)JOEBXJ 1VCMJTIJOH $PSQPSBUJPO *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ 7PMVNF  "SUJDMF *%   QBHFT IUUQEYEPJPSH

3FTFBSDI "SUJDMF " $PNNVOBM 4JHO 1PTU PG 4OPX -FPQBSET 3DQWKHUD XQFLD BOE 0UIFS 4QFDJFT PO UIF 5JCFUBO 1MBUFBV $IJOB

+VBO -J  (FPSHF # 4DIBMMFS  5IPNBT . .D$BSUIZ  %BKVO 8BOH  ;IBMB +JBHPOH  1JOH $BJ  -BNBP #BTBOH  BOE ;IJ -V 

 $FOUFS GPS /BUVSF BOE 4PDJFUZ $PMMFHF PG -JGF 4DJFODFT 1FLJOH 6OJWFSTJUZ #FJKJOH  $IJOB  1BOUIFSBBOE8JMEMJGF$POTFSWBUJPO4PDJFUZ 8FTUUI4USFFU UI'MPPS /FX :PSL /:  64"  4OPX -FPQBSE 1SPHSBN 1BOUIFSB  8FTU UI 4USFFU UI 'MPPS /FX :PSL /:  64"  4IBO 4IVJ $POTFSWBUJPO $FOUFS #FJKJOH  $IJOB  8JMEMJGF $POTFSWBUJPO BOE .BOBHFNFOU #VSFBV 2JOHIBJ 'PSFTUSZ %FQBSUNFOU 9JOJOH  2JOHIBJ $IJOB  4BOKJBOHZVBO /BUJPOBM /BUVSF 3FTFSWF 2JOHIBJ 'PSFTUSZ %FQBSUNFOU 9JOJOH  2JOHIBJ $IJOB

$PSSFTQPOEFODF TIPVME CF BEESFTTFE UP +VBO -J MJKVBO!HNBJMDPN

3FDFJWFE  4FQUFNCFS  "DDFQUFE  /PWFNCFS 

"DBEFNJD &EJUPS 3BGBFM 3JPTNFOB3PESÓHVF[

$PQZSJHIU ª  +VBO -J FU BM ćJT JT BO PQFO BDDFTT BSUJDMF EJTUSJCVUFE VOEFS UIF $SFBUJWF $PNNPOT "UUSJCVUJPO -JDFOTF XIJDI QFSNJUT VOSFTUSJDUFE VTF EJTUSJCVUJPO BOE SFQSPEVDUJPO JO BOZ NFEJVN QSPWJEFE UIF PSJHJOBM XPSL JT QSPQFSMZ DJUFE

ćF TOPX MFPQBSE JT B LFZTUPOF TQFDJFT JO NPVOUBJO FDPTZTUFNT PG $FOUSBM "TJB BOE UIF 5JCFUBO 1MBUFBV )PXFWFS MJUUMF JT LOPXO BCPVU UIF JOUFSBDUJPOT CFUXFFO TOPX MFPQBSET BOE TZNQBUSJD DBSOJWPSFT 6TJOH JOGSBSFE DBNFSBT XF GPVOE B SPDLZ KVODUJPO PG UXP WBMMFZT JO 4BOKJBOHZVBO BSFB PO UIF 5JCFUBO 1MBUFBV XIFSF NBOZ NBNNBMT JO UIJT BSFB QBTTFE BOE GSFRVFOUMZ NBSLFE BOE TOJČFE UIFTJUFBUUIFKVODUJPO8FTVHHFTUUIBUUIJTTJUFTFSWFTBTBTJHOQPTUUPNBOZ TQFDJFT JO UIJT BSFB FTQFDJBMMZ TOPX MFPQBSET BOE PUIFS DBSOJWPSFT ćF NBSLFE TJHOT NBZ BMTP BMFSU UIF BOJNBMT QBTTJOH CZ UP UFNQPSBMMZ TFHSFHBUF UIFJS BDUJWJUJFT UP BWPJE QPUFOUJBM DPOĘJDUT 8F VTFE UIF 4DIPFOFS JOEFY UP NFBTVSF UIF EFHSFF PG UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO BNPOH UIF TQFDJFT DBQUVSFE CZ JOGSBSFE DBNFSB USBQTBUUIJTTJUF0VSSFTFBSDISFWFBMTUIFQSPCBCMFXBZTPGCPUIJOUSBBOE JOUFSTQFDJFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO BOE EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU UIF EFHSFF PG UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO NBZ DPSSFMBUF XJUI UIF EFHSFF PG QPUFOUJBM JOUFSTQFDJFT DPNQFUJUJPO ćJT JT BO JNQPSUBOU NFTTBHF UP IFMQ VOEFSTUBOE UIF TUSVDUVSF PG BOJNBM DPNNVOJUJFT %JTDPWFSZ PG UIF TJHO QPTU DMBSJĕFT UIF JNQPSUBODF PG JEFOUJGZJOH LFZ IBCJUBUT BOE TJUFT PG CPUI TOPX MFPQBSET BOE PUIFS TQFDJFT GPS NPSF FČFDUJWF DPOTFSWBUJPO

 *OUSPEVDUJPO 0MGBDUPSZ BOE WJTVBM TJHOBMT BSF LOPXO BT DSVDJBM NFEJ BUPST GPS JOUSBTQFDJFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO .BNNBMT FTQFDJBMMZ ćF TOPX MFPQBSE 1BOUIFSB VODJB BO FOEBOHFSFE TQFDJFT TPMJUBSZ TQFDJFT VTF UIFTF TJHOBMT UP BEWFSUJTF SFQSPEVDUJWF MJTUFE JO *6$/ 3FE -JTU <> PDDVST JO SFNPUF BOE SVHHFE TUBUVT SFDPHOJ[F TFY JEFOUJGZ JOEJWJEVBMT FTUBCMJTI UFSSJUPSZ NPVOUBJOT BDSPTT $FOUSBM "TJB BOE UIF 5JCFUBO 1MBUFBV <> BOE TP PO < > $PNNVOBM TJHO QPTUT IBWF GPS FYBNQMF "T B LFZTUPOF TQFDJFT UIJT DBU IBT BO JNQPSUBOU SPMF JO CFFOGPVOEJOTOPXMFPQBSE<> HJBOUQBOEB "JMVSPQPEB UIFTF NPVOUBJO FDPTZTUFNT <> #VU XJUI POMZ BO FTUJNBUFE NFMBOPMFVDB <> BOE "NFSJDBO CMBDL CFBS 6STVT BNFS QPQVMBUJPO PG o SFNBJOJOH UIF TOPX MFPQBSE HFO JDBOVT <> IBCJUBUT )PXFWFS QSFWJPVT TUVEJFT EJE OPU FSBMMZ PDDVST BU MPX EFOTJUJFT 1PBDIJOH SFUBMJBUPSZ LJMMJOH EFTDSJCF JOUFSTQFDJFT JOUFSBDUJPOT BU TVDI MPDBUJPOT EVF UP MJWFTUPDLTOPX MFPQBSE DPOĘJDU EFDJNBUJPO PG QSFZ *O UIJT TUVEZ XF EJTDPWFSFE B TJUF TOJČFE BOE NBSLFE BOE IBCJUBU EFHSBEBUJPO IBWF BMM DPOUSJCVUFE UP JUT SBSJUZ <> CZ TOPX MFPQBSET BOE TFWFSBM PUIFS DBSOJWPSFT B TJHO QPTU .PTU TUVEJFT PG TOPX MFPQBSE IBWF GPDVTFE PO JUT IBCJUBU 8IJUF FU BM  VTFE UIF UFSN iCVMMFUJO CPBSEw UP EFTDSJCF < >BOEGPPEIBCJUT<o> XIFSFBTMJUUMFJTLOPXOBCPVU TVDI B TJUF VTFE CZ QBOEBT <> ćFSF POF BOJNBM MFBWFT B UIF JOUFSBDUJPO PG TOPX MFPQBSET BOE UIFJS TZNQBUSJD TQFDJFT NFTTBHF TVDI BT GFDFT PS VSJOF GPMMPXFE CZ BOPUIFS BOJNBM  *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ

