The English Renaissance in Context: Looking at Older Books
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Evaluating the Impact of the Long-S Upon 18Th-Century Encyclopedia Britannica Automatic Subject Metadata Generation Results Sam Grabus
ARTICLES Evaluating the Impact of the Long-S upon 18th-Century Encyclopedia Britannica Automatic Subject Metadata Generation Results Sam Grabus ABSTRACT This research compares automatic subject metadata generation when the pre-1800s Long-S character is corrected to a standard < s >. The test environment includes entries from the third edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, and the HIVE automatic subject indexing tool. A comparative study of metadata generated before and after correction of the Long-S demonstrated an average of 26.51 percent potentially relevant terms per entry omitted from results if the Long-S is not corrected. Results confirm that correcting the Long-S increases the availability of terms that can be used for creating quality metadata records. A relationship is also demonstrated between shorter entries and an increase in omitted terms when the Long-S is not corrected. INTRODUCTION The creation of subject metadata for individual documents is long known to support standardized resource discovery and analysis by identifying and connecting resources with similar aboutness.1 In order to address the challenges of scale, automatic or semi-automatic indexing is frequently employed for the generation of subject metadata, particularly for academic articles, where the abstract and title can be used as surrogates in place of indexing the full text. When automatically generating subject metadata for historical humanities full texts that do not have an abstract, anachronistic typographical challenges may arise. One key challenge is that presented by the historical “Long-S” < ſ >. In order to account for these idiosyncrasies, there is a need to understand the impact that they have upon the automatic subject indexing output. -
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119
INGO GILDENHARD Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary CICERO, PHILIPPIC 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119 Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary Ingo Gildenhard https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2018 Ingo Gildenhard The text of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the author(s), but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work. Attribution should include the following information: Ingo Gildenhard, Cicero, Philippic 2, 44–50, 78–92, 100–119. Latin Text, Study Aids with Vocabulary, and Commentary. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://doi. org/10.11647/OBP.0156 Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit https:// www.openbookpublishers.com/product/845#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://www. -
Whenever There Is a Line Or Tilde Over a Vowel, It Is an Abbreviation for the Letters M Or N. in This Case, the Full Word Is Quadam
Whenever there is a line or tilde over a vowel, it is an abbreviation for the letters m or n. In this case, the full word is quadam. In this instance, the line over the e represents an omission of the letter n, giving the word debent when written in full. Whenever a word in Latin had an instance of the letter i in succession, the second i was always written as a j. This applies to all words wherein ii is present and also to the Roman numeral ii, which was written as ij. Therefore, cambij = cambii, negotijs = negotiis. The e with a cedilla was an abbreviation for the letters ae. This word spelled out is quae. Following the letter q, a period or semicolon was used as an abbreviation for the letters ue. The first example reads denique, the second one is quacunque. In the seventeenth century, the letter u and v were interchangeable and not yet viewed as two distinct letters. While not universal, a general rule is that if u or v began a word, it was written as a v; if a u or v occurred in the middle or end of a word, it was written as a u. In the 17th century, a lowercase s had two forms- one long and one short. As a general rule, when a lowercase s occurred as the first letter of the word or in any other place in the word except as the final letter, it was written with a long s, which resembles the letter f. -
The Impact of the Historical Development of Typography on Modern Classification of Typefaces
