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The Future of Transportation Fuels and Vehicles Hearing THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION FUELS AND VEHICLES HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MARCH 7, 2018 Serial No. 115–106 ( Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Commerce energycommerce.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 30–448 WASHINGTON : 2018 VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:56 Aug 17, 2018 Jkt 037690 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 I:\MY DOCS\HEARINGS 115\HEARINGS\115-106 CHRIS COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE GREG WALDEN, Oregon Chairman JOE BARTON, Texas FRANK PALLONE, JR., New Jersey Vice Chairman Ranking Member FRED UPTON, Michigan BOBBY L. RUSH, Illinois JOHN SHIMKUS, Illinois ANNA G. ESHOO, California MICHAEL C. BURGESS, Texas ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee GENE GREEN, Texas STEVE SCALISE, Louisiana DIANA DEGETTE, Colorado ROBERT E. LATTA, Ohio MICHAEL F. DOYLE, Pennsylvania CATHY MCMORRIS RODGERS, Washington JANICE D. SCHAKOWSKY, Illinois GREGG HARPER, Mississippi G.K. BUTTERFIELD, North Carolina LEONARD LANCE, New Jersey DORIS O. MATSUI, California BRETT GUTHRIE, Kentucky KATHY CASTOR, Florida PETE OLSON, Texas JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland DAVID B. MCKINLEY, West Virginia JERRY MCNERNEY, California ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois PETER WELCH, Vermont H. MORGAN GRIFFITH, Virginia BEN RAY LUJA´ N, New Mexico GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida PAUL TONKO, New York BILL JOHNSON, Ohio YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York BILLY LONG, Missouri DAVID LOEBSACK, Iowa LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana KURT SCHRADER, Oregon BILL FLORES, Texas JOSEPH P. KENNEDY, III, Massachusetts SUSAN W. BROOKS, Indiana TONY CA´ RDENAS, CaliforniaL RUIZ, MARKWAYNE MULLIN, Oklahoma California RICHARD HUDSON, North Carolina SCOTT H. PETERS, California CHRIS COLLINS, New York DEBBIE DINGELL, Michigan KEVIN CRAMER, North Dakota TIM WALBERG, Michigan MIMI WALTERS, California RYAN A. COSTELLO, Pennsylvania EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’ CARTER, Georgia JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT JOHN SHIMKUS, Illinois Chairman DAVID B. MCKINLEY, West Virginia PAUL TONKO, New York Vice Chairman Ranking Member JOE BARTON, Texas RAUL RUIZ, California TIM MURPHY, Pennsylvania SCOTT H. PETERS, California MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee GENE GREEN, Texas GREGG HARPER, Mississippi DIANA DEGETTE, Colorado PETE OLSON, Texas JERRY MCNERNEY, California BILL JOHNSON, Ohio TONY CA´ RDENAS, California BILL FLORES, Texas DEBBIE DINGELL, Michigan RICHARD HUDSON, North Carolina DORIS O. MATSUI, California KEVIN CRAMER, North Dakota FRANK PALLONE, JR., New Jersey (ex TIM WALBERG, Michigan officio) EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’ CARTER, Georgia JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina GREG WALDEN, Oregon (ex officio) (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:56 Aug 17, 2018 Jkt 037690 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 I:\MY DOCS\HEARINGS 115\HEARINGS\115-106 CHRIS C O N T E N T S Page Hon. John Shimkus, a Representative in Congress from the State of Illinois, opening statement ................................................................................................ 1 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 3 Hon. Paul Tonko, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York, opening statement ................................................................................................ 3 Hon. Greg Walden, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oregon, opening statement ................................................................................................ 5 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 6 Hon. Frank Pallone, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the State of New Jersey, opening statement .......................................................................... 7 WITNESSES John Maples, Senior Transportation Analyst, U.S. Energy Information Ad- ministration .......................................................................................................... 9 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 11 Answers to submitted questions ...................................................................... 102 John Farrell, Laboratory Program Manager, Vehicles Technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory ............................................................................ 25 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 27 Answers to submitted questions ...................................................................... 105 Joshua Linn, Senior Fellow, Resources for the Future ........................................ 