Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Concepts and Practices, August 27

About Island Press Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose princi- pal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural resource management. We provide solutions-oriented information to profession- als, public officials, business and community leaders, and concerned citizens who are shaping responses to environmental problems. In 1998, Island Press celebrates its fourteenth anniversary as the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a multidisciplinary approach to critical environmental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commit- ment to bringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental community throughout North America and the world. Support for Island Press is provided by The Jenifer Altman Foundation, The Bullitt Foundation, The Mary Flagler Cary Charitable Trust, The Nathan Cum- mings Foundation, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The Vira I. Heinz Endowment, The W. Alton Jones Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foundation, The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, The National Science Foundation, The New-Land Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Surd- na Foundation, The Winslow Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts, and indi- vidual donors. INTEGRATED COASTAL AND OCEAN MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED COASTAL AND OCEAN MANAGEMENT Concepts and Practices Biliana Cicin-Sain and Robert W. Knecht with the assistance of Dosoo Jang and Gregory W. Fisk Center for the Study of Marine Policy Graduate College of Marine Studies University of Delaware With support from the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO; and the Graduate College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware Washington, D.C. N Covelo, California Copyright © 1998 Biliana Cicin-Sain and Robert W. Knecht All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Grateful acknowledgment is expressed for permission to include the following previously published material: Table 1.1, “Examples of Ocean and Coastal Use Models,” and Table 1.5, “Global Distribution of ICM Efforts by Region,” appear courtesy of Elsevier Science Publishers Co., Inc.; Table 1.4, “Stage-Based Model of Coastal Area Management,” appears courtesy of Professor Adalberto Vallega (Genoa, Italy); Table 7.2, “Behaviors and Points of View Typically Associated with the Cultures of Science and Policy,” courtesy of Taylor and Francis Publishing Co.; Table 9.3, “Tasks of the Mediator,” courtesy of Harper Collins Publishers (originally appeared as Table 5.1 in Breaking the Impasse, by Lawrence Susskind and Jeffrey Cruikshank); Figure 1.1, “Relationship between Coastal Zone and Coastal Resource System,” appears courtesy of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management; Figure 1.2, “Cultural Ecology of Coastal Public Policymaking,” appears courtesy of the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (originally appeared in Science, Policy and the Coast: Improving Decisionmaking); Figure 1.3, “Interaction of Uses of the Mediterranean Sea,” courtesy of Professor Adalberto Vallega (Genoa, Italy); Figure 2.2, “The Six Stages of an ICM Process,” courtesy of Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 3.1, “Maritime Zones,” courtesy of Manchester University Press; Figure 9.1, “Tractability of Conflicts,” courtesy of Chapman & Hall; Box 9.1, “Zoning of Coastal Land in Turkey,” courtesy of Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.; Box 9.3, “Marine Zoning in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia,” courtesy of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; Box 9.4 “Set-back Rule for the North Car- olina Coast, USA,” courtesy of Professor David W. Owens (North Carolina, United States). Grateful acknowledgment is also expressed for permission to reproduce the photographs found on the front cover: Red Sea artisanal fishermen in front of phosphate plant, courtesy of Ben Mieremet, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States; Port of Singapore, courtesy of Port of Singapore Authority; marine recreation in Cancun, Mexico, courtesy of Dosoo Jang. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cicin-Sain, Biliana. Integrated coastal and ocean management : concepts and practices / Biliana Cicin-Sain and Robert W. Knecht. p. cm. Includes bibliographic references (p. ) and index. ISBN 1-55963-603-3 (Cloth : acid-free paper). — ISBN 1-55963-604-1 (Paper : acid-free paper) 1. Coastal zone management. 2. Coastal ecology. 