Electromagnetism: Principles and Applications
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Admittance, Conductance, Reactance and Susceptance of New Natural Fabric Grewia Tilifolia V
Sensors & Transducers Volume 119, Issue 8, www.sensorsportal.com ISSN 1726-5479 August 2010 Editors-in-Chief: professor Sergey Y. Yurish, tel.: +34 696067716, fax: +34 93 4011989, e-mail: [email protected] Editors for Western Europe Editors for North America Meijer, Gerard C.M., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Datskos, Panos G., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA Ferrari, Vittorio, Universitá di Brescia, Italy Fabien, J. Josse, Marquette University, USA Katz, Evgeny, Clarkson University, USA Editor South America Costa-Felix, Rodrigo, Inmetro, Brazil Editor for Asia Ohyama, Shinji, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Editor for Eastern Europe Editor for Asia-Pacific Sachenko, Anatoly, Ternopil State Economic University, Ukraine Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Massey University, New Zealand Editorial Advisory Board Abdul Rahim, Ruzairi, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Djordjevich, Alexandar, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Ahmad, Mohd Noor, Nothern University of Engineering, Malaysia Donato, Nicola, University of Messina, Italy Annamalai, Karthigeyan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science Donato, Patricio, Universidad de Mar del Plata, Argentina and Technology, Japan Dong, Feng, Tianjin University, China Arcega, Francisco, University of Zaragoza, Spain Drljaca, Predrag, Instersema Sensoric SA, Switzerland Arguel, Philippe, CNRS, France Dubey, Venketesh, Bournemouth University, UK Ahn, Jae-Pyoung, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Enderle, Stefan, Univ.of Ulm and KTB Mechatronics GmbH, Germany -
Series Impedance and Shunt Admittance Matrices of an Underground Cable System
SERIES IMPEDANCE AND SHUNT ADMITTANCE MATRICES OF AN UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM by Navaratnam Srivallipuranandan B.E.(Hons.), University of Madras, India, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Electrical Engineering) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1986 C Navaratnam Srivallipuranandan, 1986 November 1986 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date 6 n/8'i} SERIES IMPEDANCE AND SHUNT ADMITTANCE MATRICES OF AN UNDERGROUND CABLE ABSTRACT This thesis describes numerical methods for the: evaluation of the series impedance matrix and shunt admittance matrix of underground cable systems. In the series impedance matrix, the terms most difficult to compute are the internal impedances of tubular conductors and the earth return impedance. The various form u hit- for the interim!' impedance of tubular conductors and for th.: earth return impedance are, therefore, investigated in detail. Also, a more accurate way of evaluating the elements of the admittance matrix with frequency dependence of the complex permittivity is proposed. -
Impedance Matching
Impedance Matching Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. Introduction The plasma industry uses process power over a wide range of frequencies: from DC to several gigahertz. A variety of methods are used to couple the process power into the plasma load, that is, to transform the impedance of the plasma chamber to meet the requirements of the power supply. A plasma can be electrically represented as a diode, a resistor, Table of Contents and a capacitor in parallel, as shown in Figure 1. Transformers 3 Step Up or Step Down? 3 Forward Power, Reflected Power, Load Power 4 Impedance Matching Networks (Tuners) 4 Series Elements 5 Shunt Elements 5 Conversion Between Elements 5 Smith Charts 6 Using Smith Charts 11 Figure 1. Simplified electrical model of plasma ©2020 Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. IMPEDANCE MATCHING Although this is a very simple model, it represents the basic characteristics of a plasma. The diode effects arise from the fact that the electrons can move much faster