Velichko V.L. CAUCASUS RUSSIAN AFFAIRS AND INTERTRIBAL PROBLEMS Baku - «Âàòàí» - 2007 Velichko V.L. “Caucasus. Russian affairs and intertribal problems”. — Baku: “Âàòàí”, 2007-154 p. The book “Caucasus” written by the prominent russian scientist, journalist and historian V.Ë.Velichko is one of the most valuable reliquiae of Russian culture. It is of great scien- tific interest. “Elm” publishing house realizes issuing of his- torical books on “The history and culture of the peoples of the USSR”. The book “Caucasus” is the first edition of this series. Although there existed a number of uncomplimentary re- ports about the native inhabitants of the Caucasus including azerbaijanians, the publishing house took an opportunity of presenting the book “Caucasus” to the wide circle of readers from its original version. © «Âàòàí» publishing 2007 2 The first pages of this book were printed in V.L.Velichko’s life-time; the death prevented him from completing a deed which he considered to be one of his major and fundamental tasks and the thought that the labour endured for many years wouldn’t be completed agitated him till the end of his life. Granting his last will, we completed publishing the book with participation of the person who collaborated with Vasiliy Lvovich Velichko on the problems of Caucasus and was well informed of his views and plans. A number of articles, published in “Russkiy Vestnik” served as a basis of the book; first four chapters were carefully worked out by the author, the rest were enriched as far as pos- sible and annotated from V.L.Velichko’s scientific works. A part of the last materials is given in the “Supple- ment” of the book. Unfortunately, we had no chance to enrich the book with materials as the author could do it; we set the task not to use any thought which differs from his views. Ïóáëèñùåð 3 1. Introduction. What a still magic word – Caucasus! How it breathes with memories indelible for the entire Russian people; how bright is the dream flashing up in mind hearing this name, the dream invincible for neither everyday banality, nor strict thrift! Is there anybody in Russia, whose family sev- eral decades ago had not sacrificed its blood and tears to this mysterious land, raised ardent prayers to heaven anx- iously listening to threatening echoes of the exuberant struggle boiling far away?! Snow crowned giants and burning rays of the midday sun, and legends of old im- bued with the deepest tragedy, and spontaneous heroism of sons of Caucasus – all that is sung by the people and prophetic mouthpieces of its world outlook, inspired by torches of the Russian idea – our great poets. The Caucasus cannot be alien to us: it has taken too many of various efforts, is too far organically connected with the great Russian world vocation, with the Russian cause. With regard to numerous attempts (mostly not dis- interested) to disorient the Russian society in the inter- tribal issues it is necessary to establish once and forever the life and correct point of view on the Russian cause in general. Equally sincere people may have different points of view. Some people consider serving to the Russian cause the struggle for existence and prosperity of people-statehood, the struggle unrestrained by any precepts of history, norms of morality or humanity; they think that everything foreign, although valuable, must be wiped out from the earth since it doesn’t merge quick 4 enough and without leaving a trace with our people- statehood element. I would call that cruel approach the German rather than the Russian. It contradicts to the Russian world ideal and undermines one of the most firm bases of its spiritual and hence political might. The other people go to the opposite extreme: they are ready to give up everything Russian in favour of something breaking our unity, eroding our state power and being negative phenomenon itself. This is an approach of the “school” of non-resistant with pseudo-national programme, real leaders or shadowed instigators of which of course are the Russian people. Such a non-resistance to the isolating evil forces, even in those rare cases when it is disinter- ested, is only possible with detriment to the vitality of the Russian patriotism and not justified at all by speculations, which are usual in such occasions, on topic that we are – great and powerful people. Great people – is this a reason to allow anyone to encroach on bread of our children, vital force of junior brothers, subject our sanctuaries to profana- tion and allow isolated foreigners to override weak and compliant bearers of the Russian cause?! How long the definition of great will be equalized with definition of stupid, weak and unprincipled?! Only the following third point of view is correct, just and at the same time practical. The great and powerful doesn’t look at life with somnolent eyes, but in due time establishes a truth of life, develops its collective or unique identity being equipped with inherited legends of the past, “cold notices of mind and sad marks of heart”. The great and powerful is not satisfied with patterns and nicknames covering untrue, blurred or parti-coloured concepts. He must press up lazy blur by effort of mind, has to distinguish colours and tints of the parti-coloured picture. 