Soil Moisture, Nitrogen Fertilization, Variety, and Harvest Date" (1956). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 3762. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3762 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROOT UELDS, SUCROSE, AND GLUTAMI:C ACID CONTENT OF SUGAR BEETS AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL MOISnJRE, !IITROGE!J FERTILIZATION, VARIETY, AND HARVEST DATE Donald G. Woolley A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requireroonts for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Agronomy UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COIJ.F)JE Logan, Utah 1956 ACKNOWLE!Xli.IENT I desire to express s i ncere appreciation to Professor William H. Bermett for the help recei ved in formulating and di recting this thesis work. I wish to thank the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station for making funds available to conduct this study. Donald G. Woolley TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction • 1 Review of literature 3 Yield and sucrose content 3 Fertilizer effects • 3 Moisture effects 4 Glutamic acid 6 Breeding for glutamic acid 8 Nutritional effects 9 Irrigation 10 Date of samplin3 11 llethods of procedure 12 Results and discussion 24 Root yields 24 Sucro5e content 30 Glutamic acid content 37 Correlations between ;:;J..utamic acid, sucrose, and root yields 46 Analysis of methods 49 Summary and conclusions 51 Literature cited 53 LIST OF TAB~ Tabla Page 1. Characteristics of soil used in field study, North Logan, Utah, 1955 12 2. Amount of irrigation water applied to sugar beet plots, Greenville Farm, North Logan, Utah, 1955 20 3. Precipitation data (taken from the official 1955 weather recorda of the Greenville Farm, liorth Lo gan, Utah 20 4. Root yields of 144 sugar beet plots, North Logan, Utah, 1955 25 5. Analysis of variance for sugar beet root yields 26 6. Effect of soil moisture on the root yields, sucrose, and glutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Logan, Ftah, 1955 27 7. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the root yiel ds, sucrose, and t_;luta!!!l.c acid content of suear beets. Harth ·Logan, Utah, 1955 31 B. Sucrose content of sugar beet samples from 144 plots, North Locan, Utah, 1955 32 9. Analysis of variance for sucrose content of sugar beets 33 10 . Effect of harvest date on the root yields, sucrose, and glutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Lo~;an, Utah, 1955 36 11. Glutamic acid content of BUJ;ar beet samples from 144 plots, North Logan, Utah, 1955 . 39 12. Analysis of variance for clutamic acid content of sugar beets 40 13. Effect of nitrogen x moisture interaction on glutamic acid content of sugar beets • 45 14. Effect of variety on the root yields, sucrose, and glutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 47 15. Correlation coefficients for glutamic acid and sucrose contents and the root yields of sugar beets 48 Table Page 16. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation for duplicate sucrose and c;lutamic acid analyses of sugar beets 50 LIST OF FIGURES Fieure 1. Field plan used in suc;ar beet study, Greenville Faro, North Logan, Utah, 1955 l3 2. 'Ibinning operation on sugar beet plots at North Loaan, Utah, June 8, 1955. !lote tensioneters and bouyoucos blocks in high moisture plots (foreground) • 3. General view of SULar beet plots at North Logan, Utah, as they appeared on June 23 , 1955 • 17 4. Soil moisture characteristic curve for l.!i.llville silty loam, llorth Logan, Utah, 1955 18 5. Generdl view of SU{lar beet plots at llorth Logan, Utah, September 20, 1955 • 22 6. Influence of soil moisture and variety on the root yields of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 28 7. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and variety on the root yields of sugar beets, llorth Logan, Utah, 1955 • 28 8. Influence of soil moisture and harvest date on the root yields of sugar beets , North Logan, Utah, 1955 28 9. Influence of nitr ogen fertilization and harvest date on the root yields of sugar beets, llorth Logan, Utah, 1955 28 10. Influence of soil moisture and nitrogen fertilization on the root yields of sugar beets, Uorth Logan, Utah, 1955 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 11. Influence of soil moisture and variety on the sucrose content of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 • 35 12. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and variety on the sucrose content of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 35 13. Influence of soil moisture and harvest date on the sucrose content of sugar beets, Jlorth Logan, Utah, 1955 35 14. