66 Òèõîîêåàíñêàß Ãåîëîãèß, 2013, Òîì 32, № 5, Ñ. 66–77 И.Н. Тихонов

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66 Òèõîîêåàíñêàß Ãåîëîãèß, 2013, Òîì 32, № 5, Ñ. 66–77 И.Н. Тихонов ÒÈÕÎÎÊÅÀÍÑÊÀß ÃÅÎËÎÃÈß, 2013, òîì 32, № 5, ñ.66–77 УДК 550.348:550.834(265.54) МЕЛКОФОКУСНАЯ СЕЙСМИЧНОСТЬ И ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЯПОНСКОГО МОРЯ И.Н. Тихонов, В.Л. Ломтев ФГБУН Институт морской геологии и геофизики ДВО РАН, ул. Науки 1Б, г. Южно-Сахалинск, 693022; e-mail: [email protected] Поступила в редакцию 17 августа 2012 г. По результатам анализа данных различных сейсмологических сводок по региону Японского моря впер- вые подготовлен наиболее полный унифицированный каталог землетрясений с магнитудой М ≥ 3.0 и глубиной h ≤ 60 км за 1975–2010 годы. Построены карты эпицентров событий для четырех интервалов (0–10, 11–20, 21–30 и 31–60 км) глубин очагов, а также три субширотных разреза шириной 1°. Рассмот- рены особенности строения и возможная тектоническая природа сейсмоактивной зоны вдоль подвод- ной окраины или бордерленда Японо-Сахалинской островной дуги: региональный взброс, точнее ме- гадуплекс разломов сжатия, обусловленный сползанием коры в тылу фронтального глубинного надви- га. Коровая сейсмичность юго-восточной окраины Корейского п-ова (Сино-Корейский щит), вероятно, связана с Цусимским и Уллындинским разломами. Высказано предположение, что она может спрово- цировать сход блоковых, возможно цунамигенных, оползней в южном и восточном оползневых цирках котловины Уллындо, врезанных в авандельту Хуанхэ. Ключевые слова: мелкофокусная (коровая) сейсмичность, тектоника земной коры, бордерленд, тыловой взброс, оползень, Японское море, Японо-Сахалинская дуга. ВВЕДЕНИЕ дило гигантские волны цунами высотой более 10–20 м, которые, в свою очередь, привели к небывалой по Японо-Сахалинская островная дуга расположе- масштабам техногенной катастрофе на прибрежной на в пределах Тихоокеанского сейсмического пояса, АЭС “Фукусима-1” [45]. в котором происходит более 80% землетрясений Зем- ли, в том числе большая часть катастрофических со- Уровень мелкофокусной сейсмичности в преде- бытий. Она отделяет впадину окраинного Японского лах акватории Японского моря несколько ниже, но моря, основного объекта исследований в настоящей все же достаточно велик, особенно вблизи восточно- работе, от впадины Тихого океана (рис. 1). На тихо- го побережья, где регулярно происходят сильные океанской окраине входящей в нее дуги Хонсю (То- землетрясения. Только за последние полвека здесь хоку или СВ Японии) сейсмическая активность дос- были зарегистрированы и достаточно хорошо изуче- тигает максимального для Земли уровня. Это связано ны такие разрушительные землетрясения, как Нии- с тем, что большинство сейсмических событий здесь гатское 1964 г. (М=7.5), Монеронское 1971 г. (М=7.5), приурочено к так называемой сейсмофокальной зоне Япономорское 1983 г. (М=7.7), Окусирское 1993 г. Беньофа, точнее Вадати-Заварицкого-Беньофа, по- (М=7.8) и Невельское 2007 г. (М=6.2). Объясняется гружающейся под дугу. Существование этой зоны это тем обстоятельством, что очаги этих землетрясе- обусловлено проявлением процессов субдукции на ний приурочены к участку границы Амурской и границе Амурской и Тихоокеанской литосферных Охотской литосферных плит [3, 47], простирающей- плит [47]. Именно здесь возникают сильнейшие зем- ся от г. Ниигата (о. Хонсю) до севера Сахалина (см. летрясения, которые зачастую сопровождаются цуна- врезку на рис. 1). ми. Эти катастрофические природные явления при- Изучение сейсмичности морей имеет свою водят к колоссальным разрушениям и множеству чело- специфику по сравнению с исследованием сейсмич- веческих жертв. Ярким примером тому служит мега- ности на суше. Для морских акваторий каталоги ме- нее полны, а точность локализации гипоцентров землетрясение 11 марта 2011 года (MW = 9.0), возник- шее восточнее северной части о. Хонсю. Оно поро- толчков в общем ниже, чем на суше. Участки морс- 66 Мелкофокусная сейсмичность и тектонические 67 Японское море – объект, хорошо изученный с помощью геолого-геофизических методов, включая драгирование пород кайнозойского чехла и мезозой- палеозойского, местами докембрийского, акустичес- кого фундамента, и бурения [1, 5, 16, 23, 27, 28, 35– 38]. По этой причине оно давно служит полигоном для проверки различных гипотез и идей, которые обычно относят к двум концепциям: фиксизма (гео- синклинальная концепция; базификация древней континентальной коры; рифтогенез) и мобилизма (тектоника литосферных плит; мантийный диапи- ризм и рифтогенез, по Д.Е. Каригу [13]; левый мегас- двиг между Евразией и Тихим океаном, по В.