Abbreviations

3GP 3rd Generation Partnership project A Ampère A2DP Advanced Audio Distribution Profile AA Auto-Answer AAC AACS Advanced Access Content System AC Alternating Current AC Auxiliary Carry AC3 Audio Coding 3 AC/DC Alternating Current / Direct Current ACE Asynchronous Comunications Element ACK ACKnowledge ACL Access Control List ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ACSEL Association pour le Commerce et les Services En Ligne AD Auto-Dial A/D Analog to Digital ADA Advanced Driver Assistant ADA Association de Défense des Audionautes ADC Analog to Digital Converter ADF Automatic Document Feeder ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSR Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release AEB Auto Exposure Bracketing AES Advanced Encryption AFA Association Française des fournisseurs d'Accès et de services InterNet AFAS Association Française des Auteurs de Sharewares AFC AntiFerromagnetically-Coupled AFNIC Association Française pour le Nommage Internet en Coopération AFORS Association Française de Réseaux et de Services télécom AFP Apple File Protocol AFR Alternate Frame Rendering AFUL Association Francophone des Utilisateurs de Linux et des logiciels libres AGL Atelier de Génie Logiciel AGM Alternative Graphics Mode AGP Accelerated Graphic Port AGP Advanced Graphic Port A-GPS Assisted Global Positioning System AHCI Advanced Host Controller Interface AIDE Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment AIFF Audio Interchange AIM America On Line Instant Messenger AIPS Astronomical Image Processing System AIR Automatic Image Refinement AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript And XML ALDIL Association Lyonnaise de Développement de l'Informatique Libre ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language ALM Absolute Load Module ALPA Association de Lutte contre le Piratage Audiovisuel ALSA Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit AMOLED Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode amp ampere

Page 1 Abbreviations

AMR Adaptative Multi-Rate codec AMR Audio Modem Riser AMS Advanced Memory Specification ANSI American National Standards Institute ANTIOPE Acquisition Numérique et Télévisualisation d'Images Organisées en Pages d'Ecriture AOL America On Line APC Alternative PHP Cache API Application Programming Interface APIC Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller APOM Association des Producteurs d'Oeuvres Multimédias APM Advanced Power Management APN Appareil Photo Numérique APP Agence pour la Protection des Programmes APPC Advanced Program to Program Communication APRIL Association pour la Promotion et la Recherche en Informatique Libre APS Advanced Photo System APT Advanced Packaging Tool APU Accelerated Processing Unit APU Audio Processing Unit ARCEP Autorité de Régulation des Communications Électroniques et des Postes ARM Advanced Risk Machine ARMT Autorité de Régulation des Mesures Techniques ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Administration Network ARQ Automatic Re-send reQuest ART Autorité de Régulation des Télécommunications AS Anticipatory Schedular ASA American Standards Association ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASF Advanced Streaming Format ASF Advanced Systems Format ASO Area of Safety Operation ASP Advanced Signal Processing ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface AT Advanced Technology ATA Advanced Technology Attachment ATI Assistant Technique Informatique ATICA Agence pour les Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication dans l'Administration ATM Adobe Type Manager ATM/IP Asynchronous Transfer Mode / Internet Protocol ATX Advanced Technology eXtended AuC Authentification Center AVC Advanced Video Coding AVCHD Advanced Video Codec High Definition AVI Audio Video Interleaved for MS-Windows AVSR Audio Video Speech Recognition AXI AuXiliary Input AXIOM Advanced eXpress Input/Output Module AXO AuXiliary Output B2B Business to Business B2C Business to Consumer BA Bus Available BAL Boîte Aux Lettres

Page 2 Abbreviations

BAS Broadband Access BASH Bourne Again Shell BASIC Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCD Boot Configuration Data (données de configuration d'amorçage) BD Base de Données BDMV Blu-Ray Disc MoVie BEL Bell BF Basse Fréquence BGA Business Graphics Array BHO Browser Hijack Object BIF Blinker Incremental File BIM Bit Image Mode BIOS Basic Input Output Software BIOS Basic Input Output System BIT Binary digIT BITS Background Intelligent Transfer Service BLE Boucle Locale Electrique BLR Boucle Locale BOB Break-Out Box BOF Bottom Of Form BP Base Pointer BPB BIOS Parameter Block BPI Bits Per Inch BPI British Phonographic Industry BPS Bits Per Second BR Baud Rate BRD Blu-Ray Disc BS Back Space BSA Business Software Alliance BSI BlackSide Illuminated BSC Base Station Controller BSoD Blue Screen of Death BSP Backup Storage Providers BT Basse Tension BT British Telecom BTS Base Transceiver Station BTX Balanced Technology eXtended BW Black and White ca courant alternatif CAD Computer-Aided Design CAF Contrôle Automatique de Fréquence CAM Conditional Access Module CAN CANcel CAN Convertisseur Analogique/Numérique CAO Conception Assistée par Ordinateur CAPS CAPital letterS CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart CAV Constant Angular Velocity CBR Constant Bit Rate cc courant continu Cc Carbon Copy Cci Carbon Copy Invisible

