Çarlik Rusyasi Döneminde Batum Vilayeti (1878-1914)

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Çarlik Rusyasi Döneminde Batum Vilayeti (1878-1914) T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ ÇARLIK RUSYASI DÖNEMİNDE BATUM VİLAYETİ (1878-1914) RESUL TURAN 2502130412 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. MEHMET ALİ BEYHAN İSTANBUL – 2019 ÖZ ÇARLIK RUSYASI DÖNEMİNDE BATUM VİLAYETİ (1878-1914) RESUL TURAN Çarlık Rusyası’nın Batum Vilayeti, günümüz Gürcistan sınırlarında bulunan Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti’ni ve artık Türkiye sınırlarındaki Artvin Kemalpaşa’ya kadar olan bölümü kapsamaktaydı. İlgili dönem göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bölge, özellikle Batum şehri, sanayi faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak nüfus ve etnik yapı itibariyle hızlı bir değişim göstermiştir. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonunda imzalanan Berlin Antlaşması’yla kurulan Batum Vilayeti, Rusça’da Batum Oblastı olarak adlandırılmaktaydı. Oblast; 1883’e kadar Batum, Acara ve Artvin olmak üzere “okrug” adı verilen üç sancaktan, bu tarihten sonra ise Acara Okrugu kaldırılmasıyla Batum ve Artvin okruglarından oluşmaktaydı. Kafkasya Genel Valiliği’ne bağlı olan vilayetin yönetim merkezi Batum şehri idi. Vilayet, 1883-1903 yılları arasında bir süre Kutais Guberniyası’na bağlanmış ve sonra Batum Vilayeti olarak yeniden kurulmuştur. Askeri kadrolardan oluşan bir idare ile yönetilen Batum Vilayeti, 1883 yılında demiryolu ile Tiflis ve Bakü’ye bağlanmasının ardından dünyanın en önemli petrol limanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Ticari sermayenin toplandığı Batum, sanayi kuruluşları, altyapısı, kültürel ve sosyal ortamıyla Kafkasya’nın önemli merkezlerinden birine dönüşmüştür. Osmanlı-Rus sınırında bir bölge olması nedeniyle önemli bir geçiş güzergâhı ve etkileşim noktası olan vilayetin merkezi olan Batum şehrinde, birçok yabancı temsilcilik açılmıştır. Bu temsilciliklerden biri olan Osmanlı Devleti’nin Batum Başşehbenderliği bölgedeki önemli sosyal ve siyasal gelişmelerin Osmanlı makamlarınca takip edilmesini sağlamıştır. Bu tezde, 1878-1914 yılları arasında Batum Vilayeti’nin idari, ekonomik ve sosyal yapısı, yukarıda bahsedilen gelişmeler ve ana kaynaklar ışığında değerlendirilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Batum Vilayeti, Çarlık Rusyası, Gürcistan, Kafkasya, Acara Bölgesi ABSTRACT THE PROVINCE OF BATUMI UNDER THE RULE OF TSARIST RUSSIA (1878-1914) RESUL TURAN The province of Batumi in Tsarist Russia included the Autonomous Republic of Adjara in modern Georgia and the part of Artvin Kemalpaşa. When the related period is taken into consideration, the region, especially Batum city, has shown a rapid change in terms of population and ethnicity depending on its industrial activities. The Province of Batumi was established by the Treaty Berlin, signed at the end of 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War. The province consisted of three sanjaks, called “okrug”, which were Batumi, Adjara and Artvin. After 1883, the province consisted of only Batumi and Artvin okrugs. The governing center of the province, which was attached to the General Governorate of the Caucasus, was the city of Batumi. The province was connected to Kutais Governorate for a period between the years 1883-1903 and then re-established as Batum Province. Batumi Province, which was governed by a military administration, became one of the most important oil ports in the world in 1883 when it was connected to Tbilisi and Baku by rail. Batumi, where commercial capital is gathered, has become one of the important centers of the Caucasus with its industrial establishments, infrastructure, cultural and social environment. Since it is a region on the Ottoman- Russian border, Batumi, the center of the province, which is an important transit route and point of interaction, has opened many foreign representations. One of these representatives, the Ottoman State's Batumi Consulate ensured that the important social and political developments in the region were followed by the Ottoman authorities. In this thesis, the administrative, economic, and social structure of the province of Batumi between 1878-1914 are evaluated in the light of the main sources. Keywords: Batumi Province, Tsarist Russia, Georgia, Caucasus, Adjara Region iv ÖNSÖZ “Çarlık Rusyası Döneminde Batum Vilayeti (1878-1914)” adlı doktora tezinde, Çarlık Rusyası’nın Kafkasya’daki yönetim yapılanması ve 1878-1914 yılları arasında bölgede yaşanan tarihi gelişmeler, Batum Oblastı örneğinde incelendi. Tez başlığındaki “vilayet” terimiyle, Rusya’nın idari işleyişinde önemli yeri olan “oblast” kastedilmektedir. Batum Oblastı’nın XIX. yüzyıldaki coğrafi sınırları, yaklaşık olarak günümüzde Gürcistan sınırlarındaki Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti’ni ve artık Türkiye sınırlarında olan Artvin şehrinin büyük bir kısmını kapsamaktaydı. Literatürde “kırk yıllık kara günler” olarak nitelendirilen Kars, Ardahan ve Batum’un Rus idaresinde bulunduğu dönem, Rus idaresinin zalim yönetimi nedeniyle mi yoksa bilinmeyen kapkara bir