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Jane Ellen Harrison: Una Mujer En El Mundo Académico Victoriano

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Jane Ellen Harrison: Una Mujer En El Mundo Académico Victoriano Jane Ellen Harrison: una mujer en el mundo académico victoriano. Jane Ellen Harrison: una mujer en el mundo académico victoriano. Jane Ellen Harrison: a woman in the Victorian academic world BLANCA VERDÍA BARBARÁ Doctorando en Historia I. Departamento de Historia I. Facultad de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Recibido o 15 de Outubro de 2010 Aceptado o 2 de Febreiro de 2011 RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Este artículo expone el modo en que la influencia del contexto histórico en el que se movió la célebre El siglo XIX fue un momento de grandes re- estudiosa de la religión griega antigua, Jane Ellen voluciones y cambios, tanto en la vida eco- Harrison (1850-1928) se impuso sobre su persona- nómica como en la política, la tecnología o el lidad y cómo ésta refleja asimismo los principales contexto de lo social; no hay más que recor- motivos, tanto tradicionales como rupturistas, de dar la Revolución Industrial, los movimientos su tiempo. Igualmente, tratará someramente la in- obreros, la lucha por la extensión del derecho cidencia de estas influencias sobre algunos temas al voto, el cambio en los roles de los sexos o recurrentes de sus obras y cómo su evolución vi- el conflicto que enfrenta a Ciencia y Religión. tal implicó una evolución intelectual, concluyendo También es el siglo de la expansión imperia- que la condición femenina dentro de un mundo lista de Gran Bretaña y de los nuevos méto- académico masculino, y la moral victoriana que le dos y enfoques de los estudios antropológicos fue impuesta tuvieron consecuencias fundamenta- que, a pesar de sus puntos todavía racistas, les en su obra. comienzan finalmente a adquirir el estatus de Palabras clave disciplina acreditada y de suficiente prestigio. 1. J. E. Harrison, 2. Época victoriana, 3. Feminis- Igualmente surgen las disciplinas de la So- mo, 4. Autocontrol, 5. Religión, 6. Antropología. ciología, la Prehistoria o la Psicología. Pero todos estos cambios y revoluciones se dan en ABSTRACT el que fue también el siglo de la sociedad vic- This article expounds the influence that the histori- toriana, tremendamente tradicional y marcado cal context of the celebrated investigator of ancient Greek religion, Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928), por la institución monárquica, encarnada en la had over her personality and the way her persona- Reina Victoria, quien da nombre al todo el pe- lity reflected the main traditional as well as revolu- ríodo y que personifica los principales rasgos tionary motives that gave shape to her time. It will victorianos: la economía capitalista y libre- also show the influx of these influences over some cambista y los valores propios de la burguesía recurrent topics of her work and how her vital evo- evangélica, tales como el culto al trabajo, la lution implied an intellectual evolution, concluding templanza, la castidad o la recta disciplina y that her feminine condition in an academic male la moral puritanas. world and the Victorian moral imposed to her had crucial consequences over her work. Jane Ellen Harrison, figura central del grupo de los Ritualistas de Cambridge, fue una de Keywords las especialistas en religión griega antigua más 1. J. E. Harrison, 2. Victorian epoch, 3. Feminism, criticados de su época, sin duda también una 4. Self-control, 5. Religion, 6. Anthropology. de las más revolucionarias y en su obra se ve la huella de algunos de los pensadores más in- 30: 195-209. 2011, ISSN: 0211-8653 | 195 Jane Ellen Harrison: una mujer en el mundo académico victoriano. novadores del siglo, como Freud, Nietzsche, hasta el momento. Se hace indispensable, Durkheim. Sin embargo, también fue una per- igualmente, aclarar que de las tres biografías fecta heredera de su tiempo, pues mientras es existentes acerca de Jane Ellen Harrison, será educada escrupulosamente en los valores vic- la obra de S. Peacock2 la que sirva de guía torianos más tradicionales, que sin duda calan principal. en su personalidad, por otro lado se rebela contra esa misma sociedad, clamando por esos Semblanza Biográfica cambios que también se empiezan a dar en su Jane Ellen Harrison nace en Cottingham, Yor- siglo. kshire, en 1850. De su educación destaca el Este artículo tratará de dar cuenta de todos esos paso por el Cheltenham College, uno de los aspectos tal y como se reflejaron en la vida de mejores colegios de la Inglaterra victoriana Jane Ellen Harrison, mediante un estudio del para familias de clase media-alta, en el que las modo en el que el siglo en el que vive modela alumnas eran educadas en las mismas materias su vida e igualmente de cómo su personalidad que los varones. refleja