than the ions (because the electrons are much lighter). The diode effects can cause a lot of harmonics (multiples of the input frequency) to be generated. These effects are dependent on the process and the chamber, and are of secondary concern when designing a matching network. Most AC generators are designed to operate into a 50 Ω load because that is the standard the industry has settled on for measuring and transferring high-frequency electrical power. The function of an impedance matching network, then, is to transform the resistive and capacitive characteristics of the plasma to 50 Ω, thus matching the load impedance to the AC generator’s impedance. -
First Ten Years of Active Metamaterial Structures with “Negative” Elements
EPJ Appl. Metamat. 5, 9 (2018) © S. Hrabar, published by EDP Sciences, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2018005 Available online at: Metamaterials’2017 epjam.edp-open.org Metamaterials and Novel Wave Phenomena: Theory, Design and Applications REVIEW First ten years of active metamaterial structures with “negative” elements Silvio Hrabar* University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia Received: 18 September 2017 / Accepted: 27 June 2018 Abstract. Almost ten years have passed since the first experimental attempts of enhancing functionality of radiofrequency metamaterials by embedding active circuits that mimic behavior of hypothetical negative capacitors, negative inductors and negative resistors. While negative capacitors and negative inductors can compensate for dispersive behavior of ordinary passive metamaterials and provide wide operational bandwidth, negative resistors can compensate for inherent losses. Here, the evolution of aforementioned research field, together with the most important theoretical and experimental results, is reviewed. In addition, some very recent efforts that go beyond idealistic impedance negation and make use of inherent non-ideality, instability, and non-linearity of realistic devices are highlighted. Finally, a very fundamental, but still unsolved issue of common theoretical framework that connects causality, stability, and non-linearity of networks with negative elements is stressed. Keywords: Active metamaterial / Non-Foster / Causality / Stability / Non-linearity 1 Introduction dispersion becomes significant. The same behavior applies for metamaterials, in which above effects occur to the All materials (except vacuum) are dispersive [1,2] due to resonant energy redistribution in some kind of an inevitable resonant behavior of electric/magnetic polari- electromagnetic structure [2]. -
Assignment2 Solution
Basic Tools on Microwave Engineering Solution of Assignment-2: Impedance matching Using Smith Chart HW 1: Design a lossless EL-section matching network for the following normalized load impedances. a. Z¯L = 1.5 j2.0 − b. Z¯L = 0.5+ j0.3 Solution a. Step-1: Determine the region. In this case the normalized load impedance lies in region 2. • Let us choose the EL-section matching network Cp Ls or Ls Cp as shown below. • − − Step-2: Plot the normalized load impedance, Z¯L on the smith chart. • Draw the corresponding constant VSWR circle. • Step-3: The next element to load is a reactive element added in shunt. Hence the conversion of impedance to its corresponding admittance is necessary. Convert Z¯L to its corresponding admittance Y¯L = 0.24 + j0.33 • Identify the G¯ = 1 circle on the admittance smith chart. • Move along the G¯L = 0.24 circle to reach the intersection of G¯ = 1 circle. Measure the • new susceptance jB¯1 at that point. 1 Let it is j0.42 by going clockwise. So, the required susceptance to be added is jB¯ = 0.42 j .¯ j . jB¯ C 0.09 − 0 33 = 0 09. As, the is positive, it is a capacitor. Hence, p = ωZ0 F. Alternatively one can go anticlockwise to reach G¯ = 1 circle and note new susceptance to be jB¯2 = 0.42. The required susceptance to be added is jB¯2 = j0.42 j0.33 = j0.75. As, ¯ − Z0 − − − jB is negative, it is an inductor Lp. It’s value Lp = 0.75ω H. -
Design and Fabrication of Moto Autor