36 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 38 Answers to submitted questions ...................................................................... 110 Jeremy Martin, Senior Scientist and Fuels Lead, Clean Vehicles Program, Union of Concerned Scientists ............................................................................ 36 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 53 Answers to submitted questions ...................................................................... 113 John Eichberger, Executive Director, Fuels Institute .......................................... 57 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 60 Answers to submitted questions ...................................................................... 116 SUBMITTED MATERIAL Statement of VNG, submitted by Mr. Shimkus .................................................... 96 Report entitled, ‘‘Fueling a Clean Transportation Future: Smart Fuel Choices for a Warming World,’’ Union of Concerned Scientists, February 2016 1 1 The information can be found at: https://docs.house.gov/meetings/if/if18/ 20180307/106958/hhrg-115-if18-20180307-sd090.pdf. (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:56 Aug 17, 2018 Jkt 037690 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 I:\MY DOCS\HEARINGS 115\HEARINGS\115-106 CHRIS VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:56 Aug 17, 2018 Jkt 037690 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 I:\MY DOCS\HEARINGS 115\HEARINGS\115-106 CHRIS THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION FUELS AND VEHICLES WEDNESDAY, MARCH 7, 2018 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT, COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE Washington, DC. The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:15 a.m., in room 2322 Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. John Shimkus (chair- man of the subcommittee) presiding. Members present: Representatives Shimkus, McKinley, Barton, Harper, Johnson, Flores, Hudson, Walberg, Carter, Duncan, Wal- den (ex officio), Tonko, Peters, DeGette, McNerney, Dingell, and Pallone (ex officio). Also present: Representative Loebsack. Staff present: Mike Bloomquist, Deputy Staff Director; Daniel Butler, Staff Assistant; Kelly Collins, Staff Assistant; Adam Fromm, Director of Outreach and Coalitions; Ben Lieberman, Sen- ior Counsel, Energy; Ryan Long, Deputy Staff Director; Mary Mar- tin, Chief Counsel, Energy & Environment; Brandon Mooney, Dep- uty Chief Energy Counsel Advisor; Annelise Rickert, Counsel, En- ergy; Dan Schneider, Press Secretary; Jason Stanek, Senior Coun- sel, Energy; Hamlin Wade, Special Advisor, External Affairs; Ever- ett Winnick, Director of Information Technology; Jeff Carroll, Mi- nority Staff Director; Jean Fruci, Minority Energy and Environ- ment Policy Advisor; Rick Kessler, Minority Senior Advisor and Staff Director, Energy and Environment; Alexander Ratner, Minor- ity Policy Analyst; Andrew Souvall, Minority Director of Commu- nications, Outreach and Member Services; and C.J. Young, Minor- ity Press Secretary. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN SHIMKUS, A REP- RESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Mr. SHIMKUS. The subcommittee will come to order and the chair recognizes himself for 5 minutes for an opening statement. We have experienced very gradual and incremental change in the transportation fuels and vehicles over the last several decades, but there are signs that the pace of change will accelerate in the years ahead. In the not-too-distant future we may see cars in showrooms and fuel choices at retail stations that are noticeably different than what is available today. The purpose of this hearing is to provide an overview of the ongoing transition and learn more about what it all means for the American driving public. (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:56 Aug 17, 2018 Jkt 037690 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 I:\MY DOCS\HEARINGS 115\HEARINGS\115-106 CHRIS 2 I welcome our distinguished panel of experts. While nobody’s crystal ball is perfect, the individuals and organizations rep- resented here have done some of the best thinking about the future of personal transportation and I thank them for participating in this hearing. Many factors are contributing to this evolving marketplace in transportation. One driver, no pun intended, is government policy. I should stress that this is not a hearing about the Renewable Fuels Standard, per se, or the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards, or incentives for electrical vehicles. However, these and other federal policies are significant contributors to the changing fuels and vehicle marketplace and thus are an important part of the overall discussion. For example, the Department of Energy is working with other agencies and national labs on its
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