Page 3 Abbreviations

CCD Charged Couple Device CCIR Comité Consultatif International des Radiocommunications CCITT Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique CCMB Centre de Commutation des Messages Bancaires CCR Condition Code Register CCRI Comité Consultatif de la Recherche en Informatique ccTLD country code Top Level Domains cd candela CD Communication Driver CD CDDB Compact Disc Data Base cd/m2 candelas par mètre carré CD-MRW Compact Disc Mount Rainier reWrite CD-R Compact Disc Recordable CD-ROM Compact Disc Read Only Memory CD-RW Compact Disc Read Write CDS Counterfeit Detterence Systems CDT Center for Democracy and Technology CD-V Compact Disc Video CE Chip Enable CE Condition d'Entrée CERN Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire CERSA Centre d'Étude et de Recherche de Science Administrative CERT Computer Emergency Response Team CERTA Centre d'Expertise gouvernemental de Réponse et de Traitement des Attaques informatiques CES Consumer Electronic Show CF Carry Flag CF Compact Flash CFAO Création et Fabrication Assistées par Ordinateur CFS Completely Fair Scheduler CFQ Complete Fair Queuing CGA Colour Graphic Adapter CGI Common Gateway Interface CGM Computer Graphic Metafile CGS Continuous Grain Silicon CGU Conditions Générales d'Utilisation CI Common Interface CIE Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage CIF Common source Intermediate Format CIFS Common Internet CII Compagnie Internationale pour l'Informatique CIS Commentator Information System CIS Contact Image Sensor CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer CISI Compagnie Internationale de Services en Informatique CISS Canadian Internetworked Scientific Supercomputer CLI Command Line Interpreter CLUF Contrat de Licence Utilisateur Final CLUSIF CLUb de la sécurité des Systèmes d'Information Français CLUT Color Look-Up Table CLV Constant Linear Velocity CMAO Création Musicale Assistée par Ordinateur CMF Content Managing Framework

Page 4 Abbreviations

CMF Counter Match Flag CMI Counter Match Interrupt CMJN Cyan, Magenta, Jaune, Noir C-MOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMS Code Management System CMSS Creative Multi Speaker Surround CMY Cyan, Magenta, Yellow CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, blacK CNA Convertisseur Numérique/Analogique CNET Centre National d'Etudes des Télécommunications CNIL Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés COBOL COmmon Business Orientated Language CODASYL Conference On DAta SYstems Languages CODEC COdeur/DECodeur COFF Common Object File Format COMMS COMMunicationS CON CONsole CONIBI CONsortium Industriel Bureautique et Informatique CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture CPE Customer Premises Equipment CPI Characters Per Inch CPL Caractères Par Ligne CPL Courants Porteurs en Ligne CP/M Control Program for Microprocessor CPP Customer Preview Program CPS Caractères Par Seconde CPS Cycles Per Second CPU Central Processing Unit CR Carriage Return CRAN Comprehensive R Archive Network CRC (Code de Redondance Cyclique) CRT Cathode Ray Tube CS Code Segment CS Condition de Sortie CSCE Centre de Surveillance du Commerce Electronique CSD Circuit Switched Data C-SET Card-Secure Electronic Transaction CSI Conseil Supérieur de l'Internet CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSPC Commercial Software Publisher Certificate CSR Control/Status Register CSS Cascading Style Sheet CSS Central Structure Store CSS Content Scrambling System CTP Community Technology Preview CTRL ConTRoL CTS Clear To Send CU Control Unit CUA Common User Access CUB CUrsor Backward CUD CUrsor Down CUDA Computer Unified Device Architecture

Page 5 Abbreviations

CUF CUrsor Forward CULV Consumer Ultra Low Voltage CUP CUrsor Position CUPS Common Unix Printing System CUU CUrsor Up CV Control Voltage D/A Digital to Analog DAC Digital to Analog Converter DAO Dessin Assisté par Ordinateur DAO Disc At Once DaRC Data Radio Channel DAS Débit d'Absorption Spécifique DAS Direct Attached Storage DAT Tape DBA Data Base Administrator DBF Data Base File DC Device Control DC Device Coordinate DC Direct Current DCB Décimal Codé Binaire DCD Data Carrier Detect DCE Data Communication Equipment DCL Digital Command Language DCSS DVD Content Scrambling System DD Dictionnaire de Données DD Double Densité DD Double Density DDCD Double Density CD-Rom DDE Dynamic Data Exchange DDK Driver Developer's Kit DDL Data Definition Language DDL Degré De Liberté DDOS Distributed Denial Of Service DDR Data Direction Register DDR2 Double Data Rate 2 DDR-SDRAM Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication DEEE Déchats d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques DEL DELete DEP Data Execution Prevention DES Data Encryption Standard DF Direction Flag DF Double Face DFC Digital File Check DFSG Debian Free Software Guidelines DGT Direction Générale des Télécommunications DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHT Distributed Hash Table DHTML Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language DI Destination Index DIF Data Interchange Format DIG Device Interface Group DIGIC DIGital Imaging Core