A. John Joseph Clinton Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 1( Part 4), January 2015, pp.07-16 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Design and Fabrication of Moto Autor A. John Joseph Clinton*, P. Rajkumar** *(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandy College of Engineering, Affliated to Anna University- Chennai, Tuticorin-05) ** (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandy College of Engineering,Affliated to Anna University- Chennai, Tuticorin-05) ABSTRACT This project is based on the need for the unconventional motor. This work will be another addition in the unconventional revolution. Our project is mainly composed of design and fabrication of the ―MOTO AUTOR‖ which is a replacement of conventional motors in many applications of it. This motoautor can run on its own without any traditional input for fuelling it except for the initiation where permanent magnets has to be installed at first. It is a perpetual motion system that can energize itself by taking up the free energy present in the nature itself. This project enables to motorize systems with very minimal expenditure of energy. Keywords–Perpetual motion, Free energy conversion, Unconventional motor, Magnetic principles, Self- energizing I. INTRODUCTION Perhaps the first electric motors were In normal motoring mode, most electric motors simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish operate through the interaction between an electric monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical motor's magnetic field and winding currents to principle behind production of mechanical force by generate force within the motor. In certain the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic applications, such as in the transportation industry field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later with traction motors, electric motors can operate in by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. -
The Manual of Free Energy Devices and Systems
THE MANUAL OF FREE ENERGY DEVICES AND SYSTEMS THIS MANUAL FULLY DESCRIBES THE VARIOUS PIONEERING PROTOTYPE "FREE ENERGY" POWER PRO- JECTS BEING DEVELOPED AND EVOLVED IN THIS MAJOR NEW AREA OF APPLIED PHYSICS. THE MANUAL IS DIVIDED INTO FOURTEEN TYPES OF SPECIFIC PROJECTS IN BOTH ROTATING AND SOLID STATE UNITS, AND HYBRIDS, WITH SOME TYPES SUB- DIVIDED INTO OTHER SUBCLASSES, AS NOTED IN THE ENCLOSED TABLE OF CONTENT. CONTRARY TO THE OUTMODED OPINION OF MANY WELL ESTABLISHED PHYSICISTS, THESE VARIOUS UNITS AND SYSTEMS ARE HERE AND NOW EVENTS WHICH WILL CON- TINUE TO BE IMPROVED UPON UNTIL A "NEW WAVE" OF APPLIED ENERGY PHYSICS IS IN PLACE, AND THE OLD BELIEFS AND VIEWS FALL BY THE WAYSIDE! Copyright © 1986 General Content & Format, other Copyrights, as noted ISBN 0-932298-59-5 1st Printing 1986 ELECTRODYNE CORPORATION Clearwater, FL, 33516 2nd Printing 1987 3rd Printing 1991 - Published by CADAKE INDUSTRIES & TRI-STATE PRESS P.O. Box 1866 Clayton, Georgia 30525 THE SECRETS OF FREE ENERGY The subject of free energy and perpetual motion has received much undue criticism and misrepresentation over the past years. If we consider the entire picture, all motion is perpetual! Motion and energy may disperse or transform, but will always remain in a perpetually energized state within the complete system. Consider the "free energy" hydro-electric plants. Water from a lake powers generators and flows on down the river. The lake though is constantly replenished by springs, run-off, etc. Essentially, the sun is responsible for keeping this system "perpetual." The sun may burn out but the total energy-mass remains constant within the cycling univer- sal system. -
Impedance Matching and Smith Charts
