DOCSLIB.ORG

Canid Reproductive Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects in Strategies and Mechanisms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

animals Review Canid Reproductive Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects in Strategies and Mechanisms Jennifer B. Nagashima * and Nucharin Songsasen Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The family Canidae, composed of dog-like species such as wolves, foxes, and jackals, demonstrates a significant variety in reproductive biology. In general, female canids expe- rience very long periods of ovarian inactivity during the year; however, there are diverse patterns with regard to seasonality between species, as well as within an individual species depending on geographic region or housing status. Understanding of these differences is critical to the development of assisted reproductive technologies for canid conservation efforts. This review summarizes the current knowledge of canid reproduction, including reproductive cyclicity, seasonal breeding, male sperm traits, and recent developments in assisted reproductive technologies for canids. Abstract: The reproductive physiology of canids is unique compared to other mammalian species. Specifically, the reproductive cycle of female canids is characterized by extended periods of proestrus and estrus followed by obligatory diestrus and protracted ovarian inactivity (anestrus). Although canid reproduction follows this general pattern, studies have shown variations in reproductive biology among species and geographic regions. Understanding of these differences is critical to Citation: Nagashima, J.B.; the development of assisted reproductive technologies including estrus induction, gamete rescue, Songsasen, N. Canid Reproductive and embryo production techniques for canid conservation efforts. This review summarizes current Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects knowledge of canid reproduction, including estrus cyclicity, seasonality, and seminal traits, with in Strategies and Mechanisms. the emphasis on species diversity. The application of reproductive technologies in wild canid Animals 2021, 11, 653. https:// conservation will also be discussed. doi.org/10.3390/ani11030653 Academic Editor: Alberto Keywords: Canidae; seasonality; estrus; assisted reproductive technologies Maria Luciano Received: 18 January 2021 Accepted: 20 February 2021 1. Introduction Published: 1 March 2021 Including the domestic dog, the canid family consists of 37 extant species, five of which are listed as “endangered” or “critically endangered” by the International Union Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Figure1a). Furthermore, 1/3 of wild canid species with regard to jurisdictional claims in are in decline due to increased anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural development, published maps and institutional affil- whereas two species, including the coyote (Canis latrans) and golden jackal (Canis aureus) iations. are abundant with increasing population trends (Figure1b). Reproductive sciences play critical roles in species conservation and management [1,2]. Specifically, advances in the understanding about species’ reproductive biology may permit the development of reproductive technologies that are useful for ensuring genetic and Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. demographic viability of ex situ wildlife populations [1]. Such knowledge can also assist in Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the development of strategies to control overpopulated wildlife species [1]. Yet, reproduc- This article is an open access article tive biology has not been studied in more than 90% of mammals on the planet, and the distributed under the terms and knowledge gained from “well-studied” species have highlighted remarkable diversity in conditions of the Creative Commons reproductive mechanisms, even among related species [3]. For example, within the Genus Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Canis, the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) displays non-seasonal reproduction, whereas creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ their wild cousins, including grey wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), and coyote are 4.0/). Animals 2021, 11, 653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030653 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 Animals 2021, 11, 653 2 of 23 whereas their wild cousins, including grey wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), and coyote are seasonal breeders, and dingo [4] (Canis lupus dingo) exhibits variable reproduc- seasonaltive seasonality. breeders, Though and dingo the domestic [4](Canis dog lupus serves dingo) asexhibits a critical variable baseline reproductive for the reproductive seasonal- ity.physiology Though of the the domestic taxon as dog a