Page 6 Abbreviations

DIMM Dual Inline MeMory DIN Deutsche Industrie-Norm DIR DIRectory DL Dual Layer DLC DownLoadable Content DLE Data Link Escape DLL Down Line Loading DLL Dynamic Link Library DLNA Digital Living Network Alliance DLP Digital Light Processing DMA Direct Memory Access DMD Digital (Micro)Mirror Device DMFC Direct Methanol Fuel Cell DNG Digital Negative Specification DNS Domain Name Server DNS Domain Name System DNS Dynamic Name System DNSSec Domain Name System Security extensions DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification DOD Drop On Demand DOMAO Domotique Assistée par Ordinateur DON Disque Optique Numérique DOS Denial Of Service DOS Disk DP Détection Porteuse DPB Disk Parameter Block DPI Dots Per Inch DPMI DOS Protected Mode Interface DPMS DOS Protected Mode Service DPOF Digital Print Order Format DPSM Differential Phase Shift DPT Disk Parameter Table DPT Distributed Processing Technologies DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAM-EDO Dynamic Random Access Memory - Extended Data Out DRAM-FPM Dynamic Random Access Memory - Fast Page Mode DR-DOS Digital Research Disk Operating System DRI Direct Rendering Interface DRM Digital Rights Management DRW DRaWing DS Data Segment DS Double Screen DSA Digital Signature Algorithm DSI Directeur du (des) Système(s) d'Information DSI Directeur (direction) des Systèmes Informatiques DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer DSP Digital Signal Processor DSR Data Set Ready DSR Device Status Report DTA Disk Transfer Address DTA Disk Transfer Area DTAC Dynamically Typed Access Control

Page 7 Abbreviations

DTC Dispositif à Transfert de Charge DTD Document Type Definition DTE Data Terminal Equipment DTF Digital Tape Format DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTN Disruption Tolerant Networking DTP DeskTop Publishing DTR Data Terminal Ready DTS Digital Theater Sound DTS Digital Theater System DV Digital Video DVB-H Digital Video Broadcast Handheld DVB-T Digital Video Broadcast - Terrestrial DVD DeVice Driver DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVD Digital Video Disc DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc Recordable DVD-RAM Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory DVD+R DL Digital Versatile Disc Recordable Dual Layer DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory DVD-RW Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable DVI Digital Video Interactive DVI Digital Video Interface DVI Digital Visual Interface DXVA DirectX Video Acceleration EAO Enseignement Assisté par Ordinateur EAX Environmental Audio eXtensions EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ECC Error Correction Code ECP Enhanced Capabilities Port ED Erase Display EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EDO Extended Data Out EDP Electronic Data Processing EE Extreme Edition EEMS Enhanced Expanded Memory Specifications EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EFF Electronic Frontier Foundation EFI Extensible Firmware Interface EFS EGA Enhanced Graphic Adapter EGEE Enabling Grids for E-science EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EICC Electronics Industry Code of Conduct EICI Enable Input Capture Interupt E-IDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics EIR Equipment Identity Register EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture EISA-EMB Extended Industry Standard Architecture Enhanced Master Burst EL Erase Line EM End of Medium EM64T Extended Memory 64 Technology EMB Extended Memory Block

Page 8 Abbreviations

EMD External Memory Devices EMM Expanded Memory Manager EMP ElectroMagnetic Pulse EMS Enhanced Messaging Services EMS Expanded Memory Specifications ENJMIN École Nationale du Jeu et des Médias Interactifs Numériques ENON Exciting Nova On Network ENQ ENQuiry ENT Espace Numérique de Travail EOCI Enable Output Compare Interrupt EOF End of File EOG Eye Of GNU Network Object Model Environment EOI End Of Interrupt EOT End Of Transmission EOX End Of eXclusive EPG Electronic Program Guide EPN Espaces Publics Numériques EPP Enhanced Parallel Port EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EPSF Encapsulated PostScript File EQ EQualizer ERNIE Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment ES Extended Surround ES Extra Segment E/S Entrée/Sortie ESAT École Supérieure et d'Application des Transmissions eSATA External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ESC ESCape ESDI Enhanced Small Device Interface ESDRAM Enhanced Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory ESIEA École Supérieure d'Informatique Électronique Automatique ESO-MIDAS European Southern Observatory Munich Image and Data Analysis System ESP Easy Software Products ESP Extra Sensory Protection ESSID Extended Service Set Identifier ETB End of Transmission Block ETOI Enable Timer Overflow Interrupt ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETX End of TeXt EUCD European Union Copyright Directive EULA End User License Agreement EURID EUropean Registry of Internet Domain names EVD Enhanced Versatile Disc EVF Electronic View Finder EVP Enhanced Virus Protection EXIF EXchangeable Image File format EXFAT EXtended f frequency FAI Fournisseur d'Accès à Internet FAO Fabrication Assistée par Ordinateur FAQ Foire Aux Questions FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FARE Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement

Page 9 Abbreviations

FAT File Allocation Table FC File Compare FC-AL Fiber Channel-Arbitred Loop FCB File Control Block FCC Federal Communications Commission FC-PGA Flip Chip Pin Grid Array FDI Forum des Droits sur l'Internet FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FED Field Emission Display FEVAD Fédération des Entreprises de Vente À Distance FF Form Feed FFT Fédération Française des Télécoms FG Frame Ground FI Fréquence Intermédiaire FIFO First In, First Out FIG Facility for Interactive Generation of figures FING Fondation Internet Nouvelle Génération FITS Flexible Image Transport System FLA Fiduciary License Agreement FLAC Free Lossless FLOPS FLoating point Operations Per Second FM FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation FPCT Flexible Image Transport System Product Conformance Tester FPS First Person Shooter FPS Frames Per Second FPU Floating Point Unit FRAM Ferro-electric Random Access Memory FRC Free-Running Counter FS File Separator FS File System (système de fichiers) FSAA Full Screen Anti-Aliasing FSB Front Serial Bus FSF Free Software Foundation FSK Frequency Shift Keying FTE Failure To Enroll FTP File Transfer Protocol FTTB Fiber To The Building FTTH Fiber To The Home FTTLA Fiber To The Last Amplifier FVD FX Effects GAIN Gator Advertising and Information Network GAP Générateur Automatique de Programme Gb GigaByte Gbps GigaBits Par Seconde GDDR4 Graphics Double Data Rate, version 4 GDI Graphics Device Interface GDM GNU Network Object Model Environment Display Manager GDT Global Descriptors Table GDTR Global Descriptors Table Register GED Gestion Electronique des Documents GEDC Georgia Electronic Design Center

