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International Polar Year (IPY) INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR CANADIAN SCIENCE REPORT: highlights Canadian Polar Commission Commission canadienne des affaires polaires Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the Government of Canada’s copyright administrator, Public Works and Government Services of Canada (PWGSC). For more information, please contact PWGSC at: 613-996-6886 or at: [email protected]. Published by: Canadian Polar Commission Suite 1710, Constitution Square 360 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Canada © 2012 Canadian Polar Commission pdf, English Catalogue No R104-3/2012E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-20192-4 The electronic version of this report is available on our website: www.polarcom.gc.ca Cette publication est aussi disponible en français sous le titre : Rapport scientifique sur l’Année polaire internationale 2007-2008 - faits saillants canadiens | 3 Message from the Minister Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development As Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, I am pleased to welcome the 2012 International Polar Year (IPY) “From Knowledge to Action” conference to Canada. Our government’s vision for Canada’s North is clear — we must exercise our Arctic sovereignty, and pursue environmentally sustainable economic and social development in the North, while improving and devolving Northern governance. This is laid out in our government’s Northern Strategy, which was announced by Prime Minister Harper in 2008, and has been a guiding set of principles for our government. A major national and international achievement has been our involvement in the IPY program, which has led to a commitment for construction of a state-of-the-art High Arctic research station. We are proud to be hosting the third and final IPY Conference in April 2012, in Montreal, which will serve as an opportunity to highlight the latest polar research and discuss how this new knowledge can be used to advance programs and policies. I would like to acknowledge the Canadian Polar Commission’s role in communicating Canada’s polar research results at home and abroad since 1991. Their contributions have been instrumental in the success of IPY. The theme of this final conference, “From Knowledge to Action”, places a timely focus on our need to adapt to our changing world and prosper from the opportunities offered by the North. We will be bringing together a broad range of key players from around the world to share evidence-based knowledge, and discuss innovative ways of further incorporating the North into the world economy. Canada is proud to be hosting the final conference, which will build on the momentum of the 2010 conference in Oslo, and which will be a pivotal milestone in Northern relations, global decisions, policies and outcomes moving forward. Canada’s North is a fundamental part of our national identity and of the world’s economic future. Our government continues to work with territorial and Aboriginal leaders, Northerners, and international partners to ensure that our North remains a prosperous and secure region within a strong and sovereign Canada. Through our Northern Strategy, we are working to unlock the resource potential of the North, and to ensure long-term, sustainable benefits for Northerners and for all of Canada. The Honourable John Duncan 4 | INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR CANADIAN SCIENCE REPORT: HIGHLIGHTS Message from the Chairperson Canadian Polar Commission The Canadian Polar Commission is pleased to have been a major proponent of International Polar Year 2007-2008 (IPY), and I would like to acknowledge my predecessors at the Commission for their contributions to Canada’s resounding IPY success. International Polar Year 2007-2008 represents the pinnacle of nearly 130 years of progress in Canadian polar research. Our country was only 15 years old when International Polar Year began in 1882-83. Some foreign scientists did research here, but few Canadians. The second IPY, in 1932-33, saw young Canadian atmospheric physicists launching research balloons and kites over Chesterfield Inlet, unaware that just a few years later, during IPY 1957-58 (International Geophysical Year), their expertise would enable them to help usher in the space age. Fifty years later, International Polar Year 2007-2008 constituted a massive research effort with hundreds of Canadian scientists working closely with international colleagues — and, notably, with northern indigenous peoples and communities. Unlike earlier polar years, IPY 2007-2008 included major research activities related directly to the human dimension of the Arctic. This report offers you a glimpse of their discoveries, which will set the course of polar research and inform policy choices for decades. Much lies unseen behind research findings: the sometimes gruelling work, the day-to-day field challenges that build experience and understanding, the exhilaration of discovery; the new perspectives gained by northerners looking at their homeland through the lens of research, the new partnerships, networks and friendships; that pivotal moment when a student catches the polar research bug. These too are important results of IPY. In the years between each IPY, major events, discoveries and innovations have rearranged the human world. We can expect more. This IPY has boosted our knowledge of the Arctic and Antarctic — Earth’s least understood and fastest changing regions — and will help humanity negotiate the challenges, known and unknown, of the coming decades. Congratulations to all participants on their magnificent achievement. Bernard W. Funston About the Canadian Polar Commission Established in 1991, the Canadian Polar Commission international profile as a circumpolar nation; and research and works closely with other governmental has responsibility for: monitoring, promoting and recommending polar science policy direction and non-governmental agencies to promote and disseminating knowledge of the polar regions; to government. In carrying out its mandate, the support Canadian study of the polar regions. contributing to public awareness of the importance Commission hosts conferences and workshops, of polar science to Canada; enhancing Canada’s publishes information on subjects of relevance to polar www.polarcom.gc.ca | 5 Introduction Why IPY? The Arctic and Antarctic are the fastest and cal, geophysical and social sciences. The projects the 75th anniversary of the second IPY and the 50th among the most dramatically changing regions involved archaeological excavations, surveys of the anniversary of IGY. of the planet. Far-reaching global environmen- biodiversity of polar ecosystems, studies of ocean IPY 2007-2008 was a timely effort to understand tal issues — such as climate change, rising sea chemistry and analyses of how climate change will how the effects of climate change in the Arctic and levels and the storage and release of carbon — all affect polar communities. Antarctic would affect the rest of the planet. It set trace back to what is now happening in the polar IPY 2007-2008 continued a 125-year-old tradi- the stage for continued studies of the polar regions regions. As barometers of environmental change tion of international scientific collaboration. The and offered a platform for early career scientists to and archives of what Earth was like in the past, the first International Polar Year, held in 1882-1883, launch their research. As part of its legacy, IPY con- Arctic and Antarctic are hard to beat. united various independent expeditions to the far tinues to offer open-access data from its monitor- For good reason, there was a sense of urgency reaches of the planet into an international effort ing and research activities. and purpose to the fourth International Polar Year to study meteorology, earth magnetism and the Canada played an important role in IPY. After all, (IPY). As the largest international scientific collabo- aurora. The theme of international cooperation nearly one-quarter of the Arctic falls within Can- ration to study the polar regions, IPY brought to- prevailed in the second IPY in 1932-1933 and in the ada’s boundaries; more than half of our coastline gether tens of thousands of researchers from more IPY-inspired International Geophysical Year (IGY) is in the Arctic. Canada’s IPY program took place than 60 nations. Supported jointly by the World in 1957-1958, which set in motion the signing of between March 2007 and March 2009, allowing for Meteorological Organization and the International the Antarctic Treaty to protect the continent from two field campaigns of intensive activity by more Council for Science, IPY 2007-2008 consisted of military activities. IPY 2007-2008 was timed to than 1,750 researchers from government agencies, more than 200 research projects in the biologi- coincide with the 125th anniversary of the first IPY, universities and northern communities. 6 | INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR CANADIAN SCIENCE REPORT: HIGHLIGHTS The Government of Canada Program for IPY ded- unlike previous IPYs, IPY 2007-2008 included icated $150 million to support 45 research projects. people from the circumpolar world in the planning In addition, the Natural Sciences and Engineering and execution of research projects, a recognition Sections Research Council of Canada (NSERC) funded 11 that local populations in the circumpolar world IPY projects. Four of the projects received funding now have more control over their lives through ATMOSPHERE 8 from both the Government of Canada Program and land claim settlements and self government. NSERC, bringing the total to 52 science projects.
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