whole, serves investigatio as a criticalns baseline on species-specific for the reproductive differences physiology are crit- ofical the for taxon the development as a whole, investigations of reproductive on technologies species-specific for differencesmanaging endangered are critical for canid the developmentpopulations. Comparison of reproductive of reproductive technologies forseasonality, managing puberty, endangered and parental canid populations. behaviors Comparisonacross Canidae of have reproductive previously seasonality, been reviewed puberty, [5]. andHowever, parental there behaviors are also acrossseveral Canidae aspects haveof domestic previously dog reproduction been reviewed that [5 ].as-yet However, elude thereunderstanding, are also several including aspects the mechanisms of domestic dogof estrus reproduction resumption that and as-yet egg maturation elude understanding, prior to fertilization. including In the this mechanisms review, we of summa- estrus resumptionrize current andknowledge egg maturation of canid prior reproductive to fertilization. biology, In thiswith review, the emphasis we summarize on species current di- knowledgeversity, and of the canid application reproductive of reproductive biology, with technologies the emphasis in wild on species canid conservation. diversity, and the application of reproductive technologies in wild canid conservation. a 1 b 4 5 11 3 6 25 17 CR En NT LC Decreasing Stable Increasing Unknown Figure 1. (a) Numbers of wild canid species listed as critically endangered (CR), endangered (En), near threatened (NT) or least concern (LC) status according to the IUCN red list of endangered species; (Figureb) Numbers 1. (a) Numbers of canid species of wild with canid decreasing, species listed stable, as cr increasingitically endangered or unknown (CR), population endangered trends. (En), near threatened (NT) or least concern (LC) status according to the IUCN red list of endangered 2.species; Canid (b Reproductive) Numbers of canid Biology species with decreasing, stable, increasing or unknown population trends.The current knowledge about reproductive biology of the canid family is mostly gleaned from the studies in the domestic dog [6–8]. Generally, female canids are monestrus with2. Canid the reproductiveReproductive cycle Biology characterized by an extended period of proestrus and then estrusThe (~1 current week each).knowledge The estrousabout reproductive period is characterized biology of the by canid an estrogen family peakis mostly that coincidesgleaned from with the rising studies circulating in the domestic progesterone dog concentration,[6–8]. Generally, prior female to ovulation canids are [6, 8mon-–13]. Estrusestrus with is followed the reproductive by diestrus, cycle a luteal characteri phasezed averaging by an extended 2 months pe inriod duration of proestrus irrespective and ofthen pregnancy estrus (~1 [6 ,week14]. Diestrus each). The is succeeded estrous period by anestrus, is characterized an extended by (2–10an estrogen months) peak interval that ofcoincides ovarian with quiescence rising circulating [6]. The reproductive progesterone cycle concentration, of most wild prior canids to isovulation consistent [6,8–13]. to that ofEstrus the domestic is followed dog by where diestrus, diestrus a luteal is followed phase averaging by an extended 2 months period in duration of ovarian irrespective inactivity. However,of pregnancy peripubertal [6,14]. Diestrus bush dogsis succeeded (Speothos by venaticus anestrus,) housed an extended in zoological (2–10 months) institutions interval can undergoof ovarian multiple quiescence estrous [6]. The cycles reproductive without the cycle anestrous of most period wild [canids15]. Seasonal is consistent polyestrous to that cyclesof the domestic have also dog been where shown diestrus in captive is followed dholes (Cuon by an alpinus extended) and period New Guinea of ovarian singing inactiv- dog (ity.Canis However, dingo hallstromi peripubertal) where bush females dogs ( enterSpeothos estrus venaticus when) thehoused prior in breeding zoological attempt institutions does notcan resultundergo in pregnancy multiple estrous [16–18]. cycles While femalewithout domestic the anestrous dogs and period most [15]. wild Seasonal canids ovulate poly- spontaneouslyestrous cycles have in the also absence been shown of a male, in captive there is dholes evidence (Cuon that alpinus the Island) and foxNew (Urocyon Guinea littoralissinging )[dog19 ](Canis and maned dingo hallstromi wolf (Chrysocyon) where brachyurusfemales enter)[20 estrus,21] are when induced the prior ovulators breeding and requireattempt the does presence not result of a in male pregnancy for estrus [16–18]. and/or While ovulation female to occur. domestic To date, dogs the and mechanisms most wild ofcanids
Recommended publications
  • Comparitive Mortality Levels Among Selected Species of Captive Animals