Page 10 Abbreviations

GEDCOM GEnealogical Data COMmunication GHz GigaHertz GiB gibioctet GIF Graphics Interchange Format GIMP GNU Image Manipulation Program GIN Global Investigators Network GIX Global Internet eXchange GKS GLI Gentoo Linux Installer GM Graphics Manager GMC Global Motion Compensation GMR Giant Magneto-Resistance GNAC GNome Audio Converter GND GrouND GNOME GNU Network Object Model Environment Go Gigaoctet GO Grandes Ondes GPG GNU Privacy Guard GPGPU General Purpose Computing Graphics Processing Units GPL General Public License GPRS General Packet Radio Services GPS Global Positioning System GPU Graphic Processing Unit GPU Graphic Processor Unit GPU Graphics Processing Unit GRP Gentoo Reference Platform GRUB Grand Unified Bootloader GS Group Separator GSM Global System for Mobile communications gTLD generic Top Level Domains GUI GULL Groupe d'Utilisateurs de Logiciels Libres GVS Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation GWV General Word Variable GWBV General Word/ Variable HADOPI Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des droits sur Internet HAL Hardware Abstraction Layer HAM Hold And Modify HAMR Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording HBBTV Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TeleVision HC High Capacity HCF Highest Common Factor HCG Hercules Graphic Card HCI Host Controller Interface HCSS High-Capacity Storage System HD Haute Définition HD Haute Densité HD High Definition HD High Density HDA High Definition Audio HDCP High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection HDD Hybrid Hard Drive Disk HDF Hierarchical Data Format

Page 11 Abbreviations

HDLC High level Data Link Control HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface HDR High Dynamic Range HDRI High Dynamic Range Imaging HDU Header Data Unit HDV High Definition Video HEASARC NASA/Goddard High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center HF Haute Fréquence HF HFS HLR Home Location Register HLSL High Level Shader Language HLTE HaLT Enable HMA High Memory Area HMC Hyper Memory Cube HOPE Hackers On Planet Earth HP Hewlett-Packard HPGL Hewlett-Packard Graphic Language HPFS High Partition Format System HR High Rate HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HSL Hue Saturation Lightness HSPA High Speed Packet Access HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access HT Haute Tension HT High Tension HT Horizontal Tabulation HT Hyper Threading HTML HyperText Markup Language HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTPS HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure socket layer HUD Head Up Display HV Haute Vitesse HV High Voltage HVD High Voltage Differential HVD Holographic Versatile Disc HVP Horizontal and Vertical Position Hz Hertz IA Intelligence Artificielle IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority IAU International Astronomical Union IAUFWG International Astronomical Union Flexible Image Transport System Working Group IBM International Business Machines corporation IC Integrated Circuit ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICC International Color Consortium ICF Input Capture Flag ICI Input Capture Interrupt ICR Input Capture Register ICRA Internet Content Rating Association ICU ISA Configuration Utility IDE Integrated Device Electronics IDE Integrated Drive Electronics

Page 12 Abbreviations

IDE Intelligent Drive Electronics IDF Intel Developer Forum IDRIS Institut du Développement et des Ressources en Informatique Scientifique IDS Intrusion Detection System IDT Interrupt Descriptors Table IE IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEDG Input EDGe IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEM Impulsion ElectroMagnétique IF Interrupt Flag IFF IFPI International Federation of Phonographic Industry IFS Iterated Function System IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification IGP Integrated Graphic Port IGP Integrated Graphics Processor IH-BD Intra-Hybrid Blu-ray Disc ILS Instrument Landing System IMA International MIDI Association IMAP Interactive Access Protocol IMAP Interactive Message Access Protocol IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol IMB Interrupt Mask Bit IMDb Internet Movie Database IME Input Method Editor IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity Imod Interferometric Modulator IMPP Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol IMT Internet Media Tablet IMUG International MIDI Users Group INES Identité Nationale Électronique Sécurisée INRIA Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique Internet Interconnected Networks I/O Input/Output IP Instruction Pointer IP Internet Protocol IPI Intel Product Integrator IPP Internet Printing Protocol IPS In- Switching IPSO Independent PSion Organiser users group IPSS International Packet Switch Stream IPTC International Press and Telecommunications Council IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6 IPX Internet Packet eXchange IR Index Register IR Infra Red IRAF Image Reduction and Analysis Facility IRC Internet Relay Chat IrDA InfraRed Data Association IrDA InfraRed Device Association IRIA Institut de Recherche d'Informatique et d'Automatique

