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Air Assimilative Capacity for Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Eastern and Southern Regions of Thailand

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Air Assimilative Capacity for Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Eastern and Southern Regions of Thailand AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS OF THAILAND JAERAYA RUANGKAWSAKUN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY) FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 2014 COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY Thesis entitled AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS OF THAILAND ……………….………….…..……… Miss Jaeraya Ruangkawsakun Candidate ………………….…..……………… Asst. Prof. Sarawut Thepanondh, Ph.D. (Atmospheric Science) Major advisor ………………….…..………….…… Lect. Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Ph.D. (Civil and Env. Eng.) Co-advisor ………………….…..………….…… Assoc. Prof. Wanida Jinsart, Ph.D. (Chemistry & Biochemistry) Co-advisor ………………….…..……………...… ………………….…..……………..… Prof. Banchong Mahaisavariya, Assoc. Prof. Prayoon Fongsatitkul, M.D., Dip Thai Board of Orthopedics Ph.D. (Environmental Engineering) Dean Program Director Faculty of Graduate Studies Master of Science Program in Mahidol University Environmental Technology Faculty of Graduate Studies Mahidol University Thesis entitled AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS OF THAILAND was submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University for the degree of Master of Science (Environmental Technology) on February 3, 2014 ……………….………….…..……… Miss Jaeraya Ruangkawsakun Candidate ………………….…..……………… Assoc. Prof. Poranee Pataranawat, Ph.D. (Env. Toxicol., Tech & Mgt.) Chair ………………….…..………….…… Lect. Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Ph.D. (Civil and Env. Eng.) Member ………………….…..………….…… ………………….…..………….…… Asst. Prof. Sarawut Thepanondh, Assoc. Prof. Wanida Jinsart, Ph.D. (Atmospheric Science) Ph.D. (Chemistry & Biochemistry) Member Member ………………….…..……………...… ………………….…..……………..… Prof. Banchong Mahaisavariya, Assoc. Prof. Phitaya Charupoonphol, M.D., Dip Thai Board of Orthopedics M.D., Dip Thai Board of Epidemiology Dean Dean Faculty of Graduate Studies Faculty of Public Health Mahidol University Mahidol University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The success of this thesis can be succeeded by the attentive support and assistance from my advisor, Assist.Prof.Dr.Sarawut Thepanonth, for his guidance, valuable advice and assistance throughout. I am deeply grateful to my co-advisor, Lect.Dr.Suphaphat Kwonpongsagoon, Assoc.Prof.Dr.Wanida Jinsart and Assoc.Prof.Dr.Poranee Pataranawat for their contribution to the examination of this thesis and providing suggestions for improvement. I wish to express my gratitude to the Pollution Control Department under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment who is supporter for monitoring concentration data of this thesis. Special thanks to all staff of the Department Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University for their helpful support encouragement. I am particularly indebted to the Faculty of Graduate studies, Mahidol University for the scholarship which enabled me to undertake this study. Jaeraya Ruangkawsakun Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ Thesis / iv AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS OF THAILAND JAERAYA RUANGKAWSAKUN 5537474 PHET/M M.Sc. (ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY) THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE: SARAWUT THEPANONDH, Ph.D. (ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE), SUPHAPHAT KWONPONGSAGOON, Ph.D. (CIVIL AND ENV. ENG.), WANIDA JINSART, Ph.D. (CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY) ABSTRACT Industrial site selection based on environmental criteria with the purpose of minimizing environmental impacts is a major problem. It is especially important when the proposed industry causes air pollution. In this research, the air assimilative capacity of the Eastern and Southern regions of Thailand was estimated by using ventilation coefficient data and an air quality model. A Box Model was used to predict the spatial and temporal distributions of two pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Screen View was applied to verify the assimilative capacity result by mean of air pollution dispersion theory. Meteorological characteristics of the study area in the year 2010 were selected in the analysis. For spatial analytical results, both the Eastern and Southern regions of Thailand were aligned with the coast which has an influence on potential of pollutant dispersion. Overall results indicated that the closer the area to the sea, the higher potential for air pollution dispersion. Temporal results indicated that the influence of the northeast monsoon resulted in the high dilution ability of the atmosphere. The period of November to January had higher potential for air pollutant assimilation than