XIJDI TFFT PS TNFMMT UIJT NFTTBHF 4VDI DPNNVOJDBUJPO JODMVEFE POMZ XIFO UIFZ XFSF PVU PO UIFJS PXO OPU XIFO DPVME IFMQ EJČFSFOU TQFDJFT BWPJE EJSFDU DPOGSPOUBUJPO BOE UIFZ GPMMPXFE QFPQMF NBZ MFBE UP UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO <> 5P JEFOUJGZ UIF JOUFSBDUJPO CFUXFFO TOPX MFPQBSET BOE  %BUB "OBMZTJT $BNFSB USBQ EBUB BSF VTVBMMZ BOBMZ[FE CZ TZNQBUSJD TQFDJFT XF SFDPSEFE UIF EBUF UJNF BOE DPSSF HSPVQJOH EFUFDUJPOT PDDVSSJOH XJUIJO UFO PS UIJSUZ NJOVUFT TQPOEJOH CFIBWJPS PG UIF BOJNBMT QBTTJOH CZ UIJT TJUF XJUI JOUP POF DBQUVSF < > )PXFWFS UIJT NFUIPE IBT UXP JOGSBSFE DBNFSB USBQT ćF BOBMZTJT PG UIFTF CFIBWJPST TIPXFE ĘBXTćFĕSTUĘBXJTUIBUUIFUJNFGSBNFVTFEUPHSPVQUIF UIBU TOPX MFPQBSET BOE PUIFS DBSOJWPSFT GSFRVFOUMZ NBSLFE EFUFDUJPOT JT BSUJĕDJBM /FJUIFS UFO NJOVUFT OPS UIJSUZ NJOVUFT BOE TOJČFE BU UIJT TJUF JOEJDBUJOH UIF TJUF GVODUJPOT BT B TJHO IBT B DMFBS CJPMPHJDBM FYQMBOBUJPO ćF TFDPOE ĘBX JT UIBU QPTU 0VS EBUB BMTP TIPXFE UIBU UIF TZNQBUSJD DBSOJWPSFT HSPVQJOH EFUFDUJPOT PDDVSSJOH XJUIJO B QFSJPE PG UJNF JOUP XFSFUFNQPSBMMZTFHSFHBUFEJOCPUIBOOVBMBOEEBJMZBDUJWJUZ POF DBQUVSF EFDSFBTF EBUB BDDVSBDZ B NFUIPE MFTT TVJUBCMF QBUUFSOT ćF EFHSFF PG UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO NBZ CF SFMBUFE GPS BOBMZTJT PG EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT ćFSFGPSF XF EFĕOF B UP UIF EFHSFF PG DPNQFUJUJPO BNPOH UIF TQFDJFT TJOHMF DBQUVSF BT POF JOEJWJEVBM JODMVEJOH FWFSZ JOEJWJEVBM XJUIJO B HSPVQ QBTTJOH CZ UIF DBNFSB PODF 5P CVJME UIF EBJMZ  .BUFSJBMT BOE .FUIPET BDUJWJUZ DVSWFT XF BWFSBHFE UIF OVNCFS PG DBQUVSFT XJUIJO UIF BEKBDFOU UXP IPVST BT UIF OVNCFS PG DBQUVSFT GPS FBDI  4UVEZ "SFB ćF ĕFME TUVEZ XBT DPOEVDUFE JO 4VPKJB TQFDJFT 'PS FYBNQMF UIF DBQUVSF OVNCFS BU  JT UIF  5PXOTIJQ JO :VTIV 1SFGFDUVSF 'JHVSF  UIF DPSF BSFB PG UIF IPVS BWFSBHF PG DBQUVSFT GSPN  UP  ćF BOOVBM BOE 4BOKJBOHZVBO /BUJPOBM /BUVSF 3FTFSWF 2JOHIBJ 1SPWJODF EBJMZ PWFSMBQ JOEFYFT CFUXFFO UXP TQFDJFT XFSF DBMDVMBUFE $IJOB ćJT SFHJPO IBT B IJHI EFOTJUZ PG TOPX MFPQBSET BDDPSEJOH UP UIF GPSNVMB PG 4DIPFOFS <> < > ćF DMJNBUF JT UZQJDBMMZ XJOEZ BOE ESZ ćF BWFSBHF 5P TVNNBSJ[F XF VTFE UIF GPMMPXJOH GPSNVMBT JO PVS BOOVBM UFNQFSBUVSF JT æӢ$ SBOHF GSPN æӢ$UPæӢ$JO TUVEZ +BOVBSZ BOE Ӣ$UPæӢ$ JO +VMZ BOE UIF BWFSBHF BOOVBM  "DUJWJUZ JOEFY PG UJNF QPJOU ॆ  DBQUVSFT BU UIJT UJNF QSFDJQJUBUJPO JT o NN <> "MQJOF NFBEPX JT UIF QPJOU  DBQUVSFT BU UIF XIPMF UJNF GSBNF  NBKPS WFHFUBUJPO UZQF DPOTJTUJOH PG NBJOMZ B MBZFS VQ UP ६  DN UIJDL PG UVSG EFOTFMZ DPWFSFE XJUI TFEHF ,PCSFTJB  $BQUVSF  å१ *OEJWJEVBMT ६  OVNCFS PG UJNFT TQQ  *O BEEJUJPO UP UIF TOPX MFPQBSE UIF NBJO NBNNBM BOJNBM QBTTFT CZ UIF DBNFSB  TQFDJFT JO UIJT BSFB JODMVEF UIF HSBZ XPMG $BOJT MVQVT  UIF 5JCFUBO CSPXO CFBS 6STVT BSDUPT UIF &VSBTJBO MZOY -ZOY MZOY UIF SFE GPY 7VMQFT WVMQFT UIF 5JCFUBO GPY  ६ ঩ æ ǀ ω८ æ८ ω  7VMQFT GFSSJMBUB 1BMMBTT DBU 0UPDPMPCVT NBOVM UIF TUPOF १२  १ॠ २ॠ NBSUFO .BSUFT GPJOB UIF CMVF TIFFQ 1TFVEPJT OBZBVS ॠ UIF )JNBMBZBO NBSNPU .BSNPUB IJNBMBZBOB UIF QMBUFBV XIFSF ঩१२ JT UIF PWFSMBQ JOEFY PG UFNQPSBM OJDIF QJLB 0DIPUPOB DVS[POJBF UIF MBSHFFBSFE QJLB 0DIPUPOB CFUXFFO TQFDJFT १ BOE TQFDJFT २ ८१ॠ BOE ८२ॠ BSF UIF NBDSPUJT BOE WBSJPVT TNBMM SPEFOUT <> QSPQPSUJPOT PG ॠUI NPOUI GPS BOOVBM PWFSMBQ JOEFY PS IPVS GPS EBJMZ PWFSMBQ JOEFY VTFE CZ TQFDJFT १ BOE  $BNFSB 5SBQQJOH 'SPN +BOVBSZ   UP %FDFNCFS  TQFDJFT २ SFTQFDUJWFMZ  POF 3FDPOZY )$ )ZQFS'JSF5. QBTTJWF JOGSBSFE  5PUBM PWFSMBQ JOEFY  "OOVBM PWFSMBQ JOEFY o %BJMZ DBNFSB 3FDPOZY *OD 64" XBT JOTUBMMFE  DN BCPWF PWFSMBQ JOEFY HSPVOE CFTJEF BO PWFSIBOHJOH SPDL XJUI TFWFSBM TOPX MFPQBSE TDSBQFT BOE DBSOJWPSF GFDFT TJUF 4+ JO 'JHVSF   ćF 8F FNQMPZFE UIF TPęXBSF ॗ UP EP IJFSBSDIJDBM DMVTUFS DBNFSB XPSLFE XJUIPVU EFMBZ CFUXFFO FBDI DPOTFDVUJWF BOBMZTJT PG UIF QBJSXJTF UPUBM PWFSMBQ JOEFY XJUI BWFSBHF FYQPTVSF &WFSZ UJNF BOJNBMT USJHHFSFE UIF DBNFSB UFO MJOLBHF NFUIPE BOE HFOFSBUFE B DMVTUFS EFOESPHSBN <> DPOUJOVPVT JNBHFT XFSF DBQUVSFE ćF DBNFSB XBT DIFDLFE 8F EJE OPU JODMVEF NBSNPU QJLB BOE TUPOF NBSUFO JO BCPVUFWFSZUFOEBZTUPFOTVSFUIFBOHMFSFNBJOFEDPOTJTUFOU UIFTF BOBMZTFT CFDBVTF UIFZ XFSF UPP TNBMM GPS PVS DBNFSB UP BOE CBUUFSJFT XFSF DIBSHFE /P CBJU PS TDFOU MVSF XBT VTFE EFUFDU XJUI JUT  DN IFJHIU BCPWF HSPVOE PS UPP JOGSFRVFOUMZ *O UIF TBNF XBZ BOPUIFS  JOGSBSFE DBNFSBT XFSF QMBDFE SFDPSEFE GPS BOBMZTJT BU  TJUFT GSPN MBUF "QSJM  POXBSE 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ POMZ DBNFSBT PO ĕWF TJUFT XPSLFE QSPQFSMZ GPS BSPVOE TJY NPOUIT  3FTVMUT BOE UIFTF EBUB BSF JODMVEFE IFSF TJUF 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ BOE 4+ JO 'JHVSF   0UIFS DBNFSBT XFSF MPTU PS  $BNFSB 5SBQ $BQUVSFT *O  USBQ EBZT GSPN +BOVBSZ  EBNBHFE  UISPVHI %FDFNCFS   XF PCUBJOFE  DBQUVSFT ćFCFIBWJPSTPGDBSOJWPSFTXFSFEJWJEFEJOUPUISFF PG DBSOJWPSFT BOE  DBQUVSFT PG IFSCJWPSFT BU UIF TJUF 4+ DBUFHPSJFT TOJďOH SFDFJWJOH JOGPSNBUJPO NBSLJOH TFOE 'JHVSF  JODMVEJOH TOPX MFPQBSET  DBQUVSFT HSBZ JOH JOGPSNBUJPO BOE PUIFST 4OJďOH CFIBWJPS XBT EFĕOFE XPMWFT  EPNFTUJD EPHT  CSPXO CFBST  SFE GPYFT BT TNFMMJOH UIF HSPVOE PS SPDL "OE UIF NBSLJOH CFIBW  5JCFUBO GPYFT  1BMMBTT DBUT  TUPOF NBSUFOT  JPS JODMVEFE CFIBWJPST TVDI BT TDSBQJOH DIFFL SVCCJOH CMVF TIFFQ  BOE MJWFTUPDL  5BCMF  'JHVSF   4OPX CBDL SVCCJOH TQSBZJOH VSJOBUJOH PS EFGFDBUJOH %PHT XFSF MFPQBSET XFSF UIF NPTU GSFRVFOUMZ QIPUPHSBQIFE DBSOJWPSFT *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ 