M. Tomiša et al. Utjecaj povijesnog razvoja tipografije na suvremenu klasifikaciju pisama ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) UDC/UDK 655.26:003.2 THE IMPACT OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TYPOGRAPHY ON MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF TYPEFACES Mario Tomiša, Damir Vusić, Marin Milković Original scientific paper One of the definitions of typography is that it is the art of arranging typefaces for a specific project and their arrangement in order to achieve a more effective communication. In order to choose the appropriate typeface, the user should be well-acquainted with visual or geometric features of typography, typographic rules and the historical development of typography. Additionally, every user is further assisted by a good quality and simple typeface classification. There are many different classifications of typefaces based on historical or visual criteria, as well as their combination. During the last thirty years, computers and digital technology have enabled brand new creative freedoms. As a result, there are thousands of fonts and dozens of applications for digitally creating typefaces. This paper suggests an innovative, simpler classification, which should correspond to the contemporary development of typography, the production of a vast number of new typefaces and the needs of today's users. Keywords: character, font, graphic design, historical development of typography, typeface, typeface classification, typography Utjecaj povijesnog razvoja tipografije na suvremenu klasifikaciju pisama Izvorni znanstveni članak Jedna je od definicija tipografije da je ona umjetnost odabira odgovarajućeg pisma za određeni projekt i njegova organizacija s ciljem ostvarenja što učinkovitije komunikacije. Da bi korisnik mogao odabrati pravo pismo za svoje potrebe treba prije svega dobro poznavati optičke ili geometrijske značajke tipografije, tipografska pravila i povijesni razvoj tipografije. -
The Meaning of the Law: Traditional Interpretations
THE MEANING OF THE LAW: TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATIONS We all know what it means to break the law. It is perhaps the most fundamental fact governing our social behaviour that we understand the constraints and the pressures to stay within the law and the consequences of not doing so. The law is pervasive, controlling our lives in many more ways than we are usually aware; nevertheless, in most commonplace situations we have a fairly accurate knowledge of what the law requires and what it forbids. In those grey areas in which this is not clear, you might seek legal advice about your rights and obligations. In such situations, one thing you will not ask of a solicitor is the precise nature of the law, or, for that matter, why you should obey it; such questions would be quite inappropriate. These, however, are among the fundamental questions about the law. What exactly is the law? What does legal validity mean? What is a legal system? What is the 'Rule of Law'? These questions have been asked by legal philosophers since the first appearance of civilised legal systems, and the variation in answers has been of practical as well as theoretical significance. The purpose of this first chapter is to introduce the main points of disagreement on these questions and to explain some central strands of traditional approaches to an understanding of the meaning of law. Morality and law at variance The issue which stands behind nearly every controversy in contemporary legal theory is the problem of how law is to be understood in relation to moral values. -
No. 3 Science and History Behind the Design of Lucida Charles Bigelow
204 TUGboat, Volume 39 (2018), No. 3 Science and history behind the design of Lucida Charles Bigelow & Kris Holmes 1 Introduction When desktop publishing was new and Lucida the first type family created expressly for medium and low-resolution digital rendering on computer screens and laser printers, we discussed the main design de- cisions we made in adapting typeface features to digital technology (Bigelow & Holmes, 1986). Since then, and especially since the turn of the 21st century, digital type technology has aided the study of reading and legibility by facilitating the Figure 1: Earliest known type specimen sheet (detail), development and display of typefaces for psycho- Erhard Ratdolt, 1486. Both paragraphs are set at logical and psychophysical investigations. When we approximately 9 pt, but the font in the upper one has a designed Lucida in the early 1980s, we consulted larger x-height and therefore looks bigger. (See text.) scientific studies of reading and vision, so in light of renewed interest in the field, it may be useful to say Despite such early optimism, 20th century type more about how they influenced our design thinking. designers and manufacturers continued to create The application of vision science to legibility type forms more by art and craft than by scientific analysis has long been an aspect of reading research. research. Definitions and measures of “legibility” Two of the earliest and most prominent reading often proved recalcitrant, and the printing and ty- researchers, Émile Javal in France and Edmund Burke pographic industries continued for the most part to Huey in the US, expressed optimism that scientific rely upon craft lore and traditional type aesthetics. -
Long Directed (S, T)-Path: FPT Algorithm
