Biocides and Other Antibacterial Materials in Polymerization Process for Contact Binders

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Biocides and Other Antibacterial Materials in Polymerization Process for Contact Binders Lappeenranta University of Technology LUT School of Engineering Science Degree programme in Chemical and Process Engineering Nieminen, Mikko BIOCIDES AND OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL MATERIALS IN POLYMERIZATION PROCESS FOR CONTACT BINDERS Master´s thesis 2019 Examiners: Professor Tuomas Koiranen Project manager Timo Heimola Supervisors: Professor Tuomas Koiranen Project manager Timo Heimola Tiivistelmä Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto School of Engineering Science Kemiantekniikan koulutusohjelma Mikko Nieminen BIOSIDIT JA MUUT ANTIMIKROBIAALISET MATERIAALIT SIDEAINEIDEN POLYMEROITIPROSESSISSA Diplomityö 2019 Tarkastaja: Tuomas Koiranen ja Timo Heimola Ohjaajat: Tuomas Koiranen ja Timo Heimola 102 sivua, 39 kuvaajaa, 21 taulukkoa, 4 liitettä Avainsanat: Polymeeridispersio, emulsiopolymerointi, biosidi, antimikrobiaalinen, biomateriaalit Diplomityön teoriaosassa perehdytään mikrobiologiseen elämään ja mikrobitorjuntaan polymeeridispersioliuoksissa yleisellä tasolla. Osiossa käydään läpi yleisimmät käytössä olevat biosidit sekä niiden aktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Teoriaosassa sivutaan myös biosidien käyttöä sääteleviä lakeja ja asetuksia sekä esitellään muutamia ”uuden sukupolven” vihreitä antimikrobiaalisia materiaaleja. Työn kokeellisessa osuudessa tutkittiin mikrobiologisen aktiivisuuden, biosidien käytön sekä kemiallisten muuttujien välisiä vuorovaikutuksia polymeeridispersion valmistuksessa. Lisäksi työssä selvitettiin kahden antimikrobiaalisen biosidivalmisteen soveltuvuutta dispersiotuotteiden säilyttämiseen. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt antimikrobiaaliset valmisteet valittiin sillä perusteella, että kitosaani on puhtaasti biopohjainen tuote. Chlorhexidine digluconaatti (CHX) valikoitui sen ajatuksen pohjalta, että mahdollisesti löydettäisiin uuden tyyppinen säilöntäaine emulsiopolymeereille. Työssä käytettiin seuraavia tutkimusmenetelmiä 1) solujen ATP-pitoisuuden mittaus luminometrialla, 2) Easycult- määritys, 3) Biosiditoimittajien tekemät rasitustestit ja 4) Biosidi- ja VOC-yhdisteiden kromatografiset pitoisuusmääritykset. Saatujen tulosten perusteella voitiin havaita, että eri kemialliset muuttujat vaikuttivat biosidien toimintaan. Esimerkiksi pH:n muutos vaikutti polymeeridispersioiden säilyvyyteen. Samoin redox kemikaalien suhteella havaittiin olevan merkitystä biosidien säilyvyyteen. Lisäksi havaittiin että kitosaani ja chlorhexidine digluconaatti toimivat antimikrobiaalisina aineina alhaisilla bakteeripitoisuuksilla. Suurilla bakteeripitoisuuksilla nämä aineet eivät suojanneet polymeeriemulsiotuotteita mikrobikontaminaatioilta. Abstract Lappeenranta University of Technology School of Engineering Science Degree Programme in Chemical and Process Engineering Mikko Nieminen BIOCIDES AND OTHER ANTIBACTERIAL MATERIALS IN POLYMERIZATION PROCESS FOR CONTACT BINDERS Master´s Thesis 2019 Examiners: Tuomas Koiranen and Timo Heimola Supervisors: Tuomas Koiranen and Timo Heimola 102 pages, 39 figures, 21 tables, 4 appendices Keywords: Polymer dispersion, emulsion polymerization, biocide, antimicrobial, biomaterials The theoretical part of the thesis introduces microbiological life and microbial control in water borne polymer dispersion in general. This section covers the most common biocides in use and the factors that influence their activity. The theory section also introduces laws and regulations governing the use of biocides and presents some "new generation" green antimicrobial materials. In the experimental part, the interaction between microbiological activity, the use of biocides and chemical variables in the preparation of polymer dispersion was investigated. In addition, the suitability of two antimicrobial biocidal products for the preservation of water borne dispersions was investigated. The antimicrobial products were chosen on the basis that chitosan is a purely biobased product. Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) was selected on the basis of other interesting research findings. In this thesis the following research methods were used: 1) measurement of cellular ATP content by luminometry, 2) Easycult assay, 3) biocide supplier stress tests, and 4) biocide and VOC concentration chromatographic assays. Based on the results obtained it was found that different chemical variables influenced the function of the biocides. For example, the changes in pH significantly affected the stability of a particular polymer dispersion and the ratio of redox chemicals significantly affected the degradation of the biocidal products. In addition, chitosan and chlorhexidine digluconate act as antimicrobial agents at low bacterial concentrations. At high bacterial concentrations, these agents did not protect the polymer dispersion products from the microbial contamination. Alkusanat Tämä diplomityö on tehty CH-Polymers Oy:n tehtaalla Kaipiaisissa kevään ja syksyn 2019 aikana. Tätä työtä tehdessäni ympärilläni on ollut joukko hienoja ihmisiä, jotka ovat pyyteettömästi auttaneet diplomityöni aikana. Erityisesti haluan kiittää Timoa työni ohjauksesta ja siitä, että annoit minulle tämän hienon mahdollisuuden tehdä diplomityöni CH-Polymersin Kaipiaisten tehtaalla. Työn aihe on ollut erittäin mielenkiitoinen ja aihetta voisi tutkia loputtomiin. Suuret kiitokset yliopiston puolelle Tuomas Koiraselle asiatuntevasta ohjauksesta, etenkin tilastollisten analyysien tiimoilta. Isot kiitokset myös koko Kaipiaisten tehtaan henkilökunnalle, prosessioperaatoreille, toimiston väelle ja Marille ja Anulle laboratorioon. Kiitokset kuuluvat myös Raision laboratorion väelle. Ja ennen kaikkea kiitokset perheelleni – Kiitos Sirkku, Lotta ja Silja! Kouvola (Finland), 29.11.2019 Mikko Nieminen TABLE OF CONTENTS LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Manufacturing of polymer dispersions ................................................................. 10 1.2 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 12 2 Microbial contamination ........................................................................................... 13 2.1 A brief history to microbiology............................................................................. 13 2.2 Classification of microorganisms .......................................................................... 14 2.3 Microbiology of the polymer dispersions ............................................................. 16 2.3.1 Types of microorganisms .................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 Impact of microbial contamination ................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Source of microbial contamination ................................................................... 26 2.3.4 Avoiding of microbial contamination ............................................................... 29 3 Biocides .................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 General .................................................................................................................. 31 3.2 Regulatory of Biocides .......................................................................................... 33 3.3 Classification and function mechanisms of biocides ............................................ 35 3.4 Typical biocides used in polymer dispersion applications .................................... 37 3.5 Factors affecting biocide action ............................................................................ 46 3.6 Green biocides/Natural antimicrobial agents ........................................................ 48 3.7 Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) as an example another types of antibacterial compound ........................................................................................................................ 53 EXPERIMENTAL............................................................................................................... 55 4 Design of experiments DOE ..................................................................................... 55 5 Dip slide test ............................................................................................................. 56 6 ATP measurements ................................................................................................... 57 7 Microbial challenge test ............................................................................................ 58 8 Material and Methods ............................................................................................... 58 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 63 9 Preliminary screening of culture condition ............................................................... 63 10 Screening biocidal effect of Chlorhexidine digluconate and Chitosan ..................... 66 11 Determination of the preserving effect of chemical preservatives in water borne polymer dispersion (Challenge tests) .................................................................................. 72 12 How redox chemical ratio affects the desired biocide activity ................................. 76 SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS ....................................................................................... 89 CONCLUDING
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