94◦00E

SJ002 06123 (km) SJ001 SJ012 SJ008 SJ010 N N   0 0   0 0 ◦ ◦ 34 34

China SJ004 River N Beijing city Study area

94◦00E “Sign post” Elevation value 5 other sites High: 5857 Road Low: 4163 River

'ĶĴłĿIJ  -PDBUJPOT PG DBNFSB USBQT JO 4VPKJB 5PXOTIJQ JO :VTIV 1SFGFDUVSF 2JOHIBJ 1SPWJODF $IJOB

160 145  4OPXMFPQBSETNBSLFENPTUBDUJWFMZ EPJOHTPJOPVUPG 140  DBQUVSFT 8PMWFT NBSLFE BQQSPYJNBUFMZ UFO NFUFST GSPN 120 UIJT DBNFSB CVU GSPN 0DUPCFS UP %FDFNCFS UIFZ CFHBO UP 106 100 NBSL UIF HSPVOE OFBS CZ JU %PHT BMTP TOJČFE IFSF GSFRVFOUMZ 86 81 #SPXO CFBST TOJČFE UIJT TJUF BMNPTU FWFSZ UJNF UIFZ QBTTFE 80 73 BOE PęFO SVCCFE UIFJS CBDL 3FE BOE 5JCFUBO GPYFT CPUI Numbers 60 44 42 44 TFFNFE UP QSFGFS UP TOJČ NPSF UIBO UP NBSL 40 30 28 14 16 16 20 127 11 5 3 3 221 6 0 0  "DUJWJUZ 1BUUFSOT "NPOH UIF MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT TOPX cat wolf Gray fox bear MFPQBSET WJTJUFE UIJT TJUF 4+ UISPVHIPVU UIF ZFBS UIFJS Stone dog Brown Snow marten Pallas’s leopard Red fox Red Tibetan