other months. In conclusion, the assimilative capacity of the atmosphere depended on the potential of air pollutant dispersion which was directly proportional to the ventilation coefficient. The temporal variation of the potential of air pollutant dispersion mainly depended on prevailing wind of each area. In addition, the assimilation potential in terms of the emission load which was estimated can be used for the siting of emission sources in the region under different industrial growth scenarios. This approach might provide guidelines to the environmental regulatory authorities and to the industries for environment friendly industrial development. KEY WORDS: AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY / AIR POLLUTION / AIR QUALITY MODEL / VENTILATION COEFFICIENT 142 pages Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ Thesis / v ขีดความสามารถทางอากาศในการรองรับซลเฟอรั ์ไดออกไซดและไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ ในภาคตะว์ นออกและั ภาคใตของประเทศไทย้ AIR ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN REGIONS OF THAILAND เจรญา เรืองแกวสก้ ลุ 5537474 PHET/M วท.ม. (เทคโนโลยสี ่ิงแวดลอม้ ) คณะกรรมการที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์ : สราวธุ เทพานนท,์ Ph.D. (ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE), สุพพตั ควรพงษากลุ , Ph.D. (CIVIL AND ENV. ENG.), วนิดา จีนศาสตร์, Ph.D. (CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY) บทคดยั อ่ การเลือกที่ต้งอั ุตสาหกรรมบนพ้ืนฐานของกฎเกณฑทางด์ านส้ ่ิงแวดลอมด้ วยว้ ตถั ุประสงคเพ์ ื่อการ ลดผลกระทบต่อส่ิงแวดลอมท้ ี่เป็นปัญหาหลกั สําคญอยั ่างย่ิงเมื่ออุตสาหกรรมเป็นสาเหตุของการเกิดมลพิษทาง อากาศ ในงานวิจยนั ้ีขีดความสามารถในการรองรับทางอากาศของภาคตะวนออกและภาคใตั ของประเทศไทยถ้ ูก ประเมินโดยใชค้ ่าสัมประสิทธ์ิการระบายและแบบจาลองคํ ุณภาพอากาศ Box Model ถูกนามาใชํ ในการคาดการณ้ ์ ลกษณะเชั ิงพ้ืนที่และเชิงเวลาของมลพิษสองชนิดคือ ซลเฟอรั ์ไดออกไซดและไนโตรเจนไดออกไซด์ ์ Screen View นามาใชํ ในการพ้ ิสูจน์ผลของค่าขีดความสามารถในการรองรับทางอากาศโดยใชทฤษฎ้ ีการแพร่กระจายมลพิษทาง อากาศ ส่วนของขอม้ ูลทางดานอ้ ุตุนิยมวิทยาของพ้ืนที่ศึกษาใชข้ อม้ ูลปี ค.ศ. 2010 มาทาการวํ ิเคราะห์ในงานวิจยั ผลการวิเคราะห์เชิงพ้ืนท่ีพบว่า ท้งภาคตะวั นออกและภาคใตั ของประเทศไทยม้ ีแนวพ้ืนที่ติดกบทะเลซั ่ึงมีอิทธิพล ต่อศกยภาพการแพรั ่กระจายสารมลพิษ ในภาพรวมของท้งสองภั ูมิภาคพบว่าย่ิงพ้ืนที่ใกลก้ บทะเลั ย่ิงมีศกยภาพสั ูง สาหรํ ับการกระจายสารมลพิษ สาหรํ ับผลการวิเคราะห์เชิงเวลาพบว่า อิทธิพลของลมมรสุมตะวนออกเฉั ียงเหนือ ส่งผลให้ความสามารถในการเจือจางทางอากาศมีค่าสูง ช่วงเดือนพฤศจิกายนถึงเดือนมกราคมจึงมีศกยภาพในการั รองรับมลพิษทางอากาศมากกว่าเดือนอื่นๆ โดยสรุปแลวข้ ีดความสามารถในการรองรับทางอากาศข้ึนอยู่กบั ศกยภาพของการแพรั ่กระจายมลพิษทางอากาศซ่ึงเป็นสัดส่วนโดยตรงกนกั บคั ่าสัมประสิทธ์ิการแพร่กระจาย ขีด ความสามารถในการรองรับมลพิษทางอากาศจึงแตกต่างกนในแตั ่ละช่วงเวลาข้ึนกบคั ุณลกษณะของลมประจั าถํ ่ิน ในพ้ืนที่ นอกจากน้ีค่าศกยภาพในการรองรั ับในส่วนของปริมาณการระบายมลพิษทางอากาศที่ถูกประเมินน้ี สามารถใชเป้ ็นขอม้ ูลเพื่อการพิจารณาการเลือกที่ต้งแหลั ่งกาเนํ ิดมลพิษทางอากาศในภูมิภาค ภายใตสถานการณ้ ์การ เติบโตของอุตสาหกรรมที่แตกต่างกนั วิธีการน้ีถือเป็นแนวทางให้กบหนั ่วยงานที่กากํ บดั ูแลส่ิงแวดลอมและ้ โรงงานอุตสาหกรรมเพื่อการพฒนาอั ุตสาหกรรมที่เป็นมิตรต่อส่ิงแวดลอม้ 142 หนา้ vi CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv ABSTRACT (THAI) v LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Rationales and Justifications 1 1.2 Research Objectives 9 1.3 Research variables 9 1.4 Scope of study 9 1.5 Expected outcome 9 1.6 Definition of keywords 10 1.7 Experimental setup 12 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWS 13 2.1 Description of sulfur dioxide 13 2.1.1 General description 13 2.1.2 Sources 14 2.1.3 Occurrence in air 14 2.1.4 Routes of exposure 15 2.1.5 Health impact: Toxicokinetics 15 2.1.6 SO2 Standards in Asia 16 2.2 Description of nitrogen dioxide 18 2.2.1 General description 18 2.2.2 Sources 19 2.2.3 Occurrence in air 20 vii CONTENTS (cont.) Page 2.2.4 Routes of exposure 20 2.2.5 Health impact: Toxicokinetics 21 2.2.6 NO2 Standards in Asia 21 2.3 Regulation for controlling of ambient air pollution in Thailand 23 2.4 WRF Model 24 2.4.1 The WRF Modeling System Program Components 26 2.4.2 WPS 27 2.4.3 WRF-DA 27 2.4.4 ARW Solver 28 2.5 Box Model 30 2.6 Screen View Model 33 2.7 Gaussian Plume Idea 35 2.8 Mixing height 37 2.9 Related Research 38 2.8.1 Application of WRF in air pollution research 38 2.8.2 Application of Ventilation Coefficient (VC) 39 in air pollution research 2.8.3 Air assimilative capacity research 39 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 40 3.1 Research design 40 3.2 Data Collection 40 3.2.1 Study area 40 3.2.2 Air pollutant concentration data 46 3.2.3 Meteorological data 47 3.3 Box Model analysis 49 3.4 Screen View Model configuration 50 viii CONTENTS (cont.) Page 3.5 Research procedures 54 CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 56 4.1 Air assimilative capacity for the Eastern Region of Thailand 56 4.1.1 Maximum emission load 56 4.1.2 Fifty percent (50%) of maximum emission load 58 4.1.3 The highest and
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