    Comparitive Mortality Levels Among Selected Species of Captive Animals

    Demographic Research a free, expedited, online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research Konrad-Zuse Str. 1, D-18057 Rostock ¢ GERMANY www.demographic-research.org DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 15, ARTICLE 14, PAGES 413-434 PUBLISHED 17 NOVEMBER 2006 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol15/14/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2006.15.14 Research Article Comparative mortality levels among selected species of captive animals Iliana V. Kohler Samuel H. Preston Laurie Bingaman Lackey °c 2006 Kohler et al. This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Table of Contents 1 Introduction 414 2 Description of data and analytic scheme 414 3 Results 419 3.1 Life tables for groups of species 419 3.2 Mortality variation by species, sex, and birth type 421 3.3 Life table parameters for individual species 426 4 Discussion 430 Demographic Research – Volume 15, Article 14 research article Comparative mortality levels among selected species of captive animals Iliana V. Kohler 1 Samuel H. Preston 2 Laurie Bingaman Lackey 3 Abstract We present life tables by single year of age and sex for groups of animals and for 42 individual mostly mammalian species. Data are derived from the International Species Information System. The survivorship of most of these species has never been mapped systematically.
  • Fur Trade and the Biotic Homogenization of Subpolar Ecosystems

    Fur Trade and the Biotic Homogenization of Subpolar Ecosystems

    Chapter 14 Fur Trade and the Biotic Homogenization of Subpolar Ecosystems Ramiro D. Crego, Ricardo Rozzi, and Jaime E. Jiménez Abstract At the southern end of the Americas exist one of the last pristine ecosys- tems in the world, the sub-Antarctic Magellanic forests ecoregion, protected by the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR). Despite its remote location, the CHBR has been subject to the growing infuences of globalization, a process that has driven cultural, biotic, and economic transformations in the region since the mid-twentieth century. One of the most important threats to these unique ecosystems is the increase of biological invasions. Motivated by the expanding fur industry that responded to the globalization process, American beavers (Castor canadensis), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), and American minks (Neovison vison) were introduced, inde- pendently, to the southern tip of South America. Research has shown that these three North American species have reassembled their native interactions to affect negatively the invaded ecosystems of the CHBR. Beavers affect river fow and R. D. Crego (*) Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA R. Rozzi Department of Philosophy and Religion and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad and Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile J. E. Jiménez Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 233 R.
  • Allomaternal Investments and Child Outcomes in the United Kingdom

    Allomaternal Investments and Child Outcomes in the United Kingdom

    Allomaternal Investments and Child Outcomes in the United Kingdom Emily Hazuki Emmott Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University College London 2014 p. 1 Declaration I, Emily Hazuki Emmott, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Emily H. Emmott p. 2 Abstract Due to the fact that human mothers often have multiple, vulnerable offspring with long periods of dependency, it is argued that mothers need assistance from allomothers to successfully provide and care for their children. Cross-cultural observations and quantitative research converge on support for the idea that mothers in high fertility, high mortality populations need assistance from other individuals for successful childrearing. It is also clear within the literature that there is variation across populations in terms of who matters: who provides the help, how they help, and how much impact they have on childrearing. The current thesis extends from previous studies by exploring the effects of allomothers on childrearing in a contemporary developed context: With economic development and the demographic transition, questions arise regarding the importance of allomothers for successful childrearing, and whether humans in these settings still operate as cooperative breeders. This thesis specifically focuses on quantitatively investigating the effects of fathers, stepfathers and grandparents on child development in the UK. First, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, I investigate how direct investments from fathers and stepfathers affect multiple child outcomes. Second, using the UK Millennium Cohort Study, I investigate how direct and indirect investments from maternal and paternal grandparents affect parental investment levels, as well as multiple child outcomes.
  • Respiratory Turbinates of Canids and Felids: a Quantitative Comparison

    Respiratory Turbinates of Canids and Felids: a Quantitative Comparison

    J. Zool., Lond. (2004) 264, 281–293 C 2004 The Zoological Society of London Printed in the United Kingdom DOI:10.1017/S0952836904005771 Respiratory turbinates of canids and felids: a quantitative comparison Blaire Van Valkenburgh1*, Jessica Theodor 2, Anthony Friscia1, Ari Pollack1 and Timothy Rowe3 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, U.S.A. 2 Department of Geology, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, U.S.A. 3 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A. (Accepted 31 March 2004) Abstract The respiratory turbinates of mammals are complex bony plates within the nasal chamber that are covered with moist epithelium and provide an extensive surface area for the exchange of heat and water. Given their functional importance, maxilloturbinate size and structure are expected to vary predictably among species adapted to different environments. Here the first quantitative analysis is provided of maxilloturbinate structure based on high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of the skulls of eight canid and seven felid species. The key parameters examined were the density of the maxilloturbinate bones within the nasal chamber and how that density varied along the air pathway. In both canids and felids, total maxilloturbinate chamber volume and bone volume increased with body size, with canids having c. 1.5–2.0 times the volume of maxilloturbinate than felids of similar size. In all species, the volume of the maxilloturbinates varies from rostral to caudal, with the peak volume occurring approximately midway, close to where airway cross-sectional area is greatest.
  • Trapping Regulations You May Trap Wildlife for Subsistence Uses Only Within the Seasons and Harvest Limits in These Unit Trapping Regulations