П. Ут- кину [17]). По ряду позиций между ними есть сходство взглядов (выступ мантии; субокеаническая кора мощ- ностью 12–15 км в районе Центрально-Япономорс- кой, Хонсю и Уллындо батиальных котловин с конти- нентальным блоком Ямато на стыке; рифтогенез; кай- нозойская история). Согласно первой концепции пред- полагается эпиокеаническое заложение впадины, как части Тихого океана, и формирование ее структур in situ без крупных горизонтальных перемещений коры в мезокайнозое. Согласно второй, напротив, превалиру- ют представления о кайнозойском раздвиге (спредин- ге, рифтинге) и горизонтальном перемещении Японс- кой дуги к востоку от Евразии. Дискуссионной остает- ся природа бордерлендов, сложно построенных окра- ин Корейского п-ова (Сино-Корейский щит) и Японо- Сахалинской дуги [1, 23, 28, 38]. В их пределах мощ- ность коры увеличивается в 2–3 раза (30–40 км и бо- лее), меняется ее тип: субокеаническая кора замещает- ся континентальной. Цель данной статьи – обобщение наиболее пол- ных данных о современной мелкофокусной (h < 60 Рис. 1. Батиметрическая карта Японского моря с эле- км) сейсмичности Японского моря, подготовка ав- ментами морфографии [1]. торского каталога землетрясений и выявление в по- Подводные возвышенности: 1 – Южно-Татарская, 2 – Витя- становочном плане взаимосвязи сейсмичности с тек- зя, 3 – Богорова, 4 – Первенца, 5 – Ямато, 6 – Восточно- тоникой впадины этого моря. Сбор материалов по Корейская, 7 – Криштофовича, 8 – Уллындо, 9 – Пржеваль- сейсмичности завершился составлением детального ского, 10 – Оки; подводные долины: 11 – Гензан, 12 – Кита- каталога землетрясений с магнитудами М ≥ 3.0 на ос- Ямато, 13 – Западно-Яматинская, 14 – Тояма, 15 – Оки. На врезке схема литосферных плит [47]: NA – Северо-Амери- нове анализа отечественных и зарубежных сейсмо- канская, EU – Евразийская, АМ – Амурская, РА – Тихооке- логических сводок за период 1975–2010 гг., когда на- анская, Оkh – Охотская. циональные сети сейсмологических наблюдений ста- ли обеспечивать более надежную регистрацию сла- кого дна труднодоступны для сейсмогеологических бых землетрясений акватории изучаемого объекта. исследований. Уровень сейсмичности в централь- ных частях окраинных морей, как правило, ниже, МЕЛКОФОКУСНАЯ СЕЙСМИЧНОСТЬ чем на периферии. При этом отдельные участки пе- ЯПОНСКОГО МОРЯ НА ОСНОВЕ АВТОРСКОГО риферии могут значительно отличаться по уровню КАТАЛОГА ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ ЗА 1975–2010 ГГ. сейсмичности как для конкретного моря, так и дру- Сейсмичность акватории Японского моря конт- гих морей. ролируется рядом национальных сейсмологических 68 Тихонов, Ломтев служб (России, Японии, КНДР и Республики Корея), рии Японского моря. Осевые линии разрезов распо- а также обобщается по данным мировых агентств лагаются в районах 37°, 41° и 45° с.ш. Ширина полос NEIC/USGS и ISC (International Seismological Centre). составляет 1°. Именно эти первоисточники данных и были исполь- Карты эпицентров землетрясений показыва- зованы при сборе материалов [6–12, 14, 22, 24, 25, ют, что основная поверхностная сейсмичность 39–41]. Японского моря сосредоточена на подводной окра- Основным источником информации о сейсмич- ине Японо-Сахалинской островной дуги примерно ности Японского моря за 1975–2010 гг. явился ката- от 34 до 52° с.ш. На западном побережье в районе лог Японского метеорологического агентства [40]. Корейского п-ова уровень сейсмичности заметно Около 92.3 % всех событий сводного каталога содер- снижается и почти совсем падает на большом про- жат данные этого агентства. Точность оценки поло- тяжении вблизи побережья КНДР, Приморского и Ха- жений гипоцентров мелкофокусных землетрясений баровского краев РФ. начиная с 1998 г. составляет в среднем 0.7 км по ши- Единственным исключением из этого является роте, 1.5 км по долготе и 1.5 км по глубине. За анали- событие 13.11.1990 г. с М=6.3 [25]. Оно аномально зируемый период в Японском море было зарегистри- по местоположению и силе. В ближайших к очагу ровано несколько сильных и сильнейших землетря- населенных пунктах максимальный макросейсми- сений, которые сопровождались большим количе- ческий эффект, по-видимому, достигал 5–6 баллов по ством афтершоков. Афтершоковые последовательно- шкале MSK-64. Исходя из данных наблюдений за сти этих землетрясений обусловили значительный прошедшее столетие, подобных землетрясений в объем сводного каталога, представленного в настоя- этом районе не наблюдалось. Очаг данного события щей работе. приурочен к границе, отделяющей позднемезозойс- Вторым по объему использованных данных кое (меловое) складчато-орогенное сооружение Си- (4.7 %) источником сведений оказался каталог земле- хотэ-Алиня от молодого позднекайнозойского (нео- трясений юга Сахалина по данным локальной сети генового) Татарского синклинория [30]. цифровых сейсмических станций [14]. Этот каталог Центральная часть Японского моря за исследуе- содержит наиболее полные и точные оценки пара- мый период почти асейсмична на уровне магнитуд метров афтершоков Невельского землетрясения М ≥ 3.0. Отчасти это обусловлено труднодоступнос- 02.08.2007 г. (М=6.2), которые приведены в сводном тью участков морского дна для сейсмологических каталоге, а дублирующие, менее точные, оценки из исследований и спецификой
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