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The Differential Imaging Features of Fat-Containing Tumors in the Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum: the Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation

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The Differential Imaging Features of Fat-Containing Tumors in the Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum: the Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation The Differential Imaging Features of Fat-Containing Tumors in the Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum: the Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Na-young Shin, MD1 There are a variety of fat-containing lesions that can arise in the intraperitoneal Myeong-Jin Kim, MD1 cavity and retroperitoneal space. Some of these fat-containing lesions, such as Jae-Joon Chung, MD1 liposarcoma and retroperitoneal teratoma, have to be resected, although resec- Yong-Eun Chung, MD1 tion can be deferred for others, such as adrenal adenoma, myelolipoma, 1 Jin-Young Choi, MD angiomyolipoma, ovarian teratoma, and lipoma, until the lesions become large or 2 Young-Nyun Park, MD symptomatic. The third group tumors (i.e., mesenteric panniculitis and pseudolipoma of Glisson’s capsule) require medical treatment or no treatment at all. Identifying factors such as whether the fat is macroscopic or microscopic with- in the lesion, the origin of the lesions, and the presence of combined calcification is important for narrowing the differential diagnosis. The development and wide- spread use of modern imaging modalities make identification of these factors easier so narrowing the differential diagnosis is possible. At the same time, lesions that do not require immediate treatment are being incidentally found at an increasing rate with these same imaging techniques. Thus, the questions about the treatment methods have become increasingly important. Classifying lesions Index terms: in terms of the necessity of performing surgical treatment can provide important Neoplasm, adipose tissue information to clinicians, and this is the one of a radiologist’s key responsibilities. Retroperitoneal space Abdominal cavity Tomography, spiral computed Magnetic resonance (MR) here are a variety of fat-containing lesions that can arise in the intraperi- DOI:10.3348/kjr.2010.11.3.333 toneal cavity and retroperitoneal space (Table 1). Many authors use the T organ of origin, the location of the fat-containing lesions or their Korean J Radiol 2010;11:333-345 malignancy to classify these lesions. With the development and wide-spread use of Received August 18, 2009; accepted modern imaging modalities, incidental lesions that do not require immediate treatment after revision February 1, 2010. are being detected increasingly. Therefore, the radiologist’s role in differentiating Departments of 1Radiology and lesions that require surgical therapy from those that do not is becoming more 2Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul 120- important. To do this, meticulous evaluation of fat-containing lesions for various 752, Korea characteristic features is essential to help avoid unnecessary surgical treatments. Address reprint requests to: Myeong-Jin Kim, MD, Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Fat Seen on Imaging University School of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120- On ultrasound (US) images, fat tissues usually appear hyperechoic, although there 752, Korea. are exceptions. On computed tomography (CT), fat appears to have low attenuation Tel. (822) 2228-7400 Fax. (822) 393-3035 with a range of -10 to -100 Hounsfield units (HUs). If the proportion of fat within a e-mail: [email protected] voxel is small, then the mean CT number will increase and fat may be difficult to reliably identify (1). Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is more sensitive for detecting microscopic fat than CT or US. Fat appears hyperintense on the T1-weighted images and it appears intermediately intense to hyperintense on the T2-weighted fast spin- echo and gradient-echo images. MR imaging techniques use the difference of the Korean J Radiol 11(3), May/Jun 2010 333 Shin et al. resonance frequencies of water and fat protons, such as in- extent of the tumor. phase/opposed-phase chemical shift imaging and the Well-differentiated liposarcomas resemble lipomas, frequency-selective fat suppression techniques, and this although liposarcomas tend to be larger and have dense can help identify fat more reliably (2). collagen bands. Atypical hyperchromatic cells with angular nuclei and lipoblasts can also be seen (5). Well-differenti- Neoplasm Indicated for Removal ated liposarcomas may be sub-classified into three subtypes: 1) adipocytic (or lipoma-like) (Fig. 1), 2) scleros- Liposarcoma ing, and 3) inflammatory. The lipoma-like subtype shows Liposarcomas are the most common primary retroperi- low attenuation on CT images and high signal intensity on toneal malignant neoplasm. They may also arise in the the T1- and T2-weighted MR images, similar to subcuta- mesentery or peritoneum. Liposarcomas