    Trapping Regulations You May Trap Wildlife for Subsistence Uses Only Within the Seasons and Harvest Limits in These Unit Trapping Regulations

    Trapping Regulations You may trap wildlife for subsistence uses only within the seasons and harvest limits in these unit trapping regulations. Trapping wildlife out of season or in excess of harvest limits for subsistence uses is illegal and prohibited. However, you may trap unclassified wildlife (such as all squirrel and marmot species) in all units, without harvest limits, from July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2016. Subsistence Trapping Restrictions When taking wildlife for subsistence purposes, ● Take (or assist in the taking of) furbearers by firearm trappers may not: before 3:00 a.m. on the day following the day on which airborne travel occurred. This does not apply to a ● Disturb or destroy a den (except any muskrat pushup trapper using a firearm to dispatch furbearers caught in or feeding house that may be disturbed in the course of a trap or snare. trapping). ● Use a net or fish trap (except a blackfish or fyke trap). ● Disturb or destroy any beaver house. ● Use a firearm other than a shotgun, muzzle-loaded ● Take beaver by any means other than a steel trap or rifle, rifle or pistol using center-firing cartridges, for the snare, except certain times of the year when firearms taking of a wolf or wolverine, except that: may be used to take beaver in Units 9, 12, 17, 18, 20E, ■ You may use a firearm that shoots rimfire 21E, 22 and 23. See Unit-specific regulations. cartridges to take wolf and wolverine under a ● Under a trapping license, take a free-ranging furbearer trapping license. You may sell the raw fur or tanned with a firearm on NPS lands.
  • The Red and Gray Fox

    The Red and Gray Fox

    The Red and Gray Fox There are five species of foxes found in North America but only two, the red (Vulpes vulpes), And the gray (Urocyon cinereoargentus) live in towns or cities. Fox are canids and close relatives of coyotes, wolves and domestic dogs. Foxes are not large animals, The red fox is the larger of the two typically weighing 7 to 5 pounds, and reaching as much as 3 feet in length (not including the tail, which can be as long as 1 to 1 and a half feet in length). Gray foxes rarely exceed 11 or 12 pounds and are often much smaller. Coloration among fox greatly varies, and it is not always a sure bet that a red colored fox is indeed a “red fox” and a gray colored fox is indeed a “gray fox. The one sure way to tell them apart is the white tip of a red fox’s tail. Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargentus) Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) Regardless of which fox both prefer diverse habitats, including fields, woods, shrubby cover, farmland or other. Both species readily adapt to urban and suburban areas. Foxes are primarily nocturnal in urban areas but this is more an accommodation in avoiding other wildlife and humans. Just because you may see it during the day doesn’t necessarily mean it’s sick. Sometimes red fox will exhibit a brazenness that is so overt as to be disarming. A homeowner hanging laundry may watch a fox walk through the yard, going about its business, seemingly oblivious to the human nearby.
  • 2021 Fur Harvester Digest 3 SEASON DATES and BAG LIMITS

    2021 Fur Harvester Digest 3 SEASON DATES and BAG LIMITS

    2021 Michigan Fur Harvester Digest RAP (Report All Poaching): Call or Text (800) 292-7800 Michigan.gov/Trapping Table of Contents Furbearer Management ...................................................................3 Season Dates and Bag Limits ..........................................................4 License Types and Fees ....................................................................6 License Types and Fees by Age .......................................................6 Purchasing a License .......................................................................6 Apprentice & Youth Hunting .............................................................9 Fur Harvester License .....................................................................10 Kill Tags, Registration, and Incidental Catch .................................11 When and Where to Hunt/Trap ...................................................... 14 Hunting Hours and Zone Boundaries .............................................14 Hunting and Trapping on Public Land ............................................18 Safety Zones, Right-of-Ways, Waterways .......................................20 Hunting and Trapping on Private Land ...........................................20 Equipment and Fur Harvester Rules ............................................. 21 Use of Bait When Hunting and Trapping ........................................21 Hunting with Dogs ...........................................................................21 Equipment Regulations ...................................................................22
  • Digital Appendix 1 List of Searching Criteria Used by Mammal Species