Long Directed (s; t)-Path: FPT Algorithm Fedor V. Fomin∗ Daniel Lokshtanovy Fahad Panolanz Saket Saurabhx Meirav Zehavi{ December 13, 2017 Abstract Given a digraph G, two vertices s; t 2 V (G) and a non-negative integer k, the Long Directed (s; t)-Path problem asks whether G has a path of length at least k from s to t. We present a simple algorithm that solves Long Directed (s; t)-Path in time O?(4:884k). This results also in an improvement upon the previous fastest algorithm for Long Directed Cycle. 1 Introduction Given a digraph (directed graph) G, two vertices s; t 2 V (G) and a non-negative integer k, the Long (Directed) (s; t)-Path problem asks whether G has an (s; t)-path (i.e. a path from s to t) of length at least k. Here, the term length refers to the number of vertices on the path, and paths are assumed to be directed simple paths. Observe that Long (s; t)-Path and k-(s; t)-Path are not equivalent problems, where that latter problem asks whether G has an (s; t)-path of length exactly k. Indeed, G may not have any (s; t)-path of length exactly k, or more generally, it may not even have any (s; t)-path of \short" length, but it may have an (s; t)-path of \long" length. For example, the only (s; t)-path of length at least k in G might be a Hamiltonian path. Both Long (s; t)-Path and k-(s; t)-Path are generalizations of the classic k-Path problem, whose objective is to determine whether G has a path of length at least k. -
View of the Great
This dissertation has been 62—769 microfilmed exactly as received GABEL, John Butler, 1931- THE TUDOR TRANSLATIONS OF CICERO'S DE OFFICIIS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1961 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE TUDOR TRANSLATIONS OP CICERO'S DE OFFICIIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By John Butler Gabel, B. A., M. A., A. M. ****** The Ohio State University 1961 Approved by Adviser Department of Ehglis7 PREFACE The purpose of this dissertation is to throw light on the sixteenth-century English translations of De Offioiis, one of Cicero’s most popular and most influential works. The dissertation first surveys the history and reputation of the Latin treatise to I600 and sketchs the lives of the English translators. It then establishes the facts of publication of the translations and identifies the Latin texts used in them. Finally it analyzes the translations themselves— their syntax, diction, and English prose style in general— against the background of the theory and prac tice of translation in their respective periods. I have examined copies of the numerous editions of the translations in the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Library of Congress, and the libraries of the Ohio State University and the University of Illinois. I have also made use of films of copies in the British Museum and the Huntington Library. I have indicated the location of the particular copies upon which the bibliographical descrip tions in Chapter 3 are based. -
Cicero-Milo-Lsf-As-Schools.Pdf
Extracts from Persuasive Language in Cicero’s Pro Milone Introduction for Teachers The material which follows consists of extracts from a 2013 book published by the Institute of Classical Studies, which will soon be available on-line on an Open Access basis. Access is also here provided to those sections of the book pertaining specifically to the selections from the speech on the current OCR syllabus (H043 & H443), in the hope that the linguistic focus of the work may make it useful for teachers guiding AS & A Level students through the complexities of Ciceronian Latin, even though the work was not originally designed with schools in mind. The main body of the book consists of a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the speech covering gram- matical structure and contribution to argument. This analysis is different in several respects from traditional commentaries, but shares with them a focus on language and on small details. It aims for a consistency in providing some information for every sentence in the text, specifically: • Each sentence is printed in such a way that the syntactic structure is to some extent visible on the page. • The number and type of clauses in each sentence is listed. • Each sentence is paraphrased and/or its function in terms of contribution to the argument is described. Similar consistency has not been attempted in providing comments on individual phrases; those that do appear tend to focus on themes important to the overall argument of the book, such as Cicero’s use of first- and second-person grammatical elements. The purpose of this tightly-focused analysis of language and content was originally, in research terms, to support an argument about the nature of the text which is outlined below. -