Page 13 Abbreviations

IRQ Interrupt ReQuest ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISBN International Standard Book Number ISCSI Internet Small Computer System Interface ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical ISO International Standards Organization ISP Internet Services Provider ISR Interrupt Service Routine ISSCC International Solid-State Circuits Conference ITU International Telecommunications Union IVDR Information Versatile Disk for Removable usage J2ME Java 2 Micro Edition J2ME Java 2 Mobile Edition JBOD Just a Bunch Of Disks JEDI Joint Expeditionary Digital Information JEOS Just Enough Operating System JFIF Joint Photographic Experts Group File Interchange Format JMSC Japanese MIDI Standard Committee JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JRE Java Runtime Environment Kb KiloByte KBD KeyBoarD Kbit Kilobit kc kilocycle KDE K Desktop Environment kHz kilohertz KiB kibioctet KML Keyhole Markup Language Ko Kilo-octet KVM Keyboard, Video and Mouse L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol L4G Langage de la quatrième Génération LAMP Linux Apache MySQL PHP LAN Local Area Network LAP Link Access Protocol LAS Linear Arithmetic Synthesis LASA Laboratoire d'Algorithmes et de Systèmes d'Apprentissage (Université de Lausanne) LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LBA Logical Block Addressing LCD Langage de Contrôle de Données LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCD Lowest Common Denominator LCEN Loi pour la Confiance dans l'Economie Numérique LCM Lowest Common Multiple LCOS Liquid Crystal On Silicon LDD Langage de Description de Données LDR Low Dynamic Range LDT Local Descriptors Table LDTR Local Descriptors Table Register LECAM LEcteur de CArte à Mémoire LED Light Emitting Diode LEN Loi sur l'Economie Numérique

Page 14 Abbreviations

LF Line Feed LF LFE Low Frequency Effect LFO Low Frequency Oscillator (oscillateur à basse fréquence) LFS Linux File Systems (systèmes de fichiers Linux) Li Lithium LID Langage d'Interrogation de Données LIFO Last In, First Out LILO Linox Loader LIM Lotus-Intel- Li-Ion Lithium Ion LIP Large Internet Protocol LIR Load Instruction Register LL Leased Line LLS Large Logical Sectors LMD Langage de Manipulation de Données LME Loi de Modernisation de l'Économie LPI Lines Per Inch LRU Least Recently Used LSB Least Significant Bit(s) LSI Large Scale Integration LSM Linux Security Module LT Low Tension LTE Long Term Evolution LTO Linear Tape Open LUG Linux Users' Group LUN Logical Unit Name LUT Look-Up Table LV Low Voltage LVD/SE Low Voltage Differential/Single Ended LVM Logical Volume Manager LW Long Waves LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch L4G Langage(s) de la quatrième Génération MA Modulation d'Amplitude MAC Mandatory Access Control MAC Medium Access Control mAh milliAmpère-heure MALACH Multilingual Access to Large spoken ArCHives MAN Metropolitan Area Networks MAO Maintenance Assistée par Ordinateur MAO Musique Assistée par Ordinateur MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiations MASM Macro-ASseMbler MB MegaByte MBit Megabit Mbps Mégabits par seconde MBR MBSA Microsoft Baseline Security Advisor MCA Micro Channel Architecture MCB Memory Control Block MCD Modèle Conceptuel de Données MCGA MultiColour Graphics Array

Page 15 Abbreviations

MCP-T Media and Communications Processor Turbo MCU MicroComputer Unit MDA Monochrome Display Adapter MDI Multiple Document Interface MEDIUBUNTU Multimedia, Entertainment & Distractions in Ubuntu MEM MEmoire Morte MEV MEmoire Vive MF MF Modulation de Fréquence MF Moyenne Fréquence MFC Microsoft Foundation Classes MFLOPS Millions of FLoating point Operations Per Second MFM Modified Frequency Modulation MFT Master File Table MGE Microstar Graphics Editor MHS Message Handling System MHz MegaHertz MI Metafile Input MIAGE Maîtrise d'Informatique Appliquée à la Gestion des Entreprises MiB mebioctet MIB Management Information Base MID Mobile Internet Device MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIFF Magick Image File Format MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension MiMo Multiple Input - Multiple Output MIPS Millions d'Instructions Par Seconde MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology M-Jpeg Motion Join Picture Expert Group MKS Mortice Kern Systems ML Multi-Level MLC Multi-Level Cell MMA MIDI Manufacturers Association MMC Microsoft Management Console MMC MultiMedia Card MMORPG Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game MMS Module Management System MMS Multimedia Messaging Services MMS Multimedia Messaging System MMU Memory Management Unit MNP Microcom Network Protocol Mo Méga-octet MO Metafile Output MODEM MOdulateur DEModulateur MODS Multiplexed Optical Data Storage MOLENE Multiplexeur Optique pour Liaisons Economiques, Numériques et en Etoile MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor MP Modem Prêt MP Multi Processor MPAA Motion Picture Association of America MPC Multimedia Personal Computer MPD Music Player Daemon

Page 16 Abbreviations

MP-DRAM MultiPort Dynamic Random Access Memory MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG Moving Pictures coding Experts Group MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group MPO Multiple Picture Object MPU Multimedia Processing Unit MR Memory Ready MRAM Magnetic Random Access Memory MRE Memory Read Enable ms milliseconde MS MaSter MS Memory Stick MSB Most Significant Bit(s) MSC Mobile services Switching Center MSDL Manchester Scene Description Language MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System MSRT Malicious Software Removal Tool MST MaSTer MSW Machine Status Word MTA Mail Transport Agent MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTC MIDI Time Code MTP Media Transfer Protocol MTP Mesures Techniques de Protection MVA Multidomain Vertical Alignment MVC Modèle-Vue-Contrôleur MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator MVR Multi-Domain Vertical alignment mW milli-watt MW MXM Mobile PCI eXpress Module N/A Numérique/Analogique NAB Nom ABrégé NAK Negative AcKnowledge NAPLPS North American Presentation Layer Protocol Syntax NAS Network Attached Storage NAS Network Attachement Server NAT Network Address Translation NCEG Numerical C Extension Equivalences NCP Network Control Protocol NDC Normalized Device Coordinate NDMP Network Data Management Protocol NDPS Novell Distributed Print Service NDS Netware Directory Services NED Nano Emissive Display NED Nanotube Electroluminescent Display NET Normes Européennes de Télécommunications NetBEUI NetBIOS Extended User Interface NetCDF Network Common Data Form NFC Near Field Communication NFS Networks File System NGSCB Next Generation Secure Computing Base NIC Network Information Center