    Digital Appendix 1 List of Searching Criteria Used by Mammal Species

    Digital Appendix 1 List of searching criteria used by mammal species Common Name Scientific Name Search Criteria "Atelocynus microtis" OR "Short-eared dog" OR "small-eared dog" OR "zorro de oreja corta" OR "perro selvático" OR "cachorro-do-mato-de- Short-eared dog Atelocynus microtis orelhas-curtas" "Catagonus wagneri" OR "Chacoan Peccary" OR Chacoan Peccary Catagonus wagneri "pecarí del Chaco" OR "pecarí quimilero" “Dasyprocta punctate” OR "Central American Central American Agouti Dasyprocta punctata Agouti" OR "agutí centroamericano" “Dasypus sabanicola” OR "Northern Long-nosed Northern Long-nosed Armadillo" OR "Savanna armadillo" OR "Llanos Armadillo Dasypus sabanicola long-nosed armadillo" OR "cachicamo sabanero" “Eira barbara” OR "Tayra" OR "cabeza de mate" Taira Eira barbara OR "irara" “Galictis vittata” OR "Greater Grison" OR "furão- Greater Grison Galictis vittata grande" OR "grisón grande" OR "galictis vittatta" “Herpailurus yagouaroundi” OR Yaguarundi OR yagouaroundi OR "Puma yagouaroundi" OR Yaguarundi Herpailurus yagouaroundi Jaguarundi "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris" OR capybara OR "Capivara" OR "chigüire" OR "capibara" OR Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris "Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris" “Leopardus colocolo” OR "pampas cat" OR "colocolo" OR "felis colocolo" OR "gato de las Colocolo Leopardus colocolo pampas" "Leopardus pardalis" OR jaguatirica OR ocelote Ocelot Leopardus pardalis OR ocelot “Leopardus wiedii” OR "margay" OR"Felis Margay Leopardus wiedii wiedii" OR "gato-maracajá" “Lontra longicaudis” OR "neotropical otter" OR "neotropical
  • Vision Document for the EAZA Biobank Towards EAZA-Wide DNA Biobanking for Population Management

    Vision Document for the EAZA Biobank Towards EAZA-Wide DNA Biobanking for Population Management

    Vision document for the EAZA Biobank Towards EAZA-wide DNA biobanking for population management Vision The EAZA membership will establish dedicated biobanking facilities for the European zoo community. This biobank aims to be a primary resource for genetically supporting population management and conservation research. Introduction The success of EAZA ex situ programmes relies on intensive demographic and genetic management of animal populations. Currently, the majority of genetic management in zoos is individual, pedigree- based management. This often causes problems because for many populations pedigree records are incomplete and relatedness of founders is built on assumptions. Furthermore, many species still have taxonomic uncertainties and for others, their natural history does not lend itself to individual pedigree based management (e.g. group living species). DNA-analysis is a key tool to improve knowledge of a population’s genetic make-up and furthermore ensure that, as far as possible, captive populations represent the genetic diversity of the wild counterparts. Thus, DNA-analysis holds great impact on animal health and welfare. In recent years, molecular genetic techniques and tools have become readily available to the zoo and the conservation communities alike. The ongoing technological advances coupled with decreasing prices will create additional opportunities in the near future. But only if genetic samples are available can we make use of these opportunities and open up for a huge range of possibilities for the use of molecular genetics to help improve future management of EAZA ex situ programmes. Adding a genetic layer to a studbook will provide information such as origin and relatedness of founders, which was previously built on assumptions, and help resolve paternity issues.
  • Pallas's Cat Status Review & Conservation

    Pallas's Cat Status Review & Conservation

    ISSN 1027-2992 I Special Issue I N° 13 | Spring 2019 Pallas'sCAT cat Status Reviewnews & Conservation Strategy 02 CATnews is the newsletter of the Cat Specialist Group, Editors: Christine & Urs Breitenmoser a component of the Species Survival Commission SSC of the Co�chairs IUCN/SSC International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is pu���� Cat Specialist Group lished twice a year, and is availa�le to mem�ers and the Friends of KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri, the Cat Group. Switzerland Tel ++41(31) 951 90 20 For joining the Friends of the Cat Group please contact Fax ++41(31) 951 90 40 Christine Breitenmoser at [email protected] <urs.�[email protected]�e.ch> <ch.�[email protected]> Original contri�utions and short notes a�out wild cats are welcome Send contributions and observations to Associate Editors: Ta�ea Lanz [email protected]. Guidelines for authors are availa�le at www.catsg.org/catnews This Special Issue of CATnews has �een produced with Cover Photo: Camera trap picture of manul in the support from the Taiwan Council of Agriculture's Forestry Bureau, Kot�as Hills, Kazakhstan, 20. July 2016 Fondation Segré, AZA Felid TAG and Zoo Leipzig. (Photo A. Barashkova, I Smelansky, Si�ecocenter) Design: �ar�ara sur�er, werk’sdesign gm�h Layout: Ta�ea Lanz and Christine Breitenmoser Print: Stämpfli AG, Bern, Switzerland ISSN 1027-2992 © IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group The designation of the geographical entities in this pu�lication, and the representation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or �oundaries.
  • Small Carnivores in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale, Eastern Nepal