Impedance Matching and Smith Charts John Staples, LBNL Impedance of a Coaxial Transmission Line A pulse generator with an internal impedance of R launches a pulse down an infinitely long coaxial transmission line. Even though the transmission line itself has no ohmic resistance, a definite current I is measured passing into the line by during the period of the pulse with voltage V. The impedance of the coaxial line Z0 is defined by Z0 = V / I. The impedance of a coaxial transmission line is determined by the ratio of the electric field E between the outer and inner conductor, and the induced magnetic induction H by the current in the conductors. 1 D D The surge impedance is, Z = 0 ln = 60ln 0 2 0 d d where D is the diameter of the outer conductor, and d is the diameter of the inner conductor. For 50 ohm air-dielectric, D/d = 2.3. Z = 0 = 377 ohms is the impedance of free space. 0 0 Velocity of Propagation in a Coaxial Transmission Line Typically, a coaxial cable will have a dielectric with relative dielectric constant er between the inner and outer conductor, where er = 1 for vacuum, and er = 2.29 for a typical polyethylene-insulated cable. The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable with a dielectric is then 1 D Z = 60 ln 0 d r c and the propagation velocity of a wave is, v p = where c is the speed of light r In free space, the wavelength of a wave with frequency f is 1 c free−space coax = = r f r For a polyethylene-insulated coaxial cable, the propagation velocity is roughly 2/3 the speed of light. -
Electricity and Magnetism
The BIPM key comparison database CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICES IN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Version No 9 (dated 04 June 2020) METROLOGY AREA: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM BRANCH: DC VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE 1. DC voltage (up to 1100 V, for higher voltages see 8.1) 1.1 DC voltage sources 1.1.1 Single values1: standard cell, solid state voltage standard 1.1.2 Low value ranges (below or equal to 10 V): DC voltage source, multifunction calibrator 1.1.3 Intermediate values (above 10 V to 1100 V): DC voltage source, multifunction calibrator 1.1.4 Noise voltages (for noise currents see 3.1.5, for RF noise see 11.4): DC voltage source, DC amplifier 1.2 DC voltage meters 1.2.1 Very low values (below or equal to 1 mV): nanovoltmeter, microvoltmeter 1.2.2 Intermediate values (above 1 mV to 1100 V: DC voltmeter, multimeter, multifuntion transfer standard 1.3 DC voltage ratios (for input voltages up to 1100 V) 1.3.1 Up to 1100 V: resistive divider, ratio meter 1.3.2 Attenuation: attenuators 2. DC resistance 2.1 DC resistance standards and sources 2.1.1 Low values (below or equal to 1 ): fixed resistor, resistance box 2.1.2 Intermediate values (above 1 to 1 M): fixed resistor, resistance box 2.1.3 High values (above 1 M): fixed resistor, three terminal resistor, resistance box 2.1.4 Standards for high current: DC shunt 2.1.5 Multiple ranges: multifunction calibrator 2.1.6 Temperature, power and pressure coefficients: fixed resistor 2.2 DC resistance meters 2.2.1 Low values (below or equal to 1 ): microohmmeter, multimeter, multifunction transfer standard, resistance bridge 2.2.2 Intermediate values (above 1 to 1 G): ohmmeter, multimeter, multifunction transfer standard, resistance bridge 2.2.3 High values (above 1 G): multimeter, multifunction transfer standard, teraohmmeter, resistance bridge 2.3 DC resistance ratios 2.3.1 DC resistance ratios: resistance ratio devices 3. -
Parallel A.C. Circuits 559 Voltage V
CHAPTER14 Learning Objectives ➣➣➣ Solving Parallel Circuits ➣➣➣ Vector or Phasor PARALLEL Method ➣➣➣ Admittance Method ➣➣➣ Application of A.C. Admittance Method ➣➣➣ Complex or Phasor Algebra CIRCUITS ➣➣➣ Series-Parallel Circuits ➣➣➣ Series Equivalent of a Parallel Circuit ➣➣➣ Parallel Equivalent of a Series Circuit ➣➣➣ Resonance in Parallel Circuits ➣➣➣ Graphic Representation of Parallel Resonance ➣➣➣ Points to Remember ➣➣➣ Bandwidth of a Parallel Resonant Circuit ➣➣➣ Q-factor of a Parallel Circuit © Parallel AC circuit combination is as important in power, radio and radar application as in series AC circuits 558 Electrical Technology 14.1. Solving Parallel Circuits When impedances are joined in parallel, there are three methods available to solve such circuits: (a) Vector or phasor Method (b) Admittance Method and (c) Vector Algebra 14.2. Vector or Phasor Method Consider the circuits shown in Fig. 14.1. Here, two reactors A and B have been joined in parallel across an r.m.s. supply of V volts. The voltage across two parallel branches A and B is the same, but currents through them are different. Fig. 14.1 Fig. 14.2 − For Branch A, Z = 22+ ; I = V/Z ; cos φ = R /Z or φ = cos 1 (R /Z ) 1 ()R1 X L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 φ Current I1 lags behind the applied voltage by 1 (Fig. 14.2). 