5 If the multicoloured Caucasus still remains the tortur- ing puzzle for our educated classes, then it means that they are neither great, nor powerful, and not absolutely free from slavery of strangers’ words and concepts, from the yoke of the abovementioned and alas, typically- Russian lazy blurriness. Recent spring up of the Russian Convention and what’s more important its development independent from external fake and arch influences con- firm correctness of my words, and along with that shines as bright ray of hope for better days, rise of the Russian farsightedness, Russian thoughtfulness and spiritual power. Our soldiers and people after them called the Cau- casus “deathful”, because its conquest was accompanied by incredible strain of heroism and heavy losses. But our nation doesn’t spare sacrifices: the dead do not have shame, and exploits are crowned with glory. “Deathful” na- ture of the Caucasus took different shape, perhaps disas- trous, and maybe useful at the end, discovering internal pests of our life, feebleness of our spirit, omissions and er- rors of our provincial policy, even blurriness and instability of the state-national attitude to world of most of the Rus- sian people, including those serving, as well as those un- dertaking courage to influence society through press. The Caucasus is the large academy with various natural laboratories opening to observer and explorer wide open space for independent conclusions. It has special importance for sociologist and particularly for the representative of the state science, which is spread so lit- tle, - alas! – even among our ruling classes, who should more consciously treat their duties before motherland and Emperor instead of regarding life from the point of view of the 20th day of month. The phenomena of life and human characters in the Caucasus are very bold even 6 when they are simultaneously complicate. Combination and sometimes complete coincidence of the racial issues with socio-economic ones is of special importance. This feature of the Caucasian life predetermines that consid- erable difficulty of administration in the region and super- vision over activity of local authorities, which sometimes truly and sometimes pretended to misunderstand practi- cal meaning of the peculiar basis of local social estab- lishment and everyday life. To look to the roots of main issues and phenomena one has to study the past at least in general terms. 7 2. The character of the past. The past of the Caucasian region represents the picture, which is as multi-coloured as its natural condi- tions and multi-tribal combination of population. Gener- alizations of positive character are quite difficult under such circumstances, some bright colours may mark only some most obvious contours of that past, which are, in addition, negative from the cultural point of view. First, the Caucasus had never had peace, neither internal, nor external. For centuries it was one of the routes for aggressive invasions of Asia into Europe; passing through its mountains and valleys every tribe washing away the seeds of local culture by its wave left its own trace instead, mostly ill-natured, because invad- ing tribes are impudent about everything and everybody. On the other hand, this highly crossed landscape, which is rich for impassable gorges and unattainable heights, given significant climatic, soil and tribal complexity could not become the territory of tightly joint and culturally de- veloped country. The mountainous thickets used to be and still inhabited by many small tribes different for origin and rudiments of racial cultures, engaged themselves in permanent fight with each other, but nevertheless united, in biologic sense, by similar conditions of nature, indus- try, way of life and religious substrata, which regardless of differences of formal worship consists of total adora- tion to the terrible forces of nature, subjugating the hu- man, his thoughts, character and belief. These people could not create a state, because they are unskilled for statehood at all, which, by the way, hardly can strongly 8 develop at the crossed heights since some gorges be- come isolated from the rest of the world for seven or eight months a year by snow or waters. To the south of the main range, in the western Tran- scaucasia since prehistoric times settled the Kartvelian tribe (Georgians, Imeretians, Gurians, Mingrels, Lazis, Ajarians, Kobuletis and others); this tribe united for short periods in the Middle Ages, but was dispersed for the rest of the time.