    Small Carnivores in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale, Eastern Nepal

    SMALL CARNIVORES IN TINJURE-MILKE-JALJALE, EASTERN NEPAL The content of this booklet can be used freely with permission for any conservation and education purpose. However we would be extremely happy to get a hard copy or soft copy of the document you have used it for. For further information: Friends of Nature Kathmandu, Nepal P.O. Box: 23491 Email: [email protected], Website: www.fonnepal.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/fonnepal2005 First Published: April, 2018 Photographs: Friends of Nature (FON), Jeevan Rai, Zaharil Dzulkafly, www.pixabay/ werner22brigitte Design: Roshan Bhandari Financial support: Rufford Small Grants, UK Authors: Jeevan Rai, Kaushal Yadav, Yadav Ghimirey, Som GC, Raju Acharya, Kamal Thapa, Laxman Prasad Poudyal and Nitesh Singh ISBN: 978-9937-0-4059-4 Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Zaharil Dzulkafly for his photographs of Marbled Cat, and Andrew Hamilton and Wildscreen for helping us get them. We are grateful to www.pixabay/werner22brigitte for giving us Binturong’s photograph. We thank Bidhan Adhikary, Thomas Robertson, and Humayra Mahmud for reviewing and providing their valuable suggestions. Preferred Citation: Rai, J., Yadav, K., Ghimirey, Y., GC, S., Acharya, R., Thapa, K., Poudyal, L.P., and Singh, N. 2018. Small Carnivores in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale, Eastern Nepal. Friends of Nature, Nepal and Rufford Small Grants, UK. Small Carnivores in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale, Eastern Nepal Why Protect Small Carnivores! Small carnivores are an integral part of our ecosystem. Except for a few charismatic species such as Red Panda, a general lack of research and conservation has created an information gap about them. I am optimistic that this booklet will, in a small way, be the starting journey of filling these gaps in our knowledge bank of small carnivore in Nepal.
  • Controlled Animals

    Controlled Animals

    Environment and Sustainable Resource Development Fish and Wildlife Policy Division Controlled Animals Wildlife Regulation, Schedule 5, Part 1-4: Controlled Animals Subject to the Wildlife Act, a person must not be in possession of a wildlife or controlled animal unless authorized by a permit to do so, the animal was lawfully acquired, was lawfully exported from a jurisdiction outside of Alberta and was lawfully imported into Alberta. NOTES: 1 Animals listed in this Schedule, as a general rule, are described in the left hand column by reference to common or descriptive names and in the right hand column by reference to scientific names. But, in the event of any conflict as to the kind of animals that are listed, a scientific name in the right hand column prevails over the corresponding common or descriptive name in the left hand column. 2 Also included in this Schedule is any animal that is the hybrid offspring resulting from the crossing, whether before or after the commencement of this Schedule, of 2 animals at least one of which is or was an animal of a kind that is a controlled animal by virtue of this Schedule. 3 This Schedule excludes all wildlife animals, and therefore if a wildlife animal would, but for this Note, be included in this Schedule, it is hereby excluded from being a controlled animal. Part 1 Mammals (Class Mammalia) 1. AMERICAN OPOSSUMS (Family Didelphidae) Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 2. SHREWS (Family Soricidae) Long-tailed Shrews Genus Sorex Arboreal Brown-toothed Shrew Episoriculus macrurus North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva Old World Water Shrews Genus Neomys Ussuri White-toothed Shrew Crocidura lasiura Greater White-toothed Shrew Crocidura russula Siberian Shrew Crocidura sibirica Piebald Shrew Diplomesodon pulchellum 3.