Domestic BOOVBM BDUJWJUZ DVSWF QFBLJOH JO 'FCSVBSZ 'JHVSF  B  *O Species DPOUSBTU CSPXO CFBST PDDVSSFE NBJOMZ JO .BZ BOE 0DUPCFS Capture BOE XPMWFT BQQFBSFE UP CF NPTU BDUJWF BU UIJT TJUF JO 'FCSVBSZ Sniffing BOE 0DUPCFS %PNFTUJD EPHT TIPXFE B QFBL JO XJOUFS 'JHVSF Marking  B  "T GPS EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT TOPX MFPQBSET XFSF BDUJWF 'ĶĴłĿIJ  $BNFSB USBQ DBQUVSFT PG FBDI DBSOJWPSF TQFDJFT XJUI BU UIJT TJUF UISPVHIPVU UIF OJHIU XJUI B TMJHIUMZ DSFQVTDVMBS TOJďOH BOE NBSLJOH CFIBWJPST PO UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU USFOE 8PMWFT QBTTFE CZ BU OPPO BOE EVTL XIFSFBT CSPXO CFBST POMZ BQQFBSFE BU UIF SPDL CFGPSF EBXO 'JHVSF  C  "NPOH UIF TNBMM DBSOJWPSFT UIF BOOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSO PG 5JCFUBO GPYFT XBT WFSZ TJNJMBS UP UIBU PG CSPXO CFBST XIJMF BOE XF JEFOUJĕFE TJY BEVMUT BOE POF DVC "T GPS TZNQBUSJD SFE GPYFT QBTTFE CZ UISPVHIPVU UIF ZFBS 'JHVSF  B  %BJMZ DBSOJWPSFT OP GFXFS UIBO ĕWF CSPXO CFBST BOE TJY XPMWFT QBUUFSOT TIPXFE UIBU SFE GPYFT UZQJDBMMZ WJTJUFE POMZ BU OJHIU XFSF JEFOUJĕFE 8F XFSF VOBCMF UP EJTDSJNJOBUF CFUXFFO UIF XIFSFBT 5JCFUBO GPYFT BOE 1BMMBTT DBUT DBNF IFSF UISPVHIPVU JOEJWJEVBMT PG SFE GPYFT JODMVEJOH POF ZPVOH PS 5JCFUBO UIF EBZ 'JHVSF  C  GPYFT ćF TQFDJFT QIPUPHSBQIFE SFQSFTFOUFE BMNPTU BMM UIF ćF IFSCJWPSFT QIPUPHSBQIFE BU UIJT TJUF XFSF MJWFTUPDL DBSOJWPSFT GPVOE JO UIJT BSFB FYDFQU UIF MZOY BOE PUIFS TNBMM POMZ EPNFTUJD ZBLT BU UIJT TJUF BOE CMVF TIFFQ -JWFTUPDL NVTUFMJET ćF DBQUVSFT PG DBNFSB USBQT GSPN  PUIFS TJUFT XJMM QBTTFE CZ UIJT TJUF BęFS  ". BOE SFUVSOFE CFGPSF  1. CF VTFE GPS DPNQBSJTPO JO EJTDVTTJPO TFDUJPO UIFJS BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSO EFQFOEJOH PO UIF IFSEFST 'JHVSF  B  #MVF TIFFQ BQQFBSFE UP BWPJE MJWFTUPDL CZ BQQFBSJOH BU UIJT  #FIBWJPS .PTUDBSOJWPSFTEJEOPUKVTUQBTTCZUIFTJUF TJUF CFGPSF  ". BOE BęFS  1. CVU OFWFS BU OJHIU 4+ CVU TQFOU UJNF TOJďOH BOE NBSLJOH JU 5BCMF  'JHVSF 'JHVSF  C   *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ

5ĮįĹIJ  /VNCFST PG DBQUVSFT TOJďOH BOE NBSLJOH CFIBWJPS PG FBDI TQFDJFT DBQUVSFE CZ DBNFSB USBQQJOH BU UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU

(SPVQ &OHMJTI OBNF -BUJO OBNF *6$/ $/ $BQUVSF 4OJďOH .BSLJOH 4OPX MFPQBSE 1BOUIFSB VODJB &/ *    (SBZ XPMG $BOJT MVQVT -$ **    -BSHF DBSOJWPSFT %PNFTUJD EPH $BOJT MVQVT    #SPXO CFBS 6STVT BSDUPT -$ **    3FE GPY 7VMQFT WVMQFT -$ ‰    5JCFUBO GPY 7VMQFT GFSSJMBUB -$ ‰    4NBMM DBSOJWPSFT 1BMMBTT DBU 0UPDPMPCVT NBOVM /5 **    4UPOF NBSUFO .BSUFT GPJOB -$ **    #MVF TIFFQ 1TFVEPJT OBZBVS -$ **  /" /" )FSCJWPSFT %PNFTUJD ZBL #PT NVUVT  /" /"  *6$/ FOEBOHFSFE TQFDJFT DBUFHPSZ 3FE -JTU  &/ FOEBOHFSFE /5 OFBS UISFBUFOFE -$ MFBTU DPODFSO $BUFHPSZ PG QSPUFDUFE XJMEMJGF TQFDJFT VOEFS $IJOBT 8JMEMJGF 1SPUFDUJPO-BX ‰NFBOTOPUMJTUFE

0.7 0.4

0.6 0.3 0.5

0.4 0.2 0.3 Activity index Activity

Activity index Activity 0.2 0.1 0.1

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224 Month Time (h)

Snow leopard Domestic dog Snow leopard Domestic dog Gray wolf Brown bear Gray wolf Brown bear B C

'ĶĴłĿIJ  B "OOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BOE C EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT PG MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT PO UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU 4OPX MFPQBSE ६   HSBZ XPMG ६   EPNFTUJD EPH ६ BOE CSPXO CFBS ६ BSF JODMVEFE