A New Paradigm for Punctuation Albert Edward Krahn University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2014 A New Paradigm for Punctuation Albert Edward Krahn University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Linguistics Commons, and the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Krahn, Albert Edward, "A New Paradigm for Punctuation" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 465. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/465 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A NEW PARADIGM FOR PUNCTUATION by Albert E. Krahn A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2014 ABSTRACT A NEW PARADIGM FOR PUNCTUATION by Albert E. Krahn The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2014 Under the Supervision of Professor Fred R. Eckman This is a comprehensive study of punctuation, particularly the uses to which it has been put as writing developed over the centuries and as it gradually evolved from an aid to oral delivery to its use in texts that were read silently. The sudden need for standardization of punctuation which occurred with the start of printing spawned some small amount of interest in determining its purpose, but most works after printing began were devoted mainly to helping people use punctuation rather than try to discover why it was being used. Gradually, two main views on its purpose developed: it was being used for rhetorical purposes or it was needed to reveal the grammar in writing. -
The Practice of Typography; a Treatise on the Processes of Type-Making
W^UIBRARV.;. aMUBRA oCii LA- ^OFCAllFOff^ ^OFl. o ^^ ^ !!]? '^)i mm ^/yaiAINH, •''^A'jvas , \WtUNIVr >10SAN( 5- -c, CO -n «-j O u_ %ojiiv3jo^ %o\\mi^^ <rii33NYsoi^'^ '^•/mmi •UIFOMi^ i;niver5/a v^lOSANC o -n O •re: <rjl30NV ^10SANC[I^ ^iLlBRARY(2^ -^ILIBRA mo ?Hii!M ir.'v'.Aurci r,- , r TAii I nn. ^ H\ m\ym/A C3 Cc DN^SOl^"^ - r\rrA'iFn'?j.. f^ *- J 30 O II1V3W^ Mm<^ ''<imm{\\'^' f^. "^^ '^imhrn'm' INfl3WV THE PRACTICE OF TYPOGRAPHY THE PRACTICE OF TYPOGRAPHY A TEEATISE ON THE PEOCESSES OF TYPE-MAKING, THE POINT SYSTEM, THE NAMES, SIZES STYLES AND PEICES OF PLAIN PRINTING TYPES BY THEODORE LOW DE VINNE, AM. SECOND EDITION fi f^.ni'Ai-'^. NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1902 Copyright, 1899, by Theodork Low DeVinne. The DeVinne Press. 1 9 OS. PREFACE THIS treatise is a summary of detached notes collected by the writer since 1860. A desire to make it complete and exact has prevented its earlier publication. As an aid to this result each chapter has been revised recently by experts in different branches of printing. In its present cor- rected form it is believed that it will be found of use to all who seek for information about types which cannot be compressed within the ordinary manual of printing, or be gleaned quickly from the specimen books of many type-founders. The scope of the book has to be limited to plain types. Re- marks concerning newspaper types, typographic decorations, and recent fashions in book-work, have to be postponed. The composition of title- pages may be the subject of another treatise. -
Fonts for Latin Paleography
FONTS FOR LATIN PALEOGRAPHY Capitalis elegans, capitalis rustica, uncialis, semiuncialis, antiqua cursiva romana, merovingia, insularis majuscula, insularis minuscula, visigothica, beneventana, carolina minuscula, gothica rotunda, gothica textura prescissa, gothica textura quadrata, gothica cursiva, gothica bastarda, humanistica. User's manual 5th edition 2 January 2017 Juan-José Marcos [email protected] Professor of Classics. Plasencia. (Cáceres). Spain. Designer of fonts for ancient scripts and linguistics ALPHABETUM Unicode font http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/alphabet.html PALEOGRAPHIC fonts http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/palefont.html TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page Table of contents 2 Introduction 3 Epigraphy and Paleography 3 The Roman majuscule book-hand 4 Square Capitals ( capitalis elegans ) 5 Rustic Capitals ( capitalis rustica ) 8 Uncial script ( uncialis ) 10 Old Roman cursive ( antiqua cursiva romana ) 13 New Roman cursive ( nova cursiva romana ) 16 Half-uncial or Semi-uncial (semiuncialis ) 19 Post-Roman scripts or national hands 22 Germanic script ( scriptura germanica ) 23 Merovingian minuscule ( merovingia , luxoviensis minuscula ) 24 Visigothic minuscule ( visigothica ) 27 Lombardic and Beneventan scripts ( beneventana ) 30 Insular scripts 33 Insular Half-uncial or Insular majuscule ( insularis majuscula ) 33 Insular minuscule or pointed hand ( insularis minuscula ) 38 Caroline minuscule ( carolingia minuscula ) 45 Gothic script ( gothica prescissa , quadrata , rotunda , cursiva , bastarda ) 51 Humanist writing ( humanistica antiqua ) 77 Epilogue 80 Bibliography and resources in the internet 81 Price of the paleographic set of fonts 82 Paleographic fonts for Latin script 2 Juan-José Marcos: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The following pages will give you short descriptions and visual examples of Latin lettering which can be imitated through my package of "Paleographic fonts", closely based on historical models, and specifically designed to reproduce digitally the main Latin handwritings used from the 3 rd to the 15 th century.