3. Marine resources conservation. 4. Marine ecology. 5. Shore protection. I. Knecht, Robert W. II. Title. HT391.C483 1998 333.91’7—dc21 98-12593 CIP Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Foreword by Gunnar Kullenberg, Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Tables xxi List of Figures and Boxes xxv Introduction 1 Goals of the Book, 3; Scope and Content of the Book, 4; Major Sources of Information, 6; 1996 ICM Survey of Nations, 7; The Need to Tailor ICM to Fit a Nation’s Unique Circumstances, 9; A Note on Terminology, 11; Structure of the Book, 11; Tips on Reading the Book, 12 PART I: THE NEED FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Chapter 1. The Need for Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management 15 Introduction: The Coasts—Unique, Valuable, and Threatened 15 The Need for ICM 17 Ecological Effects and Multiple-Use Conflicts: Why ICM Is Needed 18; Models of Coastal and Ocean Uses and Their Interactions, 20 Examples of Interactions among Coastal and Ocean Uses and Their Environments 23 Conflicts Related to Marine Transportation, 23; Conflicts Related to Coastal Land Reclamation, 25; Conflicts Related to Offshore Oil Development, 27; Threats to Coral Reefs from Various Marine Uses, 28; Conflicts Related to Tourism, 30; Mutually Beneficial Interactions, 30 Early Efforts at Coastal Management 32 Birth of the ICM Concept, 35 Summary 36 vii viii Contents Chapter 2. Definitions of Integrated Coastal Management and Fundamental Concepts 37 Introduction 37 Fundamental Concepts 39 What Is Integrated Coastal Management? 39; What Are the Goals of ICM? 40; What Triggers the Need for ICM? 41; What Does Integrated Mean in ICM? 43; What Is Being Managed in ICM? 46; What Are the Functions of Integrated Coastal Management? 46; Where Is ICM Applied? 50; How Is Management Carried Out, and What Guiding Principles Are Used? 52; Who Should Carry Out the Management? 57; What Are the Typical Stages in Developing an ICM Program? 58; What Capacity Is Needed for ICM? 60; What Kinds of Institutions Should Carry Out ICM? 62; Keeping It Simple, 62 Summary 63 PART II. EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL PRESCRIPTIONS ON ICM Chapter 3. The Evolution of Global Prescriptions for Integrated Management of Oceans and Coasts 67 Introduction 67 The Evolution of International Regimes Involving The Ocean and the Environment 68 Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982 and Subsequent Actions), 68; United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972), 72; United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 73 The Outputs of UNCED 77 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 77; The Convention on Climate Change, 78; The Convention on Biological Diversity, 79; Agenda 21, 80; Statement of Forest Principles, 81 Central Concepts at UNCED: Interdependence, Integrated Management, and Sustainable Development 81 The Reality of Interdependence, 81; The Imperative of Integration, 83; Definition of Sustainable Development, 84 Ocean and Coastal Issues in Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 86 Integrated Management and Sustainable Development of Coastal and Marine Areas, Including Exclusive Economic Zones, 87; Marine Environ- mental Protection, 88; Sustainable Use and Conservation of Living Marine Resources of the High Seas, 88; Sustainable Use and Conservation of Liv- ing Marine Resources under National Jurisdiction, 89; Addressing Critical Uncertainties for the Management of the Marine Environment and Climate Contents ix Change, 90; Strengthening International, Including Regional, Cooperation and Coordination, 91; Sustainable Development of Small Islands, 92 Significance of the UNCED Agreements for Oceans and Coasts 93 Summary 94 Chapter 4. Earth Summit Implementation: Growth in Capacity in Ocean and Coastal Management 95 Introduction 95 Adoption of the ICM Concept Widens 97 Framework Convention on Climate Change, 97; Convention on Biological Diversity, 98; Global Programme of Action on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities, 99; Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, 100; International Coral Reef Initiative, 101 The ICM Concept Is Further Defined: Development of International Guidelines 102 Capacity-Building Efforts in ICM Increase 104 UN Organizations and Their Work in ICM, 109; New and Existing Teaching and Training Efforts in ICM, 112 Summary 116 PART III. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT Chapter 5. Setting the Stage for Integrated Coastal Management 121 Introduction 121 Tailoring and Lesson Drawing

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