 %JTDVTTJPO EFQPTJUJOH TDFOU BOE SVCCJOH 8IFSFBT PUIFS  TJUFT BSF OPU MPDBUFE BU DSPTTSPBET ćFSFGPSF JU JT OPU TVSQSJTJOH UIBU UIJT  4JHO 1PTU $PNQBSFEXJUIUIFDBQUVSFTPGPUIFSDBN TJUF JT GBWPSFE CZ TP NBOZ DBSOJWPSF TQFDJFT BOE TFSWFT BT B FSBT QMBDFE OFBSCZ 'JHVSF  UIF OVNCFS PG TOPX MFPQBSET DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU DBQUVSFE BU TJUF 4+ XBT NVDI HSFBUFS TFF JO 5BCMF   ćJT EJČFSFODF JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIJT TJUF IBE TQFDJBM SFMFWBODF GPS JOUSBTQFDJFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO JO UIJT BSFB "EEJUJPOBMMZ UIF EJWFSTJUZ PG DBSOJWPSF TQFDJFT QIPUPHSBQIFE XBT UIF IJHIFTU  5FNQPSBM 4FHSFHBUJPO .BOZ NBNNBMT TIBSFE UIJT TJHO JNQMZJOHUIBUUIJTTJUFNJHIUBMTPTFSWFBTBGPDBMQPJOUGPS QPTU FTQFDJBMMZ UIF DBSOJWPSFT XIJDI TOJČFE BOE NBSLFE JU JOUFSTQFDJFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO TFF JO 5BCMF   1SFWJPVT TUVEJFT GSFRVFOUMZ *O BEEJUJPO DBSOJWPSFT QSFZ PO IFSCJWPSFT BOE IBWF TIPXFE UIBU NBNNBMT TFMFDU DPOTQJDVPVT PCKFDUT BU UIFZ BMTP QSFZ PO FBDI PUIFS BOE BHF TJ[F BOE QBUUFSOT PG NBKPS USBďD IVCT UP DPNNVOJDBUF XJUI FBDI PUIFS 'PS HSPVQJOH MBSHFMZ EFUFSNJOF UIF PVUDPNF PG TVDI JOUFSBDUJPOT FYBNQMF TOPXMFPQBSETQSFGFSUPNBSLBUNPVOUBJOQBTTFT < > 5FNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO JT BO JNQPSUBOU NFDIBOJTN DMJČ CBTFT DPOĘVFODF PG SJWFST BOE PUIFS DPOTQJDVPVT QMBDFT GPS UIFTF TQFDJFT UP DPFYJTU BOE BWPJE EJSFDU DPOGSPOUBUJPO < > #SPXO CFBST UFOE UP NBSL BMPOH USBWFM SPVUFT <> <> 5P VOEFSTUBOE UIJT UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO XF ĕSTU XIFSFBT XPMWFT QSFGFS DSPTTSPBET < > ćJT TJUF JT MPDBUFE BOBMZ[FE UIF QSPCBCMF GBDUPST BČFDUJOH BOOVBM BOE EBJMZ BU B KVODUVSF PG UXP NBKPS WBMMFZT XJUI BO PWFSIBOHJOH SPDL BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT PG UIF EJČFSFOU TQFDJFT BOE UIFO DPNCJOFE BU UIF CBTF PG B DMJČ "OJNBMT USBWFMJOH BMPOH UIFTF WBMMFZT UIF QBJSXJTF BOOVBM BOE EBJMZ PWFSMBQ JOEFYFT JOUP B DMVTUFS QBTTCZIFSF BOEUIFSPDLJTBUBOBQQSPQSJBUFIFJHIUGPS EFOESPHSBN UP TIPX UIFJS JOUFSSFMBUJPOTIJQ *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ 

0.7 0.4

0.6 0.3 0.5

0.4 0.2 0.3 Activity index Activity Activity index Activity 0.2 0.1 0.1

0 0 123456789101112 024681012141618202224 Month Time (h)

Snow leopard Tibetan fox Snow leopard Tibetan fox Red fox Pallas’s cat Red fox Pallas’s cat B C

'ĶĴłĿIJ  B "OOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BOE C EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT PG TOPX MFPQBSE ६   BOE TNBMM DBSOJWPSFT PO UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU3FEGPY ६ 5JCFUBO GPY ६ BOE1BMMBTTDBU ६ BSF JODMVEFE

0.4 0.7

0.6 0.3 0.5

0.4 0.2 0.3 Activity index Activity Activity index Activity 0.2 0.1 0.1

0 0 123456789101112 0 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224 Month Time (h)

Snow leopard Snow leopard Blue sheep Blue sheep Domestic yak Domestic yak B C

'ĶĴłĿIJ  B "OOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BOE C EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT PG UIF TOPX MFPQBSE ६   BOE IFSCJWPSFT PO UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU#MVFTIFFQ ६   BOEMJWFTUPDL ६   BSF JODMVEFE

"OOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BSF UP B MBSHF FYUFOU EFUFSNJOFE TBJE UP CF NVDI NPSF BDUJWF CFGPSF IJCFSOBUJPO UP MBZ PO GBU CZ UIF OBUVSBM DZDMFT BOE TPNFXIBU EJČFSFOU IBCJUBU QSFGFS <> $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF BOOVBM BDUJWJUZ DVSWF PG UIFTF CFBST FODFT PG TQFDJFT 4OPX MFPQBSET GPS FYBNQMF SFNBJO JO TUFFQ TIPXT QFBLT JO .BZ BOE JO 0DUPCFS SPDLZ UFSSBJOT UIF XIPMF ZFBS CVU UIFZ BSF TMJHIUMZ NPSF BDUJWF $PNQBSFE UP BOOVBM BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT UIF EBJMZ POFT JOUIF'FCSVBSZNBUJOHTFBTPOXIFOUIFZNBZSPBNXJEFMZUP BQQFBSFE UP CF NPSF ĘFYJCMF "ČFDUFE CZ WBSJPVT GBDUPST ĕOE B NBUF 8PMWFT QSFGFS UP MJWF JO MFTT QSFDJQJUPVT UFSSBJOT BNPOH UIFN IVOUJOH BOE PUIFS IVNBO BDUJWJUJFT BOJNBMT <>ćFBDUJWJUZQFBLJO'FCSVBSZNBZCFEVFUPUIFJSNBUJOH NBZ CFDPNF NPSF OPDUVSOBM PS TFFL EJČFSFOU IBCJUBUT ćF TFBTPO CVU XF IBWF OP FYQMBOBUJPO GPS UIF 0DUPCFS POF JOUFSBDUJPOT BNPOH UIF WBSJPVT TQFDJFT NBZ BMTP BČFDU JU 5P #FBSTBQQBSFOUMZNBUFNBJOMZJO.BZBOE+VOFBOEIJCFSOBUF CF TQFDJĕD UIF TOPX MFPQBSE JT BDUJWF NBJOMZ BU OJHIU BOE GSPN BCPVU MBUF 0DUPCFS UP FBSMZ .BSDI BDDPSEJOH UP PVS JUTQSFZ UIFCMVFTIFFQXIJDIJTBDUJWFBSPVOEUIJTTJUFPOMZ QSFMJNJOBSZ EBUB 8F GPVOE TFWFSBM DBWFT JO XIJDI CFBST IBE EVSJOH UIF EBZ TIPXFE B DPOTQJDVPVT EJČFSFODF PG UIFJS IJCFSOBUFE OFBS UIJT DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU #SPXO CFBST BSF BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT 8PMWFT UFOE UP CF OPDUVSOBM XJUI BDUJWJUZ  *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ

Cluster dendrogram

0.9 Livestock

0.8 Blue sheep

0.7 wolf Gray Height Domestic dog Brown bear Brown

0.6

0.5 Red fox fox Red Pallas’s cat Pallas’s Tibetan fox fox Tibetan Snow leopard Snow 'ĶĴłĿIJ  $MVTUFS BOBMZTJT EFOESPHSBN PG QBJSXJTF UPUBM PWFSMBQ JOEFYFT *U TIPXT UIF JOUFSSFMBUJPOTIJQ PG UIF OJOF TQFDJFT BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BU UIF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU )FJHIU SFQSFTFOUT UIF EJTUBODF MJOLBHF CFUXFFO DMVTUFST

5ĮįĹIJ  /VNCFS PG DBQUVSFT PG FBDI TQFDJFT PO TJY TJUFT GSPN .BZ  UP 0DUPCFS  

(SPVQ 4QFDJFT 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 4OPX MFPQBSE       (SBZ XPMG       -BSHF DBSOJWPSFT %PNFTUJD EPH       #SPXOCFBS 3FE GPY       5JCFUBOGPY 4NBMM DBSOJWPSFT 1BMMBTTDBU 4UPOFNBSUFO #MVF TIFFQ       )FSCJWPSFT -JWFTUPDL       5PUBM        ćF DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU ćF DBNFSB EJE OPU XPSL GSPN +VMZ  UP "VHVTU  CFDBVTF CBUUFSJFT XFSF EFBE

MFWFMT QFBLJOH BU EBXO BOE EVTL JO PUIFS BSFBT < > EFOESPHSBN DPODJTFMZ TIPXT UIF SFTVMU PG IJFSBSDIJDBM DMVT XIFSFBT UIFJS BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT XFSF EJVSOBM BU UIF DPNNVOBM UFSJOH PG UIF DPNQMFY QBJSXJTF UPUBM PWFSMBQ JOEFYFT 'JHVSF TJHO QPTU ćJT DPVME CF EVF UP BWPJEBODF CFUXFFO XPMWFT BOE   ćF TQFDJFT XJUIJO UIF TBNF HSPVQ UFOE UP IBWF TJNJMBS TOPX MFPQBSET DBVTJOH POF TQFDJFT TIJę JUT BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSO BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT "T TIPXO JO 'JHVSF  UIF OJOF TQFDJFT XFSF JOUP BO PQQPTJUF QIBTF <> #SPXO CFBST POMZ QBTTFE CZ UIJT DMVTUFSFE JOUP  MBSHF CSBODIFT OBNFMZ MJWFTUPDL CMVF TIFFQ TJUF BU OJHIU XJUI QFBLT BU  BOE  BT TIPXO JO PVS GFX BOE UIF DBSOJWPSFT "T FYQFDUFE IFSCJWPSFT BWPJE QSFEBUJPO SFDPSET 8F GPVOE UIBU CFBST XPVME GPMMPX TOPX MFPQBSET UP CZ MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT CZ TUBHHFSJOH UIFJS QSFTFODF BU UIJT TJUF TDBWFOHF PO UIFJS LJMMT BOE UIJT JT QFSIBQT POF SFBTPO UIFJS ćFO UIFSF BSF UXP BQQBSFOU DMVTUFST VOEFS UIF DBSOJWPSF EBJMZ BDUJWJUZ QBUUFSOT BSF TJNJMBS CSBODI POF DPNQPTFE PG CSPXO CFBST 1BMMBTT DBUT TOPX 5P NFBTVSF UIF EFHSFF PG UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO CFUXFFO MFPQBSET BOE UIF UXP GPY TQFDJFT BOE UIF PUIFS PG HSBZ XPMWFT BOZ UXP TQFDJFT BU UIJT DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU XF JOUSPEVDFE BOE EPNFTUJD EPHT 8PMWFT PDDBTJPOBMMZ LJMM EPHT CVU UIFZ UIF UPUBM PWFSMBQ JOEFY TFF 4FDUJPO  XIJDI SFQSFTFOUT UIF XFSF DMVTUFSFE UPHFUIFS ćF UISFF NBJO MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT PWFSBMM FČFDU PG BOOVBM BOE EBJMZ UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO ćF UIPTF XJUI UIF HSFBUFTU QPUFOUJBM DPOĘJDU‰TOPX MFPQBSE *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ 

