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A Case Study on Southern Thailand Spatial and Temporal Variations of Radon and their Applications: A Case Study on Southern Thailand Pattama Pisapak A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geophysics Prince of Songkla University 2017 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University i Spatial and Temporal Variations of Radon and their Applications: A Case Study on Southern Thailand Pattama Pisapak A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geophysics Prince of Songkla University 2017 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University ii Thesis Title Spatial and temporal variations of radon and their applications: A case study on Southern Thailand Author Miss Pattama Pisapak Major Program Geophysics Major Advisor Examining Committee: ……………………………………………… …………………………….....Chairperson (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tripob Bhongsuwan) (Assoc. Prof. Nares Chankow) ...…………………………………….……... (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tripob Bhongsuwan) ...……………………….…………………... (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thawat Chittrakarn) ...……………………….…………………... (Dr. Kamhaeng Wattanasen) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Geophysics .………………………….………….……. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Teerapol Srichana) Dean of Graduate School iii This is to certify that the work here submitted is the result of the candidate’s own investigations. Due acknowledgement has been made of any assistance received. ................................................................. (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tripob Bhongsuwan) Major Advisor ............................................................... (Miss Pattama Pisapak) Candidate iv I hereby certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not being currently submitted in candidature for any degree. ............................................................... (Miss Pattama Pisapak) Candidate v ชื่อวิทยานิพนธ์ การศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงเชิงตา แหน่งและเวลาของแก๊สเรดอนและการ ประยุกต์ใช้: กรณีศึกษาบริเวณภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย ผู้เขียน นางสาวปัทมา พิศภกั ด์ิ สาขาวิชา ธรณีฟิสิกส์ ปีการศึกษา 2559 บทคัดย่อ งานวจิ ยั น้ีมีวตั ถุประสงคห์ ลกั เพื่อศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงเชิงตา แหน่งและเวลาของ แกส๊ เรดอนและการประยุกต์ใช้: กรณีศึกษาบริเวณภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย การเปลี่ยนแปลงเชิงเวลา ของแกส๊ เรดอนไดถ้ ูกตรวจวดั อยา่ งตอ่ เนื่องที่สถานีวดั ที่เหมาะสม บริเวณรอยเลื่อนคลองมะรุ่ย ดว้ ย ระบบหัววัดรอยนิวเคลียร์ชนิดของแข็ง (SSNTD) โดยไดท้ า การตรวจวดั ความเขม้ ของแก๊สเรดอน เฉลี่ยรายวนั ต่อเนื่องนาน 1 ปี ในระหวา่ งวนั ที่ 1 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2552 ถึงวันที่ 30 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2553 ผลการตรวจวดั พบค่าความผิดปกติแก๊สเรดอนที่สัมพนั ธ์กบั เหตุการณ์แผน่ ดินไหว จากศูนย์ ขอ้ มูลแผน่ ดินไหว (ANSS: Advanced National Seismic System, of NCEDC; Northern California Earthquake Data Center) ประมาณ 67.3 % ของการเป็นตวั เตือนล่วงหนา้ ก่อนเกิด เหตุการณ์แผน่ ดินไหวขนาด Mw 4 ในช่วง 0-3 วัน การเปลี่ยนแปลงเชิงตา แหน่งของแก๊สเรดอน ไดถ้ ูกนา มาประยกุ ตเ์ พื่อใชป้ ระเมินผลความเสี่ยงตอ่ สุขภาพของประชาชนจากการไดร้ ับสัมผสั แก๊ส เรดอนในพ้ืนที่ศึกษาของ อ.นาหม่อม จ.สงขลา จากการตรวจวดั ปริมาณความเขม้ ขน้ แก๊สเรดอน และเรเดียมในดิน โดยทา การประเมินดชั นีความเสี่ยงจากรังสี พบว่ามีปริมาณสูงกว่าค่ากา หนด มาตรฐานโลก นอกจากน้ีไดท้ า การตรวจวดั ปริมาณความเขม้ ขน้ แก๊สเรดอนในน้า บ่อต้ืนส าหรับการ อุปโภคและบริโภค พบค่าเฉลี่ยเรดอนสูงกว่าเกณฑ์ก าหนดมาตรฐานขององค์การพิทักษ์ ส่ิงแวดลอ้ มแห่งประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา (USEPA, 1999; 11 Bq l-1) และมีบางจุดสูงกวา่ เกณฑ์ กา หนดโดยคณะกรรมาธิการยุโรป (EU Council Directive, 2013; 100 Bq l-1) ดงั น้นั ผล การศึกษาดังกล่าวแสดงให้เห็นถึงความน่าเป็ นห่วงต่อความเสี่ยงสุขภาพของประชาชนอัน เนื่องมาจากภาวะมลพิษรังสีในพ้ืนที่ อ.นาหมอ่ ม จ.สงขลา และโดยเฉพาะอยา่ งย่ิงผูท้ ี่ใชน้ ้า ที่มีความ เข้มข้นเรดอนสูงโดยตรง vi Thesis Title Spatial and Temporal Variations of Radon and their Applications: A Case Study on Southern Thailand Author Miss Pattama Pisapak Major Program Geophysics Academic Year 2016 ABSTRACT The main objective of this research was to study the spatial and temporal variation of radon concentration and their applications: a case study in south of Thailand. The temporal variation of radon in soil gas was observed continuously monitoring at a suitable sampling site at Khlong Marui Fault Zones, Phang Nga Province, using solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD). The radon was monitored based on of a daily average radon concentration that covered a period year between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. The results showed that the radon anomaly related to the observed earthquakes (data collected from ANSS; Advanced National Seismic System, of NCEDC; Northern California Earthquake Data Center) about 67 % of some precursory anomalous peaks can be