Page 17 Abbreviations

NiCd Nickel Cadmium NiMH Nickel-Metal Hydrure NLM Netware Loadable Modules NLQ Near Letter Quality NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt NMS Netware Management Services NNTP News Network Transfer Protocol NOAO National Optical Astronomy Observatories NOS Network Operating System NOST NASA/Science Office of Standards and Technology NRAO National Radio Astronomy Observatory NS Notification Server NSV NullSoft Video NT New Technology NTFS New Technology File System NTIC Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication NTSC National Television System Committee NTSI National Institute of Standard and Technology NUL NULl NVM Non-Volatile Memory NVMHCI Non Volatile Memory Host Controller Interface NX No eXecute O Ohm OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards OBEX OBject EXchange OC Ondes Courtes OCA Online Crash Analysis OCF Output Compare Flag OCI Output Compare Interrupt OCLCTIC Office Central de Lutte contre la Criminalité aux Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication OCR Optical Character Recognition OCR Output Compare Register ODBC Open Data Base Connectivity ODF Open Document Format ODI Open Desktop Initiative ODMS Open Digital Media Systems ODU OutDoor Unit OE Output Enable OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OES Open Enterprise Server OF Overflaw Flag OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing OFSET Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching OLE Object Linking and Embedding OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode OLED Organic Light Emitting Display OLPC One Laptop Per Child OLT Optical Line Terminal OOGL Object Oriented Graphics Library OOXML Office Open eXtensible Markup Language OPC Optimum Power Control OPL Organiser Programming Language ORB Object Request Broker

Page 18 Abbreviations

ORFE OverRun/Framing Error OS Operating System OSD On Screen Display OSE Open Source Edition OSI Open Systems Interconnect OSR Original equipment manufacturer Service Release OSS Open Sound System OTG On The Go OTN Oracle Technology Network OTS Open Text Summarizer OUM Ovonic Unified Memory OWApp Office Web Application P2P Peer-to-Peer PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange PAL Phase Alternating Line PAM Pluggable Authentication Modules PAN Personal Area Network PAO Publication Assistée par Ordinateur PAP Picture And Picture PARC Palo Alto Research Center PARIX PARis Internet eXchange PASM Program, Aperture, Speed, Manual P-ATA Parallel-Advanced Technology Attachment PAV Point d'Accès VidéoTex PAW Physics Analysis Workstation pbm+ Extended Portable Bitmap Toolkit PBP Picture By Picture PC Personal Computer PC Program Counter PCA Personal Internet Client Architecture PCB Printed Circuit Board(s) PC-DOS Personal Computer Disk Operating System PCI Payment Card Industry PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI SIG Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group PCL Printer Command Language PCL Printer Control Language PCM Pulse Coded Modulation PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDF Portable Document Format PDI Picture Description Instruction PF Parity Flag PFL Pre-Fader Listen PGA Professional Graphics Adapter PGCD Plus Grand Commun Diviseur PGP Pretty Good Privacy PHIGS Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphic System PI Priority Inheritance PIC Personal Internet Communicator PIC Publisher Identity Certificate PID Identifier PIM Personal Information Manager

Page 19 Abbreviations

PIM Print Image Matching PIN Personal Identification Number PIP Picture In Picture PIXEL PIcture ELement PL Programming Language PLC Powerline Line Carrier PLF Penguin Liberation Front PLV Production Level Video PMMU Paged Memory Management Unit PMPO Peak Music Power Output PMR Perpendicular Magnetic Recording PND Personal Navigation Device PNG Portable Network Graphic PnP Plug and Play PO Petites Ondes POO Programmation Orientée Objet POP Picture Out of Picture POP Point Of Presence POP Post Office Protocol PP Push-Pull PPCD Plus Petit Commun Dénominateur PPCM Plus Petit Commun Multiple PPGA Plastic Pin Grid Array PPM Pages Par Minute PPM Pages Per Minute PPOP Pixel Processing OPerations PPP Points Par Pouce PPP Point to Point Protocol PPPoE Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet PPU Physics Processing Unit PRAM Phase-Change Random Access Memory PréAO Présentation Assistée par Ordinateur PRN PRiNter PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory PSA Personal Satellite Assistant PSF Photo Studio File PSM Persistent Storage Manager PSN Physical Sector Number PSP Personal Software Products PSP Préfixe de Segment de Programme PSP Program Segment Prefix PSS Packet Switch Stream PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PUK Personal Unblocking Code PVA Patterned Vertical Alignment PWM Pulse Width Modulation PWR PoWeR QBE Query By Example QCIF Quarter Common source Intermediate Format QDOS Quick and Dirty Operating System QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge QPL Quarter PixeL QVGA Quarter Video Graphics Array