XPMG BOE CSPXO CFBS‰XFSF HSPVQFE JOUP EJČFSFOU DMVTUFST 4USBUFHZ 4VNNJU 5 .D$BSUIZ BOE + 8FMU[JO &ET QQ o TIPXJOH UIBU UIFZ NJHIU IBWF EFWFMPQFE B NFDIBOJTN UP *OUFSOBUJPOBM 4OPX -FPQBSE 5SVTU 4FBUUMF 8BTI 64"  BWPJE DPOĘJDUT FTQFDJBMMZ UIF XPMG BOE UIF TOPX MFPQBSE <> 3 . +BDLTPO BOE ( "IMCPSO i"QSFMJNJOBSZ IBCJUBU TVJUBCJMJUZ ćVT UIF EFHSFF PG TFHSFHBUJPO NBZ SFMBUF UP UIF QPTJUJPO PG NPEFMGPSUIFTOPXMFPQBSE 1BOUIFSB VODJB w JO *OUFSOBUJPOBM TQFDJFT JO UIF GPPE DIBJO GSPN IFSCJWPSFT TNBMM DBSOJWPSFT 1FEJHSFF #PPL PG 4OPX -FPQBSET WPM  QQ o  UP MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT BT XFMM BT UP CPEZ TJ[F <> . 8PMG BOE 4 "MF i4JHOT BU UIF UPQ IBCJUBU GFBUVSFT JOĘVFODJOH TOPX MFPQBSE 6ODJB VODJB BDUJWJUZ JO TBHBSNBUIB OBUJPOBM QBSL OFQBM w +PVSOBM PG .BNNBMPHZ WPM  OP  QQ o   $PODMVTJPOT <> ( # 4DIBMMFS 3 +VOSBOH BOE 2 .JOHKJBOH i4UBUVT PG UIF *O TVNNBSZ VTJOH DBNFSB USBQT XF JEFOUJĕFE BO JNQPS TOPX -FPQBSE 1BOUIFSB VODJB JO 2JOHIBJ BOE (BOTV 1SPWJODFT $IJOB w #JPMPHJDBM $POTFSWBUJPO WPM  OP  QQ o UBOUNBSLJOHTJUFPSTJHOQPTUVTFECZTOPXMFPQBSET  BOE TFWFSBM TZNQBUSJD TQFDJFT GPS JOUSB BOE JOUFSTQFDJFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO 8F JOUSPEVDFE UIF 4DIPFOFS JOEFY BOE <> 4 #BHDIJ BOE $ .JTISB i-JWJOH XJUI MBSHF DBSOJWPSFT QSFEB UJPO PO MJWFTUPDL CZ UIF TOPX MFPQBSE 6ODJB VODJB w +PVSOBM PG DMVTUFSJOH EFOESPHSBN UP NFBTVSF BOE SFQSFTFOU UIF EFHSFF ;PPMPHZ WPM  OP  QQ o  PG UFNQPSBM TFHSFHBUJPO CFUXFFO TQFDJFT QIPUPHSBQIFE BOE <> 5 4BOHBZ BOE , 7FSOFT i)VNBOXJMEMJGF DPOĘJDU JO UIF GPVOE UIBU UIFZ XFSF UFNQPSBMMZ TFHSFHBUFE NPSF PS MFTT BU ,JOHEPN PG #IVUBO QBUUFSOT PG MJWFTUPDL QSFEBUJPO CZ MBSHF UIJT MPDBUJPO QSFTVNBCMZ UP BWPJE EJSFDU DPOGSPOUBUJPOT 4VDI NBNNBMJBO DBSOJWPSFT w #JPMPHJDBM $POTFSWBUJPO WPM  OP B DPNNVOBM TJHO QPTU QSPWJEFE QSFMJNJOBSZ LOPXMFEHF PG  QQ o  UIF ĕOFSTDBMFE IBCJUBU VTF PG TOPX MFPQBSET BOE PG OJDIF <> , 3BJMT i.BNNBMJBO TDFOU NBSLJOH w 4DJFODF WPM  OP TFHSFHBUJPO CFUXFFO TQFDJFT BO JNQPSUBOU DPOTJEFSBUJPO GPS  QQ o  QSPUFDUJOHLFZIBCJUBUTPGTOPXMFPQBSETBOEPUIFSTZNQBUSJD <> + ' &JTFOCFSH BOE % ( ,MFJNBO i0MGBDUPSZ DPNNVOJDBUJPO NBNNBMT 'VUVSF SFTFBSDI DPVME MPDBUF BOE JOWFTUJHBUF PUIFS JO NBNNBMT w "OOVBM 3FWJFX PG &DPMPHZ BOE 4ZTUFNBUJDT WPM  TVDI TJUFT JO PSEFS UP MFBSO IPX JOUSBTQFDJFT BOE JOUFSTQFDJFT QQ o  DPNNVOJDBUJPOT BSF DPOEVDUFE BT XFMM BT VOEFSTUBOEJOH <> 3 . +BDLTPO )PNF SBOHF NPWFNFOUT BOE IBCJUBU VTF PG TOPX UIFDPNNVOJUZTUSVDUVSFTBOESPMFPGTOPXMFPQBSETJOUIF -FPQBSE 6ODJBVODJB JO/FQBM<1I%UIFTJT> 6OJWFSTJUZPG FDPTZTUFN -POEPO -POEPO 6,  <> 3 3 4XBJTHPPE % ( -JOECVSH " . 8IJUF ; )FNJO $POëJDU PG *OUFSFTU BOE ; 9JBPQJOH i$IFNJDBM DPNNVOJDBUJPO JO HJBOU QBOEBT FYQFSJNFOUBUJPO BOE BQQMJDBUJPO w JO (JBOU 1BOEBT #JPMPHZ 8F DFSUJGZ UIBU UIFSF JT OP DPOĘJDU PG JOUFSFTU JO UIJT QBQFS BOE $POTFSWBUJPO % ( -JOECVSH BOE , #BSPOHB &ET QQ o 0YGPSE 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT 0YGPSE 6,  <> 5 - #VSTU i#MBDL CFBS NBSL USFFT JO UIF 4NPLZ .PVOUBJOT w "DLOPXMFEHNFOUT JO 1SPDFFEJOHT PG UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $POGFSFODF PO #FBS 3FTFBSDI BOE .BOBHFNFOU WPM  QQ o  ćJT TUVEZ XBT B QSFMJNJOBSZ FČPSU PG B MBSHFS TOPX MFPQBSE <> " . 8IJUF 3 3 4XBJTHPPE BOE ) ;IBOH i$IFNJDBM SFTFBSDI BOE DPOTFSWBUJPO QSPKFDU KPJOUMZ DPOEVDUFE CZ 2JOH DPNNVOJDBUJPO JO UIF HJBOU QBOEB "JMVSPQPEB NFMBOPMFVDB  IBJ 'PSFTUSZ %FQBSUNFOU 4IBO 4IVJ $POTFSWBUJPO $FOUFS UIF SPMF PG BHF JO UIF TJHOBMMFS BOE BTTFTTPS w +PVSOBMPG;PPMPHZ UIF $FOUFS GPS /BUVSF BOE 4PDJFUZ PG 1FLJOH 6OJWFSTJUZ WPM  OP  QQ o  BOE UIF 1BOUIFSB BOE UIF 4OPX -FPQBSE 5SVTU ćF BVUIPST <> 5 8 4DIPFOFS i3FTPVSDF QBSUJUJPOJOH JO FDPMPHJDBM DPNNV UIBOL 5VEFOH[IBYJ "OHZF /BOHDBJDJDIFOH /BPCPXFOEJOH OJUJFT w 4DJFODF WPM  OP  QQ o  #BJSBOH BOE PUIFST GSPN 4VC(POHTB .POBTUFSZ BOE -BO <> : -JBP ićF HFPHSBQIJDBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG PVODFT JO 2JOHIBJ 8V -JOHZVO 9JBP BOE .FJRJ -JV GSPN 1FLJOH 6OJWFSTJUZ GPS 1SPWJODF w "DUB ćFSJPMPHJDB 4JOJDB WPM  QQ o  UIFJS BTTJTUBODF JO UIF ĕFME XPSL 0UIFST DPOUSJCVUFE UP UIF <> % 1 .BMMPO i3FTFBSDI TVSWFZ BOE CJPEJWFSTJUZ QMBOOJOH PO QSPKFDU BNPOH UIFN )BOH :JO )BJZVBO .B %BXBKJBOHDBJ UIF 5JCFU2JOHIBJ 1MBUFBV $IJOB w 'JOBM 3FQPSU 'PS %BSXJO BOE ;IBYJEVPKJF ćFZ BMTP FYUFOE UIFJS TQFDJBM BQQSFDJBUJPO *OJUJBUJWF 'PS UIF 4VSWJWBM PG 4QFDJFT  UP 4BOEBO -J -J ;IBOH :V ;IBOH PG UIF 2JOHIBJ 'PSFTUSZ <> 4 -J 8 + .DTIFB % 8BOH - 4IBP BOE 9 4IJ ićF VTF PG %FQBSUNFOU BOE 3VPGBO -J 3FO[FOH BOE PUIFST GSPN 2JOH JOGSBSFEUSJHHFSFE DBNFSBT GPS TVSWFZJOH QIBTJBOJET JO 4JDIVBO IBJ 4BOKJBOHZVBO /BUVSF 3FTFSWF 1SPWJODF $IJOB w *CJT WPM  OP  QQ o  <> 5 ( 0#SJFO . ' ,JOOBJSE BOE ) 5 8JCJTPOP i$SPVDIJOH 3FGFSFODFT UJHFST IJEEFO QSFZ 4VNBUSBO UJHFS BOE QSFZ QPQVMBUJPOT JO B USPQJDBM GPSFTU MBOETDBQF w "OJNBM $POTFSWBUJPO WPM  OP  QQ <> 3 . +BDLTPO % .BMMPO 5 .D$BSUIZ 3 " $IVOEBXBZ BOE o  # )BCJC i1BOUIFSB VODJB w J O *6$/  *6$/ 3FE -JTU PG <> 5 8 4DIPFOFS ićF "OPMJT MJ[BSET PG #JNJOJ SFTPVSDF QBSUJ ćSFBUFOFE 4QFDJFT 7FSTJPO    UJPOJOH JO B DPNQMFY GBVOB w &DPMPHZ WPM  QQ o  <> 5 . .D$BSUIZ BOE ( $IBQSPO 4OPX -FPQBSE 4VSWJWBM <> 3 %FWFMPQNFOU $PSF 5FBN 3 " MBOHVBHF BOE &OWJSPONFOU GPS 4USBUFHZ *4-5 BOE 4-/ 4FBUUMF 8BTI 64"  4UBUJTUJDBM $PNQVUJOH 3 'PVOEBUJPO GPS 4UBUJTUJDBM $PNQVUJOH <> : 7 #IBUOBHBS 7 # .BUIVS BOE 5 .D$BSUIZ i" SFHJPOBM 7JFOOB "VTUSJB  QFSTQFDUJWF GPS TOPX MFPQBSE DPOTFSWBUJPO JO UIF *OEJBO 5SBOT <> ( # 4DIBMMFS .PVOUBJO.POBSDIT8JME4IFFQBOE(PBUTPGUIF )JNBMBZB w JO $POUSJCVUFE1BQFSTUPUIF4OPX-FPQBSE4VSWJWBM )JNBMBZB 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $IJDBHP 1SFTT $IJDBHP *MM 64"   *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG #JPEJWFSTJUZ