correlated to the seismic events with M ≥ 4 in order 0-3 days before the event occurred. The spatial variation of radon was applied to assess the health risks of exposure to radon in Namom district, Songkhla province. Investigations of radon and radium concentration in soil were used to estimate the radiological health hazard indices, it was found to exceed the world permissible limit. In addition, radon concentations in well water samples were measured for human comsumption, found that the average radon levels exceed the limit of 11 Bq l -1 (USEPA, 1999), and some settlements had radon levels higher than 100 Bq l -1 (EU Council Dierective, 2013). These values show a significant health risk due to radiation pollution in study area. It is of concern that the results indicate health risks, especially to those consumers who directly use well water with high radon levels. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tripob Bhongsuwan, my advisor for their supervision, suggestions, and efforts for steering me towards the right direction during this research, until this thesis was completed and special gratitude thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Natasa Todorovic, my supervisor for accepting me as a student exchange in the laboratory at the University of Novi Sad, the Republic of Serbia (UNS), which, thanks for all your kindness and management problems in behavioral issues, academic issues, encouragement, continuous guidance in during time of the exchange experience. My thanks go to the Office of the Higher Education Commission: OHEC, Thailand, for providing the scholarship that has made this thesis possible over the years of my study at PSU (Prince of Songkla University) and also thanks to Graduate School, PSU for financial support for fieldwork. In addition, I would like to thank the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, PSU and the University of Novi Sad for financial support in the regular MoU exchange program based on education and scientific collaboration and activities between two universities. Thanks to International Program in Physical Science (IPPS) of Uppsala University, Sweden, for supporting to Geophysics Program. Thanks to the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), for providing the meteorological data. Special thanks to Mr. Vilas Srinil the teacher of Ban Bang Toei School in Mueang District, Phang Nga Province, for allowing me to set up radon measurement station. I would never forget all my friends in the Geophysics Group and the other laboratories of the Physics Department, for their help and support and always worked with me in the field. Finally, I am deeply gratitude to my father, my mother, my brother, my sister and my husband for their endless love, moral support and encouragement during a challenging time. Pattama Pisapak viii CONTENTS Contents Page Abstract (in Thai) (v) Abstract (in English) (vi) Acknowledgements (vii) Contents (viii) List of Tables (xii) List of Figures (xiv) Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Problem identification 2 1.3 Objectives of this study 2 1.4 Thesis Outline 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Radon information 4 2.3 Source of radiation exposure 6 2.4 Radon source 7 2.5 Measurement techniques of radon 8 2.6 Radon entry into home 10 2.7 Health effect and risk of radon 11 2.8 Guidelines for concentrations of radon 12 2.9 Earthquakes 14 Earthquakes in Thailand 14 2.10 Seismicity associated with Andaman-Sumatra Arc 14 2.11 Relationship between radon and earthquake 18 ix CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Contents Page 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Radon observations in soil gas as a possible earthquake precursor 21 3.1.1 The location of study area 22 Site selection 22 Geologic setting 22 3.1.2 Radon measurement as a passive technique detector 24 Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTDs) 24 Steps of the nuclear track-etched detector 25 3.1.3 Radon track measurement setup 26 3.1.4 Seismic event data 29 3.2 The health effect of radon exposure in Namom district 32 3.2.1 The location of study area 33 3.2.2 Radon measurement by using an active measurement method 34 Radon measurements in soil gas 35 Radon measurements in well water 37 Measurements of radium content in soil sample 38 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 42 4.1 Radon observations in soil gas as a possible tool for earthquake prediction 42 4.1.1 The radon concentration in soil gas at ST-10 42 4.1.2 Radon and meteorological measurements 48 4.1.3 Correlation of radon peak with seismic events 50 4.1.4 The result of cumulative radon concentration 53 4.2 Spatial variation of radon and application to radon exposure in Namom district 56 x CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Contents Page 4.2.1 A possible correlation between soil radon concentration and radium content in soil samples and assess the potential radiological hazards 56 Calculation radiological parameters 57 4.2.1.1 Correlation
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