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and harvest date on the sucrose content of sugar teets, North Lo~:an , Fieure Page \ltah, 1955 35 15. Influence of soil moisture and nitrogen fertilization on the sucrose content of sugar beets, North Loean, Utah, 1955 38 16. Influence of soil moisture and variety on the elutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 41 l7. Influence of nitrogen fertilization and variety on the glutamic acid content of suear beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 41 18 . Influence of soil r.~oisture and harvest date on the glutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Lot;an1 Utah, 1955 41 19. Influence of ni troeen fertilization and harvest date on the glutamic acid content of suear beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 41 20 . Influence of soil r.~oisture on the glutamic acid content of sugar beets, llorth Logan, Utah, 1955 42 21. Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the glutamic acid content of sugar beets, North Logan, Utah, 1955 42 22. Influence of soil moisture and ni tror:en fertilization on the t;lutamic acid content of sut;ar beets, north Logan, utah, 1955 . 43 INTRODUCTION The United States produces about 1.8 million tons of sugar annually. Approximately 75 per cent of this production is derived from sugar beets. The importance of the sugar beet crop in national and world econotcy" i s justification for research effort as a means to more economical production. It is desirable that sugar beet processing be carried out in the most efficient manner. More effective utilization of the sugar beet and its by-products will add stability to the sugar beet industry. For the past 170 years, since Achard found that sugar could be used for human consumption and that pul~ might be fed to cattle, sugar pro­ cessors have made limited use of the non-sugar constituents of the sugar beet. These materials have been disposed of almost exclusively as live­ stock ration supplements. The non-sugar constituents have been largely responsible for fail­ ure to extract all of the sugar from the beet (13 ) . As a result they have been viewed with suspicion by most sugar beet processors. However, recent developments suggest that the utilization of sugar beet by­ products will constitute a more important phase of the sugar beet industry in the future. At this critical period in the sugar beet industry, it is difficult to overemphasize the need for a better understanding of the chemical constituents of the sugar beet and the effects of various physiological factors upon them. One of the non-sugar constituents of the sugar beet which has recently received attention is Glutamic acid. This has been 2 brought about primarily by the discovery that the salt, monosodium glutamate, has an enhancin:; effect upon the f l avor and palatability of many foods . Using the sugar beet as almost the exclusive source of glutamic acid, a new industry (utilizing over 100 tons of beet molasses daily) has developed to manufacture and market this food seasoner (28) . Preliminary investigations at the Utah Experiment Station (1.4) showed tbat of all the chemical constituents determined, glutamic acid was the most variable. This agreed with earlier work in tbis field (16, 42) . Being highly variable this constituent is a chief contributor t o difficulties in sugar processing. The purpose of this study was to de ternine the effect of sor1e of the major agronomic factors, such as moistul", , fertility, variety, and sampling date , upon the glutamic acid content of the sugar beet. 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ~~~~ In the review of literature, the data that pertain to sugar beet yield and quail ty will be briefly summarized to furnish a background for the investigations upon which this thesis is baaed. Glutamic acid con­ tent and related suQjects will be treated in more detail. During the past quarter century the amount of research devoted to the sugar beet has increased many fold. Early research work on sugar beet production was designed to answer only the most practical questions with respect to soil fertility (25, 33, 39, 61), suitable spacing (44, 45, 47), climatic (49, &J ) and irrigation requirements (24, 26, 34, 40, 59) . The conclusions from these early investigations gave direction and encouragement to farmers and generally stimulated the sugar beet industry. Fertilizer ~ More recently numerous single factor experiments were conducted to determine the most suitable fertility level, the best irrigation techniques, the most desirable plant pop.tlation, the effects of climate, and the influence of soil type on the grawth and developnent of the sugar beet.
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