dönem olmasından mı bu adı almıştır? Bölge, göç hareketlerininim yanında, nasıl Anadolu’dan her yıl on binlerce işçiyi çeken bir iş merkezine dönüşmüştür? Batum, ticari hayatın yanında, ziyaret edenlerde hayranlık uyandıran gelişmiş bir şehir haline nasıl ulaşmıştır? Bölgedeki bu gelişmeler Osmanlı idaresince nasıl karşılanmıştır? Bu bölge üzerine günümüze kadar yapılan çalışmalarda bu dönem “1878 yılında imzalanan Berlin Antlaşması ile Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Rusya’ya bırakıldı ve 1918’de imzalanan Brest Litovsk Antlaşması ile geri alındı” gibi kalıp bir cümleyle geçiştirilmiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın temel amacı; 1878 ve 1914 yılları arasındaki barış dönemi temel alınarak Batum ve çevresinin yaklaşık kırk yıllık süreçte geçirdiği değişimi idari, sosyal ve ekonomik yönlerden ele almaktır. 1878’de Berlin Antlaşması’yla Osmanlı’nın kuzey doğu sınırında kurulan Batum Vilayeti, sahip olduğu idari sistem, halkının büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan Müslüman nüfusu ve Osmanlı Devleti ile olan sınırı nedeniyle hem Osmanlı hem de Çarlık Rusyası için önemli bir bölgeydi. Bakü petrollerinin ve Kafkasya’daki madenlerin Batum üzerinden sevk edilmesi ve Batum’un Osmanlı coğrafyasının Kafkasya’ya açılan kapısı konumunda olması nedeniyle iki devlet arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimin en yoğun olduğu merkezlerdendi. Tezin yazımında Osmanlı Arşivi, İngiliz Arşivi, Gürcistan Devlet Arşivleri’nden Osmanlı Arşivlerine gönderilen Rusça belgeler ve kısıtlı süre zarfında Rus Devlet Tarih Arşivi’nde inceleme fırsatı bulunan belgelerden yararlanılmıştır. v Arşivlerde bulunan kaynakların yanında, Moskova’daki Rusya Devlet Kütüphanesi, Yekaterinburg’daki Belinskiy Kütüphanesi, Batum’daki Batum Halk Kütüphanesi, Tiflis’teki Gürcistan Parlamento Milli Arşivi ve Yuseb Grişaşvili Adına Müze- Kütüphanesi çalışmaya dair birinci ve ikinci el kaynaklara ulaşmayı sağlayan önemli merkezler olmuştur. Genel olarak yukarıda sayılan arşiv ve kütüphanelerdeki çalışmalar sonucu ortaya çıkan tez, bir giriş ve üç ana bölüm halinde ele alınmıştır. Giriş bölümünde çalışmada yararlanılan kaynakların ve literatürün genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Batum’un Osmanlı idaresinden çıkışı ve Rus idaresine girişi ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Rusya’nın Batum, Acara ve Artvin’de kurmuş olduğu idari sistem; bölge halkının devlete karşı olan yükümlülükleri ele alınmıştır. Genel olarak vilayet anlamına gelen oblast idaresi altında bulunan okrug adı verilen sancakların, Batum şehrinin ve kırsal kesimin idaresi üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca Rusya’nın bölgeyi askerî bir üs haline getirme süreci ve Türk-Rus ilişkilerinde önemli bir sorun olan mülkiyet ve sınır sorunları ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde, genel olarak Batum’un bir ticaret ve üretim merkezi haline gelme süreci üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu sürecin başlangıcı olan ulaşım, haberleşme ve alt yapı hizmetlerinin kurulması, Kafkasya’daki en son nokta olan Batum’un da alınmasıyla, bölgenin bu ulaşım ağı ve ticaret ağına katılımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bakü petrollerinin Batum üzerinden demiryolu ve boru hattıyla dünya pazarlarına ihracı; bunun yanında Artvin tarafındaki özellikle bakır madenlerinin de işlenmeye başlanması, bölgenin ekonomik kalkınması üzerinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Bu açıdan, Rusya’nın uzun yıllardır Kafkasya’da altyapısını hazırladığı ulaşım ve haberleşme faaliyetlerinin bir parçası olarak Batum ve çevresi Karadeniz’e çıkışta ana nokta haline gelmiştir. Batum bölgesi, sahip olduğu tropik iklimle tarımsal açıdan da Rus idaresinde birçok farklı ürünün yetiştirilmeye başlandığı ve halk arasında üretimin yaygınlaştırıldığı bir bölge haline geldi. Özellikle çay, bambu, faklı çiçekler ve tütün önemli ürünlerdi. Üçüncü bölümde, bölgenin Rus idaresine terkinden itibaren taraflar arasında tartışmalı bir konu olarak kalan bölge nüfusu ve nüfus yapısındaki değişimler Batum, Acara ve Artvin özelinde ele alınmıştır. Bölge nüfusunun artışına paralel olarak şehirde gerçekleştirilen altyapı hizmetleri, mekânsal ve kültürel değişim üzerinde vi durulmuştur. Bu bölümde ilaveten, 1905 Devrimi’ne yol açan gelişmeler, Batum ve Kafkasya merkezli olarak değerlendirilmiş, bölgede meydana gelen olaylar Müslüman halk ve Batum Başşehbenderliği üzerinden yansıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu tezin ortaya çıkmasında ve Rusya’da dil eğitimi almamda Rusya Federasyonu Eğitim ve Bilim Bakanlığı’nın vermiş olduğu bir yıl süreli Rusça dil bursu önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu süreçte yararlandığım Osmanlı Arşivi, İngiliz Arşivi ve Rus Devlet Tarih Arşivi çalışanlarına samimi yardımlarından dolayı teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca önemli birinci el kaynaklara sahip Rusya Devlet Kütüphanesi, Yekaterinburg’daki Belinskiy Kütüphanesi, Batum’daki Batum Halk Kütüphanesi, Tiflis’teki Gürcistan Parlamento Milli Kütüphanesi
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