Page 20 Abbreviations

RA Real Audio RAB Raid Advisory Board RAID Redundant Array of Independant Disks RAID Redundant Array of Independant Drives RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RAM Random Access Memory RAME Random Access Memory Enable RBAC Role Based Access Control RC Release Candidate RC Retour Chariot RCA Radio Corporation of America RCP Restore Cursor Position RCP Rural Connectivity Platform RD ReaDing RD Receive Data RD Réception Données RDF Resource Description Framework RDP Remote Desktop Protocol RDR Receive Data Register RDRAM Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory RDRF Receive Data Register Full RDSR Receive Data Shift Register RE Receive Enable RE-ADSL Reach Extended Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line REOF Receive End Of File REOL Receive End Of Line RFCOMM Radio Frequency Communication RFID Radio Frequency IDentification RGB Red, Green, Blue RIA Rich Internet Applications RIAA Recording Industry Association of America RIE Receive Interrupt Enable RISC Reduced Instructions Set Computer RLAN Radio Local Area Network RLE Run Length Encoding RLL Run Length Limited RLM Relocatable Load Module RM Reset Mode RMCR Rate/Mode Control Register RMS Root Mean Square RNIS Réseau Numérique à Intégration de Services ROM Read-Only Memory RPC Regional Play-back Control RS Record Separator RSS Really Simple Syndication RSSI Responsable de la Sécurité des Systèmes d'Information RTC Real Time Clock RTC Réseau Téléphonique Commuté RTCP Réseau Téléphonique Commuté Public RTE Réseau de Transport Electrique RTF Rich Text Format RTM Release To Manufacturing RTN ReTurN

Page 21 Abbreviations

RTS Real Time Strategy RTS Request To Send RTV Real Time Video RVB Rouge, Vert, Bleu RWM Read/Write Memory s seconde SAA Systems Application Architecture SACD Super Audio Compact Disc SAK Server Appliance Kit SAN Storage Area Network SANE Scanner Access Now Easy SANS System Administration and Network Security SAO Session At Once SAPS Spartacom Asynchronous Port Sharing S-ATA Serial-Advanced Technology Attachment SB SwitchBoard SCART Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radioélectriques et de Télévision SCC Space Communications Corporation SCEE Sony Computer Entertainment Europe SCI Serial Communications Interface SCoA Smart Compression Architecture SCP Save Cursor Position SCPP Société Civile des Producteurs de Phonographes SCSI Small Computer System Interface SD Secure Digital SD Standard Definition SDHC Secure Digital High Capacity SDI Single Document Interface SDK Software Developer's Kit SDK Software Development Kit SDLT Super SDP Service Discovery Protocol SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory SDRAM-DDR Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory - Double Data Rate SDXC Secure Digital eXtended Capacity SECAM SEquentiel Couleur Avec Mémoire SED Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display SED Système d'Exploitation de Disque(s) SELL Syndicat des Éditeurs de Logiciels de Loisirs SEPP Single Ended Push-Pull SEQUEL Structured English SET Secure Electronic Transaction SF Sign Flag SFR Split Frame Rendering SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol SG Signal Ground SGBD Système de Gestion de Bases de Données SGBDR Système de Gestion de Bases de Données Relationnelles SGF Système de Gestion de Fichiers SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language SGR Set Graphic Rendition SHA Secure Hash Algorithm SI Shift In

Page 22 Abbreviations

SI Source Index SIGB Système Intégré de Gestion de Bibliothèque SIM Subscriber Identity Module SIMM Single Inline Memory Module SIP Session Initiation Protocol SIS Silicon Integrated System SL SLave SLA Service Level Agreement SLC Single-Level Cell SLE Suse Linux Enterprise SLI Scalable Link Interface SLI Scan Line Interleaving SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol SLL Société des Logiciels Libres SLT Single Lens Translucent SLV SLaVe SM Set Mode SM Smart Media SMB SMDI Small Computer System Interface Musical Data Interchange SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language SMM System Management Mode SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMS Short Messaging Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNCD Syndicat National de la Communication Directe SNIA Storage Networking Industry Association SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SO Shift Out SoC System On a Chip Sodimm Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module SOH Start Of Heading SP SPace SP Stack Pointer SP2 Service Pack 2 SPA Software Publishers Association SPDIF Sony Philips Digital InterFace SPIM SPam over Instant Messaging SPX Sequence Packet eXchange SQL Structured Query Language SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRM Storage Resource Management SS Stack Segment SSCI Société de Services et de Conseil en Informatique SSD Solid-State Disk SSD Solid State Drive SSE Streaming SIMD Extensions SSH Secure SHell SSID Service Set IDentifier (identificateur de groupe de services) SSII Société de Services en Ingénierie Informatique SSL Secured Sockets Layer SSS SubSurface Scattering STA Semiconductor Technology Associates

Page 23 Abbreviations

STNBY STand BY STUR Spécifications Techniques d'Utilisation du Réseau STX Start of TeXt SUB SUBstitute SuMiCon Super Mini Computer SVCD Super Video Compact Disc SVGA Super Video Graphic Array S-VHS Super VHS SW Short Wave SWI SoftWare Interrupt SYN SYNchronous idle SyNAPSE Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptative Plastic Scalable Electronics SYSOP SYStem OPerator TAB TABulation TAO Track At Once TASM Turbo-ASseMbler TBC Time Base Corrector TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCPA Trusted Computing Platform Alliance TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol TCSR Timer Control/Status Register TD Transmission Données TD Transmit Data TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TDP Thermal Design Power TDR Transmit Data Register TDRE Transmit Data Register Empty TDS Téléchargement Définitif avec Sauvegarde TDSR Transmit Data Shift Register TE Transmit Enable TEOF Transmit End Of File TEOL Transmit End Of Line TF Trap Flag TFT Thin Film Technology TFT Thin Film Transistor THD Très Haut Débit THF Très Haute Fréquence THX Tom Holdman eXperiment THX Tomlinson Holman eXperience TI Texas Instruments TIC Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication TICE Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication dans l'Éducation TIE Transmit Interrupt Enable TIFF Tagged Image File Format TIGA Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture TL TimeLine TLD Top Level Domain TLS Transport Layer Security TMA Tierce Maintenance Applicative TMC Traffic Message Channel TN Twisted Nematic TNR Terminal Numérique de Réseau