22+ φ φ −1 For Branch B, Z2 = ()R2 X c ; I2 = V/Z2 ; cos 2 = R2/Z2 or 2 = cos (R2/Z2) φ Current I2 leads V by 2 (Fig. 14.2). Resultant Current I The resultant circuit current I is the vector sum of the branch currents I1 and I2 and can be found by (i) using parallelogram law of vectors, as shown in Fig. -
Fan-Out Filters 21
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.ukbrought to you by CORE provided by K-State Research Exchange PAN- OUT FILTERS by Ray D. Frltzemeyer B. S., Kansas State University, 1958 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OP SCIENCE Department of Electrical Engineering KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1963 Approved by: C-^C^J^^ A. 4Jrc<jL^ Major Professor ID C--^ TABLE OP CONTENTS .'. INTRODUCTION . 1 PREVIOUS WORK 2 0. J. Zobel's Patent 2 W. H. Bode's Paper I4 E. A. Guillemin's Book 7 E. L. Norton's Paper , ..ll DEFINITION OF INTERACTANCE I3 INTERACTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL FILTERS I7 '. Constant-K "T" Filter. I7 M-Derived Filter I9 INTERACTANCE OP COMPLEMENTARY FAN-OUT FILTERS 21 Fan-Out Constant-K Filters 21 Fan-Out M-Derived Filters 29 Fan-Out Filters Derived from Self-Dual Filters 32 INTERACTANCE OF LOW- PASS FAN-OUT FILTERS 35 Pan-Out Filters with Identical Pass Bands 35 Fan-Out Filters with Different Bandwidths 37 FAN-OUT NET;\fORKS WITH MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS. 39 SUMMARY ijl^ ACKNOWLEDGMENT [,7 REFERENCES ^8 INTRODUCTION In the operation of most filters only the impedance char- acteristics in the pass band of the particular filter in question need be given much consideration. However, when the inputs of filters whose pass bands are not the same are paralleled the equivalent impedance of the resultant network needs to be as nearly a constant resistance as possible throughout the pass bands of any of the individual filters. This paper reviews previous work on the operation of filters in fan fashion (input sides in parallel) which starts with the characteristic impedance improvement of a single filter and then uses similar techniques adapted to filters which have their in- puts in parallel. -
Switched Reluctance Generator
Wind Turbine Generator for Distributed Wind Systems Distributed Wind Energy Association— Electrical Systems Subgroup Meeting Eduard Muljadi March 25–26, 2015 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Types of WTGs Type 1—Fixed Speed Type 2—Variable Slip Type 3—Variable Speed Type 4—Full Power Conversion 2 Distributed Wind Turbine Progress Then (1980s) Now (2015) Technical Technical • Single-speed or dual-speed induction • Variable-speed operation (DFIG—Type 3 generator (fixed speed—Type 1) or PMSG—Type 4) • PM alternator with SCR base (harmonics, • IGBT Si-based (800 V–1 kV), currently slow operation, line commutated) SiC-based (10—15 kV) • Aerodynamic control was primitive, mostly • Aerodynamic control (yaw, electro- mechanical (furling/tilting—horizontal or mechanical servo-based), pitch control vertical), pitch control—relatively new, • Modern control allows optimization in mostly stall control design, control, and energy capture Cost Cost • PE had low power rating, slow switching, and • PE is relatively cheap—e.g., Siemens was very expensive chose exclusively Type 4 WTGs • PM was ferrite (B = 0.3 Tesla), large and • Rare earth PM (B = 1.4 Tesla), small, light heavy machines machines • Primitive control systems may lead to large • Modern control allows optimization of mechanical-based system size and dimension of the WTG • LCOE was heavily taxed by the CAPEX and • LCOE (CAPEX and OPEX) has dropped OPEX significantly