muchos de los principales motivos de En 1871 gana una beca en el Newnham Co- continuidad y de ruptura de su tiempo, todo lo llege de Cambridge, al que va en el año de cual define su genio y se refleja, posteriormen- 1874 y en el que sigue el itinerario de estudios te, en sus obras. clásicos, logrando un second en los classical Es preciso aclarar que las biografías sobre esta tripos3 de 1879. autora han sido escritas en clave claramente Posteriormente opta por marcharse a Londres freudiana. Esta interpretación de algunos im- para estudiar arte griego y arqueología en el portantes episodios de su vida se deriva con British Museum con sir Charles Newton, para facilidad, dado que la propia autora llegó a pasar a continuación a liderar tours que la lle- hacer una lectura freudiana de la relación que van durante cinco años a dar conferencias so- 1 mantuvo con su padre y, además, se sintió in- bre temas referentes a Grecia tanto en Londres tensamente atraída por las investigaciones del como en otras partes del país. A esto le siguió autor austríaco, hasta el punto de adoptar este una época de cursos en el South Kensington punto de vista en su obra Epilegomena to the Museum durante otros siete años, conferencias Study of Greek Religion. Sin embargo, esto no en colegios masculinos, e incluso la enseñanza significa que el artículo pretenda adoptar dicha privada a grupos reducidos. perspectiva; simplemente toma de referencia dichas biografías por ser las únicas escritas El período entre 1888 y 1896 es bastante agi- tado para Jane E. Harrison. De hecho, se inicia y concluye con dos intentos de optar al Yates 1 “A man loses his wife early in life (…).The father (…) Professorship in Archaeology en el Universi- marries again. (…)The father (…) is irritated with his ty College de Londres, fracasando en ambos daughter for her obvious uncontrollable misery (…). If he is an early Victorian father, now is the time for him intentos. De todos modos, en esta época tam- to revel in a perfect orgy of self-deception. (…) “My bién alcanza logros importantes. Por ejemplo, dear, be reasonable. The love I feel for my new wife has se convierte en la primera mujer que lleva a nothing to do with my affection for you (…). It is impos- cabo cursos en los edificios de la Universidad sible that I should take from you what was never yours” de Cambridge, en Newnham en 1890; en 1895 (...) etc., etc. recibe un honorario LLD de la Universidad (…) In the daughter´s heart anger at his stupidity is added to desolation. She knows him to be the prey of his de Aberden, convirtiéndose, de nuevo, en la own strong, blinding sex delusion (...). If the father is a primera mujer que lo recibe, y poco antes de man who cares for truth (…) he will perhaps say, “(…) esto, fue reconocida como miembro del Ber- On my hearth a new fire is lit now, by the side of which your flame is pale and cold. By it you cannot stand ...” ((HARRISON, J. E, “Homo Sum”, A&O (1915), pp. 95- 97) vid. PEACOCK, S. J., 1988, pp. 17-18). La propia 2 PEACOK, S.J., 1988. autora admite en su día que toda esta sección es autobio- 3 Se llama classical tripos a los exámenes finales para la gráfica, motivo por el que decidió eliminarla de la obra licenciatura con honores en clásicas de la Universidad de en la versión más breve en forma de artículo, si bien en Cambridge, con una duración de tres o cuatro años, que la posterior publicación ampliada de Alpha and Omega concede el título de Bachelor of Arts. Los resultados se volvió a incluirse. clasifican en First, Seconds, etc. 196 | REVISTA DE ARQUEOLOXÍA E ANTIGÜIDADE Jane Ellen Harrison: una mujer en el mundo académico victoriano. lin Archaeological Institute y del consejo de la esto es, las de ascender en la escala social has- Hellenic Society. ta asimilarse con las clases superiores, por otro lado su conocimiento de esta alta burguesía la Finalmente, en 1898 logra el Research Fe- llevó a realizar una crítica social muy dura en llowship en el Newnham College. El ambiente sus obras: intelectual que se respira en Cambridge la mo- tiva tremendamente, comenzando entonces la Cuando profundizamos en su círculo familiar, parte más fructífera de su carrera intelectual: vemos que la familia de su madre pertenecía en noviembre de 1903 publica la primera de a la gentry mientras que la de su padre era la sus principales obras, Prolegomena to the Stu- típica familia de clase media victoriana, dedi- dy of Greek Religion; y en 1907 comienza a cados al comercio de madera, y que por ello pensar en la idea de escribir Themis, a Study Jane E. Harrison siempre consideró a su fami- of the Social Origins of Greek Religion, al dar- lia materna como superior a la paterna. Esta se cuenta de que Prolegomena es ya una obra diferencia de estatus entre sus progenitores desfasada ante los nuevos datos arqueológicos lleva a Jane E.
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