<> ( * (SFFO BOE % + .BUUTPO i5SFF SVCCJOH CZ ZFMMPXTUPOF HSJ[[MZ CFBST 6STVT BSDUPT w 8JMEMJGF #JPMPHZ WPM  OP  QQ o  <> 3 1 1FUFST i4DFOUNBSLJOH JO XPMWFT SBEJPUSBDLJOH PG XPMG QBDLT IBT QSPWJEFE EFĕOJUF FWJEFODF UIBU PMGBDUPSZ TJHO JT VTFE GPS UFSSJUPSZ NBJOUFOBODF BOE NBZ TFSWF GPS PUIFS GPSNT PG DPNNVOJDBUJPO XJUIJO UIF QBDL BT XFMM w "NFSJDBO 4DJFOUJTU WPM  QQ o  <> * #BSKB ' + %F .JHVFM BOE ' #ÈSDFOB ićF JNQPSUBODF PG DSPTTSPBET JO GBFDBM NBSLJOH CFIBWJPVS PG UIF XPMWFT $BOJT MVQVT w /BUVSXJTTFOTDIBęFO WPM  OP  QQ o  <> ( " 1PMJT $ " .ZFST BOE 3 % )PMU ićF FDPMPHZ BOE FWPMVUJPO PG JOUSBHVJME QSFEBUJPO QPUFOUJBM DPNQFUJUPST UIBU FBU FBDI PUIFS w "OOVBM SFWJFX PG FDPMPHZ BOE TZTUFNBUJDT WPM  QQ o  <> ' 1BMPNBSFT BOE 5 . $BSP i*OUFSTQFDJĕD LJMMJOH BNPOH NBNNBMJBO DBSOJWPSFT w "NFSJDBO /BUVSBMJTU WPM  OP  QQ o  <> / ,SPOGFME4DIPS BOE 5 %BZBO i1BSUJUJPOJOH PG UJNF BT BO FDPMPHJDBM SFTPVSDF w "OOVBM 3FWJFX PG &DPMPHZ &WPMVUJPO BOE 4ZTUFNBUJDT WPM  QQ o  <> - % .FDI BOE - #PJUBOJ 8PMWFT #FIBWJPS &DPMPHZ BOE $POTFSWBUJPO 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $IJDBHP 1SFTT $IJDBHP *MM 64"  <> + /BWFT " 'FSOÈOEF[(JM $ 3PESÖHVF[ BOE . %FMJCFT i#SPXO CFBS GPPE IBCJUT BU UIF CPSEFS PG JUT SBOHF B MPOHUFSN TUVEZ w +PVSOBMPG.BNNBMPHZ WPM  OP  QQ o  <> 4 # .FSSJMM BOE - %BWJE .FDI ićF VTFGVMOFTT PG (14 UFMFNFUSZ UP TUVEZ XPMG DJSDBEJBO BOE TPDJBM BDUJWJUZ w 8JMEMJGF 4PDJFUZ #VMMFUJO WPM  OP  QQ o  <> . 6OJU i%BJMZ QBUUFSOT BOE EVSBUJPO PG XPMG BDUJWJUZ JO UIF #JBMPXJF[B GPSFTU 1PMBOE w +PVSOBMPG.BNNBMPHZ WPM  QQ o