are histologically neous fat. The fibrous septa may be thicker, more irregular subdivided into five main subgroups in the order of or more nodular than those seen in lipomas (2). The increasing malignancy: 1) well-differentiated, 2) myxoid, 3) sclerosing subtype shows CT attenuation or an MR signal dedifferentiated 4) round cell and 5) pleomorphic liposar- intensity that approximates the characteristics of muscle. coma (5) (Table 2). The CT and MR imaging appearances The septa within the lipoma-like components and scleros- vary depending on the histologic subtype and the tumor ing components can be homogeneously enhanced on components. For liposarcomas, surgical resection that is contrast-enhanced CT and on the fat-suppressed T1- usually combined with the adjacent kidney is necessary, weighted MR images after administration of gadolinium but complete surgical removal may be difficult and chelate (6). The inflammatory subtype, which is relatively recurrence is common (3). The histologic subtype and the rare and has the histological feature of an extensive margin of the resection are prognostic factors for survival lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, appears as a fibro-fatty for patients with primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma (4). mass on CT. The inflammatory component may show a Radiologists play an important role not only in making the homogeneous hyperintense signal on the T2-weighted MR preoperative diagnosis, but also in correctly assessing the images (7). Table 1. Fat-Containing Lesions in Intraperitoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneal Space Intraperitoneal Cavity Retroperitoneal Space Characteristic Features Indicated for removal Liposarcoma Liposarcoma Lobulated or ill-marginated fatty mass with soft tissue component Retroperitoneal teratoma Encapsulated round or ovoid fatty mass with dense calcification. It is found in retroperitoneum Immature teratoma Coarse calcification, dominant soft tissue component and smaller fat foci Renal cell carcinoma Predominant hypervascular renal mass that may be associated with macroscopic fat and calcification Indicated for removal Adrenal adenoma Microscopic fat in mass and mass originates only when symptomatic from adrenal gland or large Myelolipoma Macroscopic fat in mass and mass originates from adrenal gland Angiomyolipoma Macroscopic fat in mass. Mass originates from kidney Mature cystic teratoma of Fat-fluid level +/- calcification in well- ovary encapsulated mass. Mass originates from ovary Lipoma Lipoma Homogeneous, fat attenuated mass +/- thin fibrous septa Miscellaneous Mesenteric panniculitis Fatty mass surrounding superior mesenteric vessels without vessel narrowing Pseudolipoma of Glisson’s Small nodule on liver surface and nodule capsule shows fat attenuation or signal intensity on liver surface 334 Korean J Radiol 11(3), May/Jun 2010 Imaging of Fat-Containing Tumors in Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum The myxoid and round cell liposarcomas represent a or without delicate arborizing vasculature (4). The myxoid morphologic continuum, and the histologic grading is based components show less attenuation than that of muscle on on the extent of the round cell component (4). Myxoid CT scans, with similar signal intensity to that of water, and liposarcoma is the most common subtype of liposarcomas. they are hypointense compared with muscle on the T1- Myxoid liposarcoma has a prominent myxoid stroma with weighted images and hyperintense compared with fat on Table 2. Subtypes of Liposarcoma Liposarcoma Subtypes Clinicopathological Feature Imaging Findings Well-differentiated Adipocytic Resemble lipomas Lipoma-like component (or lipoma-like) Larger size - Similar to subcutaneous fat Dense collagen bands - Fibrous septa: thicker, more irregular or more nodular than those seen in lipomas Sclerosing Collagenous fibrous tissue Sclerosing component - Similar to muscle - Homogeneous contrast enhancement Inflammatory An extensive lymphoplasmacytic Well-defined non-lipomatous masses infiltrate juxtaposed with fatty tumor Inflammatory component - Homogeneous signal intensity on T2 weighted image Myxoid Uniform round-to-oval-shaped Myxoid component primitive nonlipogenic - Mimics a cystic lesion on precontrast CT or MRI mesenchymal cells - Gradual reticular enhancement Prominent myxoid stroma +/- delicate arborizing vasculature Round cell More round cell components Nonspecific soft-tissue masses Less myxoid matrix and capillary networks Pleomorphic Pleomorphic spindle cells and giant cells Nonspecific soft-tissue masses Sheets of pleomorphic lipoblasts Dedifferentiated Well-differentiated liposarcoma Well-defined non-lipomatous masses juxtaposed to pleomorphic sarcoma juxtaposed with fatty tumor Non-lipomatous mass - Homogeneous signal intensity on T2 weighted image ABC Fig. 1. 64-year-old man with pathologically proven lipoma-like, well-differentiated liposarcoma. A. Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows well-defined, heterogeneous mass with predominant
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