Page 24 Abbreviations

TNT Télévision Numérique Terrestre To Teraoctet TOF Timer Overflow Flag TOF Top Of Form TOI Timer Overflow Interrupt TOS Tape Operating System TP Terminal Prêt TPI Tracks Per Inch TPM Trusted Platform Module TRANSISTOR TRANsfer reSISTOR TRC Technical Requirement Checklist TRCSR Transmit/Receive Control/Status Register TSF Transmission Sans Fil TSL Teinte, Saturation, Luminance TSR Terminate and Stay Resident TTF True Type Font TTL Transistor to Transistor Logic TVHD TéléVision Haute Définition TVSS Tactile Visual Substitution System TWAIN Toolkit Without An Important Name UAC UAL Unité Arithmétique et Logique UAP User Account Protection UAProf User Agent Profile UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UC Unité Centrale UCT Unité Centrale de Traitement UDF UDF User Define Function UDI Unified Display Interface UDMA Ultra Direct Memory Access UDP User Datagram Protocol UEFI Unified Extensible Firmware Interface UHF Ultra-Haute Fréquence UHF Ultra-High Frequency UIC User Identification Code UIT Union Internationale des Télécommunications Ultra ATA Ultra Advanced Technology Attachment ULV Ultra Low Voltage UMA Unlicensed Mobile Access UMB Upper Memory Block UMD UMPC Ultra Mobile Portable Computer UMS Universal Mass Storage UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UPnP Universal Plug and Play URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Universal Resource Locator US Unit Separator USB Universal Serial Bus USB-IF Universal Serial Bus Implementers Forum USM Universal SATA Module USM UnSharp Masking

Page 25 Abbreviations

USMT User State Migration Tool USR Unix System Ressources UV Ultra-Violet UWB Ultra Wide Band UXD User eXperience Design V Volt VA Vertical Alignment VA Vertically Aligned VBR Variable Bit Rate VC-1 Video Codec 1 VCD Video Compact Disc VDSL Very high rate Digital Subscriber Line VDU Visual Display Unit VESA Video Electronics Standards Association VESA FDMI Video Electronics Standards Association Flat Display Mounting Interface standard VGA Video Graphics Array VHF VHS-C VHS Compact VIA Versatile Interface Adapter VLR Visitors Location Register VLSI Very Large Scale Integration VMD Versatile Multilayer Disc VMM Virtual Memory Management VNC Virtual Network Computing VODHD Video On Demand High Definition VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol VOM Volt-Ohm-Meter VPN Virtual Private Network (réseau privé virtuel) VRAM Video Random Access Memory VRC View Reference Coordinate VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language VROOM Virtual Real-time Object-Oriented Memory manager VT Vertical Tabulation VT Virtualization Technology W Watt WAN Wide Area Network WAP Wireless Application Protocol WC World Coordinate WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WD Western Digital WDS Wireless Distribution System WebOS Web Operating System WECA Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance WEI Windows Experience Index WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP Wireless Equivalent Privacy WGA Windows Genuine Advantage WGAS Working Group on Astronomical Software WHDI Wireless Home Digital Interface WHQL Windows Hardware Quality Lab WHS Windows Scripting Host WiDi Wireless Display WiFi Wireless Fidelity

Page 26 Abbreviations

WIMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WIMP Window, Icon, Mouse, Pull-down menu WinFS Windows Future Storage WinHEC Windows Hardware Engineering Conference WISS Workstation Independent Segment Storage WL WaveLength WLAN Wireless Local Area Network WLL Wireless Local Loop WLM Windows Live Messenger WMA Windows Media Audio WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network WMF Windows MetaFile WML Wireless Markup Language WMP WMV Windows Media Video WMV-HD Windows Media Video - High Definition WORM Write Once, Read Many WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access WPA Wireless fidelity Protected Access WPA Wireless fidelity Protected Area WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network WPF Windows Presentation Foundation WPS Wireless fidelity Protected System WR WRiting WSH Windows Scripting Host WSPP Windows Software Protection Platform WSPR Windows System Performance Rating WTLS Wireless Transport Security Layer WU Wake-Up WUBI Windows Ubuntu Installer WUSB Wireless Universal Serial Bus WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get WYTIWYG What You Think Is What You Get XD eXecution Disable XDG X Desktop Group XDR eXtreme Date Rate X-Fi eXtreme Fidelity XFWM X Forms Window Manager XHTML eXtensible HyperText Markup Language XITE X-based Image processing Tools and Environment XML eXtented Markup Language XMP eXtensible Platform XMS eXtended Memory Specification XSVCD eXtended Super Video Compact Disc XVCD eXtended Video Compact Disc XT eXtended Technology YMP Yast Meta Package ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZF Zero Flag

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